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Martínez-Barricarte et al., Sci. Immunol. 3, eaau6759 (2018) 21 December 2018

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C Y T O K I N E S

Human IFN- immunity to mycobacteria is governed by both IL-12 and IL-23Rubén Martínez-Barricarte1*, Janet G. Markle1*†‡, Cindy S. Ma2§, Elissa K. Deenick2§, Noé Ramírez-Alejo1§, Federico Mele3§, Daniela Latorre3§, Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani4§, Caner Aytekin5§, Davood Mansouri4§, Vanessa L. Bryant6,7,8§, Fabienne Jabot-Hanin9, Caroline Deswarte9,10, Alejandro Nieto-Patlán9, Laura Surace11, Gaspard Kerner9,10, Yuval Itan1,12, Sandra Jovic3, Danielle T. Avery2, Natalie Wong2, Geetha Rao2, Etienne Patin13,14,15, Satoshi Okada16, Benedetta Bigio1, Bertrand Boisson1,9,10, Franck Rapaport1, Yoann Seeleuthner9,10, Monika Schmidt17, Aydan Ikinciogullari18, Figen Dogu18, Gonul Tanir19, Payam Tabarsi4, Mohammed Reza Bloursaz4, Julia K. Joseph1, Avneet Heer1, Xiao-Fei Kong1, Mélanie Migaud9,10, Tomi Lazarov20, Frédéric Geissmann20,21,22, Bernhard Fleckenstein17, Cecilia Lindestam Arlehamn23, Alessandro Sette23,24, Anne Puel1,9,10, Jean-François Emile25, Esther van de Vosse26, Lluis Quintana-Murci13,14,15, James P. Di Santo11, Laurent Abel1,9,10, Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis1,9,10‖, Jacinta Bustamante1,9,10,27‖, Stuart G. Tangye2‖, Federica Sallusto3,28‖, Jean-Laurent Casanova1,9,10,29,30‡

Hundreds of patients with autosomal recessive, complete IL-12p40 or IL-12R1 deficiency have been diagnosed over the last 20 years. They typically suffer from invasive mycobacteriosis and, occasionally, from mucocutaneous candidiasis. Susceptibility to these infections is thought to be due to impairments of IL-12–dependent IFN- im-munity and IL-23–dependent IL-17A/IL-17F immunity, respectively. We report here patients with autosomal re-cessive, complete IL-12R2 or IL-23R deficiency, lacking responses to IL-12 or IL-23 only, all of whom, unexpectedly, display mycobacteriosis without candidiasis. We show that T, T, B, NK, ILC1, and ILC2 cells from healthy do-nors preferentially produce IFN- in response to IL-12, whereas NKT cells and MAIT cells preferentially produce IFN- in response to IL-23. We also show that the development of IFN-–producing CD4+ T cells, including, in par-ticular, mycobacterium-specific TH1* cells (CD45RA−CCR6+), is dependent on both IL-12 and IL-23. Last, we show that IL12RB1, IL12RB2, and IL23R have similar frequencies of deleterious variants in the general population. The comparative rarity of symptomatic patients with IL-12R2 or IL-23R deficiency, relative to IL-12R1 defi-ciency, is, therefore, due to lower clinical penetrance. There are fewer symptomatic IL-23R– and IL-12R2–deficient than IL-12R1–deficient patients, not because these genetic disorders are rarer, but because the isolated absence of IL-12 or IL-23 is, in part, compensated by the other cytokine for the production of IFN-, there-by providing some protection against mycobacteria. These experiments of nature show that human IL-12 and IL-23 are both required for optimal IFN-–dependent immunity to mycobacteria, both individually and much more so cooperatively.

INTRODUCTIONLife-threatening infectious diseases during the course of infection in otherwise healthy individuals can result from single-gene inborn errors of immunity (1, 2). Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacteri-al disease (MSMD) is characterized by severe disease upon exposure to weakly virulent mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines and environmental myco-bacteria (3, 4). Affected patients are also at risk of severe infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), Salmonella, and, more rarely, other intramacrophagic bacteria, fungi, and parasites (4). All known genetic etiologies of MSMD affect interferon- (IFN-)–mediated immunity (4, 5).

The most common etiology of MSMD is autosomal recessive (AR) interleukin-12 receptor 1 (IL-12R1) deficiency, which has been reported in more than 200 kindreds since 1998 and has prob-ably been diagnosed in many more (4, 6–9). IL-12R1 deficiency dis-plays incomplete clinical penetrance for MSMD and can also underlie salmonellosis (10) or tuberculosis in families with no history of in-fection with environmental mycobacteria or BCG (4, 8, 11). IL-12R1

dimerizes with IL-12R2 to form the IL-12 receptor (12) or with IL-23R to form the IL-23 receptor (13). IL12B encodes the p40 sub-unit common to both IL-12 (with p35) and IL-23 (with p19) (14). AR IL-12p40 deficiency, which has been reported in more than 50 kin-dreds, is a clinical phenocopy of IL-12R1 deficiency (4, 15).

Both IL-12 immunity and IL-23 immunity are abolished in these two disorders. Unlike other etiologies of MSMD, these two disor-ders can also underlie chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), which is seen in about 25% of patients, due to impaired IL-17A/IL-17F–mediated immunity (6, 16–18). All known genetic etiologies of isolated or syndromic CMC affect IL-17A/IL-17F (17, 19–23). Studies of mouse models have suggested that disruption of the IL-12–IFN- circuit, particularly in CD4+ T helper 1 (TH1) cells, underlies myco-bacteriosis in these patients, whereas disruption of the IL-23–IL-17 circuit, particularly in TH17 cells, underlies candidiasis (14). How-ever, the respective contributions of human IL-12 and IL-23 to IFN-– dependent MSMD and IL-17A/IL-17F–dependent CMC have remained elusive in the absence of inborn errors of IL-12p35, IL-12R2, IL-23p19, or IL-23R.

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RESULTSHomozygous IL12RB2 and IL23R variants in two MSMD kindredsWe searched for rare, biallelic, nonsynonymous and splice variants of IL12A, IL12RB2, IL23A, and IL23R by whole-exome sequencing (WES) in patients with unexplained MSMD only (n = 555), CMC only (n = 214), or both MSMD and CMC (n = 27). We identified two MSMD kindreds with mutations of IL12RB2 or IL23R. Kindred A (Fig. 1A) is a consanguineous Turkish family, the proband of which (P1; Fig. 1A) had MSMD (see the “Case reports” section in the Supplementary Materials and fig. S1A). Kindred B (Fig. 1B) is a consanguineous Iranian family with two MSMD-affected children (P4 and P5; Fig. 1B and fig. S1, B to D). These two kindreds were analyzed independently by a combination of WES and genome-wide linkage (GWL) analysis (fig. S1, E and F). In kindred A, the c.412C>T mutation of IL12RB2 results in a premature stop codon (Q138X) upstream from the segment encoding the transmembrane domain of IL-12R2 (Fig. 1C). In kindred B, the c.344G>A muta-tion of IL23R results in the C115Y substitution at a key residue in the extracellular domain of IL-23R (Fig. 1D) (24). The IL12RB2 and IL23R loci are located in tandem on chromosome 1 and within the largest MSMD-linked chromosomal regions in kindreds A and B, respectively (fig. S1, E to G). The three MSMD patients are homo-zygous for the mutant alleles (Fig. 1, A and B, and fig. S1, H and I). Incomplete clinical penetrance for MSMD was observed in kindred A, as IL12RB2-homozygous and BCG-vaccinated individual II.3 (P2) had tuberculosis but not MSMD, and II.4 (P3) had neither (see the “Case reports” section in the Supplementary Materials). None of the five homozygous mutant individuals from kindreds A (P1 to P3) and B (P4 and P5) had ever displayed signs of CMC. Principal components analysis based on WES data confirmed the ancestries of these patients (fig. S1J) (25). The IL12RB2 Q138X mutation was reported in the heterozygous state in two of 123,098 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) (http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org), whereas the IL23R C115Y mutation was not reported in any of the 122,998 individuals sequenced at this site. These mutations were not found in a cohort of 3869 individuals of Middle Eastern descent with neurological diseases. Last, both

variants have combined annotation- dependent depletion (CADD) scores well above their respective mutation significance cutoffs (MSCs) (26, 27). These data suggested that MSMD patients from kindreds A and B had AR deficiencies of IL-12R2 and IL-23R, re-spectively, with the former disorder displaying incomplete pene-trance for MSMD.

Loss of function IL12RB2 and IL23R mutant allelesWe assessed the expression and function of these mutant alleles by using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer to express C-terminal V5-tagged wild-type (WT) or mutant IL-12R2 or IL-23R proteins in a B lymphocyte cell line (LCL-B) that expressed signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and IL-12R1 and was engi-neered to express STAT4IRES-GFP in a stable manner (referred to here as LCL-BSTAT4 cells) (28). The IL12RB2 Q138X mutation resulted in abundant IL-12R2 mRNA production (fig. S1K), but the corre-sponding protein was undetectable (Fig. 1E and fig. S1L). Com-pared with IL23R WT, the IL23R C115Y mutant allele did not alter the amount of mRNA detected (fig. S1K). It encoded similar or in-creased levels of total IL-23R proteins (Fig. 1F and fig. S1L). However, the mutant IL-23R protein did not undergo normal N-glycosylation (Fig. 1F) and was much less abundant on the cell surface than the exogenous WT protein (Fig. 1G and fig. S1M). Next, we stimulated the LCL-BSTAT4 cells expressing either the WT or mutant IL-12R2 and IL-23R proteins with IL-12, IL-23, or IFN- as a positive con-trol. Human IL-12–dependent signaling via IL-12R1/IL-12R2 re-sults in STAT4 activation, whereas IL-23–dependent signaling via IL-12R1/IL-23R preferentially results in STAT3 activation, although STAT4 may also be activated (14). LCL-BSTAT4 cells expressing WT, but not mutant IL-12R2, displayed STAT4 phosphorylation in re-sponse to IL-12 (Fig. 1H). Similarly, the expression of WT IL-23R, but not mutant IL-23R, conferred responsiveness to IL-23, as assessed by the level of phosphorylation of STAT3 (Fig. 1I) and STAT4 (fig. S2A) and their upstream Janus kinases TYK2 and JAK2 (fig. S2B). The re-sponses of the WT and C115Y IL-23R proteins to IL-23 stimulation were not affected by the presence of their C-terminal V5 tags (fig. S2, C and D). Cells expressing WT, but not mutant IL-12R2 or IL-23R, also produced CXCL10 in response to IL-12 or IL-23 stimulation, respectively

1St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. 2Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 3Center of Medical Immunology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of italian Switzerland (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland. 4Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 5Department of Pediatric Immu-nology, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. 6Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 7Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 8Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 9Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France. 10Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France. 11Innate Immunity Unit, Pasteur Institute, INSERM U1223, Paris, France. 12Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, and the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. 13Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. 14Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 2000, Paris, France. 15Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. 16Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan. 17Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg,Erlangen, Germany. 18Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. 19Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. 20Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 21Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA. 22Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, King’s College London, London, UK. 23Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA. 24Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. 25EA4340 and Pathology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne, France. 26Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. 27Study Center of Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France. 28Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. 29Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA. 30Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children AP-HP, Paris, France.*These authors contributed equally to this work.†Present address: The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.‡Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] (J.G.M.); [email protected] (J.-L.C.)§These authors contributed equally to this work.‖These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Fig. 1. Identification of ho-mozygous complete LOF IL-12R2 Q138X and IL-23R C115Y mutations in fami-lies with MSMD. (A and B) Pedigrees of the two kin-dreds studied in this report. The gene and mutation are in-dicated under the kindred name. Solid black symbols indicate patients with MSMD, and sol-id gray symbols indicate cases of primary tuberculosis during childhood. Symbols linked with a double line indicate con-sanguinity. The genotype is indicated under each symbol, with M corresponding to the mutation found in each kin-dred. Arrows indicate the in-dex case in each family. (C and D) Schematic representation of IL-12R2 (C) and IL-23R (D). Rectangles represent individ-ual exons of the gene, with the exon numbers indicated within the rectangle. In each case, the N-terminal portion of the protein is the extracellu-lar domain, and gray-shaded areas represent the transmem-brane domain. The mutations studied here are indicated be-low each protein in the cor-responding exons. (E) HEK293T [human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T] cells were either left un-transfected (UT) or transfected with an empty vector (EV), a vec-tor containing the C-terminal V5-tagged WT or Q138X mu-tant versions IL12RB2. Western blotting was performed with antibodies against the V5 tag or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a loading control. (F) LCL-BSTAT4 cells were either nontrans-duced (NT) or transduced with retroviruses generated with an empty vector or with vectors containing the WT or C115Y mutant versions of IL23R. Cells were either left untreated or treated with kifunensine to inhibit N-glycosylation. Western blotting was per-formed with antibodies against the V5 tag or GAPDH as a loading control. (G) LCL-BSTAT4 cells from (F) were stained with an anti–IL-23R biotinylated primary antibody and then with avidin–phycoerythrin (PE), and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) for the PE signal was quantified by flow cytometry. Error bars represent SEM. (H) LCL-BSTAT4 cells either were left nontransduced (NT) or were transduced with retroviruses generated with an empty vector or vectors containing either V5-tagged WT or Q138X mutant versions of IL12RB2 or V5-tagged WT or C115Y versions of IL23R. The cells were left unstimulated or were stimulated with IL-12 or IFN-. Cell lysates were prepared, and Western blotting was performed with antibodies against pSTAT4, total STAT4, and GAPDH. (I) LCL-BSTAT4 cells from (H) were left unstimulated or were stimulated with IL-23 or IFN- as a positive control. Cell lysates were prepared, and Western blotting was performed with antibodies against pSTAT3, total STAT3, and GAPDH. (J) HVS-T cells from a healthy control (C+), an IL-12R1−/− patient, or P1 (IL-12R2 Q138X) were not transduced (NT) or were transduced with a retrovirus generated with an empty vector or a WT allele of IL12RB2 and then stimulated with IL-12 or IFN-. Western blotting was performed as described in (H). (K) EBV-B cells from a healthy control (C+), an IL-12R1−/− patient, or P4 (IL-23R C115Y) were not transduced (NT) or were transduced with a retrovirus generated with an empty vector or a WT allele of IL23R and then stimulated with IL-23 or IFN-. Western blotting was performed as described in (I).

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(fig. S2E). Pretreatment of the cells with kifunensine, an inhibitor of mannosidase I that can rescue mild misfolding and gain-of-glycosylation mutants (29), did not restore the function of IL-23R C115Y, suggesting that the mutation is severely deleterious (fig. S2F). Thus, the Q138X IL12RB2 and C115Y IL23R mutant alleles are completely loss of func-tion (LOF) for the IL-12 and IL-23 signaling pathways, respectively, at least under these experimental conditions. These experiments demon-strated the role of each mutant allele complementary DNA (cDNA) overexpressed in isolation. Our next set of experiments used patient- derived cells, which capture the effects of the patients’ full genotypes at these loci in the context of their own genome.

AR IL-12R2 and IL-23R complete deficienciesWe assessed the expression and function of IL-12R2 and IL-23R in patient-derived cell lines. Herpesvirus saimiri–transformed T (HVS-T) cells from a healthy control, P1 (IL-12R2 Q138X), and an IL-12R1– deficient patient (IL-12R1 W88X) (4) were left unstimulated or stimulated with IL-12 or IFN-. The healthy control cell line, but not cells from P1 or the IL-12R1–deficient patient, displayed STAT4 phosphorylation in response to IL-12 (Fig. 1J). This defect was con-firmed in HVS-T cells from P2 and P3 (fig. S2G). Furthermore, the retroviral transduction of P1 cells with WT IL12RB2 restored STAT4 phosphorylation in response to IL-12, whereas retrovirus- mediated transduction with an empty vector did not (Fig. 1J). In parallel, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) B cells from a healthy control, P4 (IL-23R C115Y), and an IL-12R1–deficient patient were left unstimulated or were stimulated with IL-23 or IFN-. Control EBV-B cells re-sponded to IL-23 by phosphorylating STAT3, whereas cells from P4 and the IL-12R1–deficient patient did not (Fig. 1K). The transduc-tion of EBV-B cells from P4 with WT IL23R rescued both the weak IL-23R expression on the surface of P4 EBV-B cells (fig. S2, H and I) and the defective IL-23 response (Fig. 1K and fig. S2J), whereas retrovirus-mediated transduction with an empty vector did not. IL-12R1– and TYK2-deficient cells were used as negative controls for the IL-23– and IFN-–dependent phosphorylation of STAT3, re-spectively (fig. S2J). The IL-23 response was not restored by the prior treatment of EBV-B cells from P4 with kifunensine (fig. S2, K to L). Thus, the patients from kindreds A and B had complete forms of AR IL-12R2 and AR IL-23R deficiencies, respectively.

Absence of purifying selection at the IL12RB1, IL12RB2, and IL23R lociThe much smaller number of biallelic mutations responsible for MSMD found in IL12RB2 and IL23R than in IL12RB1 suggested that IL12RB2 and IL23R might have evolved under stronger selective con-straints, preventing the accumulation of monoallelic deleterious vari-ants. We tested this hypothesis by estimating the levels of purifying selection acting on all human genes with a generalized linear mixed model approach, comparing protein-coding polymorphisms and diver-gence data (30). Exome data from the 1000 Genomes project (31) were aligned with the chimpanzee reference genome, yielding exploitable data for a total of 18,969 protein-coding genes (see the Supplementary Materials and Methods). The proportion of nondeleterious amino acid variants (f ) was estimated at 46.7% for IL12RB1 [95% confidence inter-val (CI), 30.4 to 71.7%], 61.7% for IL12RB2 (95% CI, 42.1 to 90.3%), and 49.0% for IL23R (95% CI, 31.1 to 77.4%; table S1). These three genes were among the 50% least constrained genes, and their high levels of amino acid–altering polymorphisms, relative to divergence, were consistent with the action of weak negative selection (as shown

by the negative estimates for the population selection coefficient ), as observed for most human protein-coding genes. Moreover, the neu-trality index (NI) and gene damage index [GDI; (32)] of IL12RB1, IL12RB2, and IL23R were intermediate (Fig. 2, A and B). The results were similar when looking at alternative parameters of selection such as residual variation intolerance score (RVIS) (33) and f (34). Con-sistently, numerous missense and predicted LOF variants of IL12RB1, IL12RB2, and IL23R are present, in the heterozygous state, in gnomAD (fig. S3, A to C). There are also fewer homozygous missense variants for these three genes (Fig. 2, C and D, and fig. S3D). Overall, this com-putational study suggested that neither IL12RB2 nor IL23R had evolved under purifying selection, or even under strong negative selection, and that they were no less mutated than IL12RB1 in the general popu-lation. These findings support the alternative hypothesis that the paucity of MSMD patients with IL-12R2 or IL-23R deficiency, relative to the number of patients identified with IL-12R1 deficiency, results from lower clinical penetrance for MSMD.

Rarity of null mutations in IL12RB1, IL12RB2, and IL23RWe tested these computational predictions through experimental determinations of the actual frequency of IL12RB2 and IL23R LOF mutations in the general population, by using the same retroviral system to express all previously untested variants of both genes present in the homozygous state in gnomAD (Fig. 2, C and D, and fig. S3, E and F) in LCL-BSTAT4 cells. All homozygous IL12RB1 vari-ants present in the general population that have been tested (6 of 16) have been shown to be neutral (35). We stimulated the LCL-BSTAT4 cells expressing either the WT or homozygous gnomAD variants of IL-12R2 (15 variants) and IL-23R (13 variants) proteins with IL-12, IL-23, or IFN- as a positive control. The IL12RB2 mutation L130S encoded a protein that was expressed (fig. S3G) but not functional (Fig. 2E). The L130S mutation of IL12RB2 was found to be present in the homozygous state in 1 of 123,092 individuals in the gnomAD database. The IL12RB2 K649N mutation affects a splice site and may, therefore, cause a missense or splicing mutation, resulting in the deletion of exon 15 (ex15) (fig. S3, H and I). The IL12RB2 K649N mutation was found to encode a protein that was both expressed (fig. S3G) and functional (Fig. 2E), such as the WT protein, whereas the IL12RB2 ex15 mutation encoded a protein with a lower molecular weight (fig. S3G) that was nonfunctional (Fig. 2E). The IL12RB2 K649N mutation was identified in 1 of 138,539 individuals in the gnomAD database. None of the IL23R mutations tested resulted in a complete loss of protein expression or function (Fig. 2F and fig. S3J). These and previous data (35) suggest that homozygous complete LOF mu-tations of IL12RB2, IL23R, and IL12RB1 occur in the general popu-lation at a frequency of <1 in 100,000 individuals. This frequency is similar to that of AR IL-12R1 deficiency, the penetrance of which for MSMD reaches a plateau of about 80% in adults (6, 7).

In vivo TH development in IL-12R2 and IL-23R deficiencyAs a first approach to testing the hypothesis that IL-12R2 and IL-23R deficiencies have a lower clinical penetrance for MSMD than IL-12R1 deficiency, we set out to decipher the cellular basis of MSMD in pa-tients with these disorders. In humans and mice, IL-12 and IL-23 are thought to promote mutually exclusive CD4+ TH cell fates (14). Before testing for IL-12– and IL-23–dependent effects on the differ-entiation of human TH cells, we compared the frequencies of leuko-cyte subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy controls, an IL12RB2 Q138X patient, an IL23R C115Y patient, and

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Fig. 2. IL12RB2 and IL23R are evolving under weak purifying selection, and homozygous complete LOF mutations of these genes occur rarely in the general population. (A and B) Graphic repre-sentation of all genes of the human genome ac-cording to the log10 of their (A) NI or (B) GDI (32)). IL12RB2 (blue), IL23R (red), and IL12RB1 (gray) are each indicated by a vertical dashed line. (C and D) All homozygous variations found in gnomAD for IL12RB2 (C) and IL23R (D) are plotted according to their CADD score (y axis) and minor allele frequency (MAF; x axis). The dashed line indicates the MSC (27) for each gene. (E) LCL-BSTAT4 cells were left nontrans-duced (NT) or were trans-duced with retroviruses generated with an empty vector or vectors contain-ing V5-tagged WT or mu-tant versions of IL12RB2, including the 16 mutations indicated. These IL12RB2 mutations are present in at least one individual in the gnomAD database. Cells were left unstimu-lated or were stimulated with IL-12 or IFN-. Cell ly-sates were prepared, and Western blotting was per-formed with antibodies against pSTAT4, total STAT4, and GAPDH. (F) LCL-BSTAT4 cells were left nontrans-duced (NT) or were trans-duced with retroviruses generated with an empty vector or vectors contain-ing V5-tagged WT or mu-tant versions of IL23R for the 14 mutations indicated. With the exception of the C115Y mutation found in kindred B, these IL23R mu-tations are each present in at least one individual in the gnomAD database. Cells were left unstimu-lated or were stimulated with IL-23 or IFN-. Cell lysates were prepared, and Western blotting was performed with antibodies against pSTAT3, total STAT3, and GAPDH.

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LCL-BSTAT4

76

76

31

IL-12IFN-α

T4A S9P Y366C Y492M A655E C723S

IL-12Rβ2

kDa

pSTAT4

STAT4

GAPDH

E730V E780K

LCL-BSTAT4

IL-12Rβ2

76

76

31

IL-23IFN-α

NT EV WT C115Y G149R K150T

IL-23R

kDa

pSTAT3

STAT3

GAPDH

V159M V160A L193F S221F R381Q

F

LCL-BSTAT4

76

76

31

IL-23IFN-α

Q3H R86Q A199V P310L V362I S559RIL-23R

kDa

pSTAT3

STAT3

GAPDH

LCL-BSTAT4

L130S

Refer to (28)

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at least one IL-12R1–deficient patient. The frequencies of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, total T cells (CD3+), CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, and T follicular helper (TFH) cells were not significantly altered in patients with IL-12R2, IL-23R, or IL-12R1 deficiency, relative to healthy controls (figs. S4A and S5). Patients with IL-12R2, IL-23R, or IL-12R1 deficiency had a low frequency of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells (fig. S4A), consistent with previous findings for IL-12R1– and STAT3-deficient patients (36). The frequency of naïve cells in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations was higher, and that of memory cells was lower in IL-12R2–, IL-23R–, and IL-12R1–deficient patients than in healthy controls (Fig. 3A, left panel, and fig. S4, B and C). IL-12R2–, IL-23R–, and IL-12R1–deficient patients had lower frequencies of memory TH1 (CXCR3+CCR6−) and TH1* (CXCR3+CCR6+) cells than healthy controls, IL-12R1–deficient pa-tients also had lower frequencies of TH17 (CCR4+CCR6+) cells, and the frequency of TH2 (CCR4+CCR6−) cells was similar in patients of all genotypes (Fig. 3A, right panel). However, within the CD4+ mem-ory compartment, the percentages of TH1* and TH17 cells were low in some IL-12R1–deficient patients, but not in IL-12R2– or IL-23R– deficient patients, whereas TH1 and TH2 percentages were normal in patients of all genotypes (fig. S4D). These unexpected findings suggested that isolated deficiencies of IL-12 or IL-23 responses had similar and slightly milder consequences, in terms of TH1, TH1*, and perhaps TH17 development, than a combined deficiency.

In vitro TH differentiation in IL-12R2 and IL-23R deficiencyWe then investigated the effects of IL-12 and IL-23 signaling defects on the generation of CD4+ T cell subsets upon stimulation with po-larizing cytokines in vitro. Naïve (CD45RA+CCR7+) CD4+ T cells from PBMCs from healthy donors and from IL-12R2–, IL-23R–, and IL-12R1–deficient patients were purified and cultured under TH0 (nonpolarizing) or TH1-, TH2-, or TH17-polarizing conditions (37), and the production of various cytokines was measured in cul-ture supernatants with cytometric bead arrays or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TH1 differentiation in vitro, which occurs in the presence of IL-12 and is assessed by monitoring IFN- production, was abolished in cells from IL-12R2– and IL-12R1–deficient patients but was intact in IL-23R–deficient patient cells (Fig. 3B). By contrast, TH17 differentiation in vitro in the presence of IL-23, as assessed by monitoring IL-17F production, was main-tained in IL-12R2–deficient cells but abolished in naïve CD4+ T cells from IL-23R– and IL-12R1–deficient patients (Fig. 3B). After TH2 differentiation in vitro, which occurs in the presence of IL-4, cells of all genotypes produced similar amounts of IL-10 (Fig. 3B). The inter-pretation of these data is limited by the small number of individuals discovered to date with isolated deficiencies of IL-12R2 or IL-23R. However, these preliminary data suggest that the cytokine-dependent in vitro differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into TH1 and TH17 cells is affected by IL-12R2 deficiency and IL-23R deficiency, respectively, consistent with previous findings (14). We probed genotype-dependent effects on the generation of cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells in vivo further by purifying naïve (CD45RA+CCR7+) and memory (CD45RA−) CD4+ T cells from healthy donors and from IL-12R2–, IL-23R–, or IL-12R1–deficient patients and by culturing them with polyclonal T cell receptor (TCR)–activating ligands (TH0 conditions) (37). As ex-pected, IL-12R1– and IL-23R–deficient cell cultures displayed only low levels of IL-17A and IL-17F production (Fig. 3C). Similar amounts of IL-10 were again produced by all cells tested. The production of IFN-,

tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IL-2 by memory CD4+ T cells was reduced not only by IL-12R1 or IL-12R2 deficiency but also by IL-23R deficiency, possibly due to T cell–intrinsic functional defects or to the low frequency of TH1 and/or TH1* cells in the three groups of patients.

Compromised production of Mycobacterium-specific IFN- in TH cells We assessed the potential effects of deficiencies of IL-12R1, IL-12R2, or IL-23R on the induction of Mycobacterium-specific CD4+ T cell re-sponses in vivo by analyzing memory CD4+ T cells from healthy controls and patients of each genotype (38). Both BCG-vaccinated and BCG- unvaccinated individuals have been shown to robustly produce IFN- in response to BCG (39) and mycobacteria-derived antigens (40). Multi-ple T cell lines were generated from sorted CD4+CD45RA−CCR6− cell populations (containing TH1 and TH2 cells and known to be enriched in viral antigen-reactive T cells) and CD4+CD45RA−CCR6+ cell popula-tions (containing TH1* and TH17 cells known to be enriched in bacterial and fungal antigen-reactive T cells, respectively) separately (41). After polyclonal stimulation, both CCR6+ and CCR6− T cells produced IFN- in similar amounts for healthy controls and all patients (fig. S6A). By con-trast, IL-17A and IL-22 were produced mostly by CCR6+ cells for healthy controls and an IL-12R2–deficient patient, but not for IL-12R1– and IL-23R–deficient patients (fig. S6A), consistent with the notion that IL-23 is an important inducer of the production of IL-17A and IL-22 by CD4+ T cells (42). In the same experiment, the production of IL-4 was not af-fected by any of the mutations tested (fig. S6A). All T cell lines were then screened in vitro for recall responses to influenza virus, respiratory syncy-tial virus (RSV), BCG, and MTB. Several T cell lines from both healthy donors and patients proliferated in response to the antigens tested (fig. S6B). As expected, the frequency of influenza- and RSV-reactive cells was higher in CCR6− T cell lines, whereas the frequency of BCG- and MTB- reactive cells was higher in CCR6+ T cell lines. (fig. S6, B and C). No major differences in the frequency of precursor cells specific for the tested anti-gens (fig. S6C) were observed, but genotype-dependent defects were observed in the production of cytokines by proliferating T cells. The pro-duction of IFN-, but not of IL-4, by influenza virus– or RSV- reactive CCR6− T cells was impaired in IL-12R2– and IL-12R1–deficient pa-tients, but not in IL-23R–deficient patients (fig. S6D). The levels of IFN- production by BCG- and MTB-responding CCR6+ T cells were low in IL-12R1–, IL-12R2–, and IL-23R–deficient patients (Fig. 4A, left panels). IL-17A was produced by only a few healthy donor CCR6+ T cells in re-sponse to BCG and MTB, precluding comparisons between genotypes (Fig. 4A). In the same cells, IL-22 production was low in IL-12R1– and IL-23R–deficient patients, but not in IL-12R2–deficient patients (Fig. 4A), providing further evidence of a functional IL-23R deficiency. However, the role of human IL-22 in immunity to infection remains un-determined. CD4+ T cells from Il23a−/− mice showed severely defective IL-17 and IL-22 production, mildly reduced IFN- production, and in-creased mycobacterial growth, when compared with WT mice after MTB infection (43). Yet, Il17ra−/− and Il22−/− mice did not differ from WT mice in their control of MTB growth (43), unlike Ifng−/− mice (44), suggesting that IL-23– dependent IFN- production is involved in this setting. Other studies have shown that IL-23 augments local IFN- pro-duction in the lung and limits pulmonary MTB replication in mice (45). Overall, these data indicate that, in the absence of either IL-12 or IL-23 signaling, Mycobacterium-specific IFN- production is compromised in CCR6+ memory CD4+ TH1* cells, a cellular phenotype common to in-herited retinoic acid–related orphan receptor (ROR)–/T (37) and sig-nal peptide peptidase-like 2a (SPPL2a) deficiencies (46).

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Fig. 3. Frequencies and responses of CD4+ T cells from IL-12R1–, IL-12R2–, and IL-23R–deficient individuals to polyclonal stimuli or TH-polarizing cytokines. (A) On the left, frequencies of naïve (CCR7+CD45RA+), central memory (CCR7+CD45RA−), effector memory (CCR7−CD45RA−), and T effector memory RA (EMRA) (CCR7−CD45RA+) CD4+CD3+ T cells were measured in healthy controls (n = 16), IL-12R2 Q138X patients (n = 2, one measured twice), one IL-23R C115Y patient (technical triplicates), and IL-12R1−/− patients (n = 5). The values shown are the percentage of total CD4+ T cells. On the right, frequencies of four subsets of memory CD4+ T cells (CD3+CD45RA−): TH1 (CCR6−CCR4−CXCR3+), TH1* (CCR6+CCR4−CXCR3+), TH17 (CCR6+CCR4+CXCR3−), and TH1 (CCR6−CCR4+CXCR3−) were measured in the same individuals as in the left panel. Error bars indicate the SEM. P values for the comparison of healthy controls with IL-12R1–deficient patients in Mann-Whitney U tests are shown. Formal statistical comparisons including IL-12R2 Q138X and IL-23R C115Y patients were not appropriate because of the extremely small number of individuals (two and one, respectively). (B) Naïve CD4+ T cells from healthy controls, two IL-12R2 Q138X patients (P1 and P2), one IL-23R C115Y patient (P4), and four IL-12R1–deficient patients either were left unpolarized (TH0) or were polarized under TH1 T cell activation/expansion (TAE) beads + IL-12], TH17 conditions (TAE + IL-1/IL-6/IL-21/IL-23/transforming growth factor–), or TH2 conditions (TAE + IL-4). The production of IFN-, IL-17F, and IL-10 was measured with cytometric bead arrays, in cell culture supernatants, after 5 days. (C) Naïve and memory CD4+ T cells from healthy controls, two IL-12R2 Q138X (P1 and P2), one IL-23R C115Y (P4), and four IL-12R1–deficient patients were stimulated with TAE beads, and cytokine production was measured 5 days later. Data for the production of IFN-, TNF, and IL-2 (top) and for IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-10 (bottom) are shown.

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Fig. 4. Specific defects in the IL-12– and IL-23– dependent generation of an IFN- immune response in patients with novel ho-mozygous mutations of IL12RB2 or IL23R. (A and B) Multiple CCR6+ or CCR6− memory CD4+ T cell lines were generated by the poly-clonal stimulation of sorted peripheral blood subsets from healthy controls (n = 4), one IL-12R2 Q138X patient, one IL-23R C115Y patient, and three IL-12R1–deficient patients. Lines were screened for reactivity with peptide pools covering antigens from BCG (top) and MTB (bottom). BCG- and MTB-reactive CD4+ CCR6+ T cell lines from each individual were selected, and the cytokines accumu-lating in the culture super-natant were determined with a Luminex machine. Each dot on the graph cor-responds to a value for a single antigen-reactive T cell line. CCR6+ T cell lines are shown as closed circles, and CCR6− cell lines are shown as open circles. (C and D) Microarray heat map of isolated B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, + T cells, and NK cells stimulated with IL-12 (C) or IL-23 (D) for 6 hours. The data shown are the fold induction relative to nonstimulated (ns) cells. The most commonly up- regulated gene, IFNG, is highlighted in the bottom right corner of each heat map. (E) IFNG induction by isolated B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, T cells, and NK cells from five healthy con-trols, upon stimulation with IL-12 or IL-23 for 6 hours, was assessed by qPCR, and the data were normalized relative to nonstimulated cells. (F) IFN- levels in the supernatants from the cells used in (E) were analyzed by ELISA and represented as a fold change relative to nonstimulated cells. (G and H) Sorted MAIT cells (G) or NKT cells (H) (>95% pure) were left unstimulated or stimulated with rhIL-12 (20 ng/ml) or rhIL-23 (100 ng/ml) for 6 hours. Cell culture supernatants were harvested and used for IFN- determination in a multiplex cytokine assay. (I) NK cells, ILC1, or ILC2 were sorted, by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), from blood samples from healthy donors and cultured in the presence of the indicated cytokines for 24 hours. Total ILCs were gated on viable CD45+Lin− (CD3−CD4−CD5−TCR−TCR−CD14−CD19−) CD7+ cells. NK cells were identified as CD56bright and CD56dim, ILC2 as CD56−CD127+CRTH2+ and ILC1 as CD56−CD127+CD117−CRTH2−. IFN- levels were determined by intracel-lular staining. ILC3 were sorted by FACS from the tonsillar tissues of healthy donors by gating on viable CD45+ Lin−CD7+CD117+NKp44+ cells. ILC3 was cultured for 4 days in the presence of the indicated cytokines, and IFN- was then determined by intracellular staining.

Color keyand histogram

D

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BCG

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1.5 2.5 3.5Fold change

IFNGGZMBIL26GZMHRNA5SP348CXCL10CCR1P2RX5_TAX1BP3 MTHFD2MIR21PIM1P2RX5IL1RL1IFNG_AS1LTA CDK6DPP4AC108051_2 ATP8B4 SLC7A5NABP1MIR222RNF152IL23RRNU7_187PMIR181B2RP5_826L7_1DNAJC3DUSP5MIR181A2GPR82CTC_505O3.3

1 2 3 4 5Fold change

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B

CD4

CD8 γδT NK

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IFNGGZMBRNA5SP348

IL-12–stimulated genes IL-23–stimulated genes

IFN

-γ (n

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-22

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ml)

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-γ (n

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IL-23 stimulation

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US

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cha

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ns

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s

Healthy controls IL-12Rβ2 Q138X IL-23R C115Y IL-12Rβ1–/–

Healthy controls IL-12Rβ2 Q138X IL-23R C115Y IL-12Rβ1–/–

CCR6–CCR6+

B0

10

20

3040

100

0

10

20

3040

100

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.812

3

0

1

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1

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3

0

1

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3

0

10

20

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5

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-γ (n

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-γ (n

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G H IMAIT NKT

CD56Br NK CD56Dim NK ILC1 ILC2 ILC3

IFN

-γ (p

g/m

l)

IFN

-γ (p

g/m

l)

% IF

N-γ

+ cel

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IL-2/7 IL-2/7/12 IL-2/7/23ns

IL-12IL-23

0

500

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IL-230

500

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Different responses of lymphocyte subsets to IL-12 and IL-23However, the mycobacterial disease in the patients studied cannot be entirely dependent on impaired effector functions of CD4+ T cells alone because patients with human leukocyte antigen class II deficiency due to mutations of CIITA, RFXANK, RFXAP, or RFX5, with very low frequencies of functional CD4+ T cells, are not prone to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacteria (47). BCG or environmental mycobacterial disease of genetic origin in patients without isolated or syndromic MSMD has been docu-mented only in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), who lack all types of endogenous T cells (48). Although some SCID patients lack NK cells in addition to T cells, isolated NK cell deficiency does not confer a predisposition to mycobacterial disease (49–51). We therefore assessed mRNA levels for IL12RB1, IL12RB2, and IL23R in various leukocyte subsets and assessed the consequences of IL-12 and IL-23 signaling in each of these cell types. Human IL12RB1 mRNA production has been reported in many types of human leukocytes, the lowest levels being reported in B cells and monocytes and the highest levels in NK cells (52). IL12RB2 and IL23R display a high degree of sequence identity and probably arose through gene duplication (13), but they nevertheless have different patterns of expression, with IL12RB2 mRNA levels highest in T cells and NK cells, whereas IL23R mRNA levels are highest in T cells and only moderate in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (52). We confirmed these findings (fig. S7A) and stimulated purified B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, T cells, and NK cells from healthy donors with IL-12 or IL-23 for 6 hours, before assessing the genome-wide transcriptional consequences by mRNA microarray analysis. Cytokine- and cell type–specific patterns were observed. Notably, IFNG transcripts were the most consistently induced across cell types and stimuli (Fig. 4, C and D). This result was vali-dated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (Fig. 4E) and ELISA for IFN- on cell culture supernatants (Fig. 4F). We ex-panded this study to include MAIT cells, NKT cells, and ILCs, all of which have been reported to be potent IFN- producers [reviewed in (53, 54)]. MAIT cells and NKT cells clearly responded to each cytokine by producing IFN-, but they responded more strongly to IL-23 (Fig. 4, G and H). ILC1 and ILC2 isolated from peripheral blood responded to IL-12, but not to IL-23, by producing IFN- (Fig. 4I). ILC3 isolated from tonsillar tissue responded to either IL-23 or IL-12 by producing IFN- (Fig. 4I). Last, the stimulation of PBMCs from healthy donors or IL-12R1–deficient patients with M. bovis BCG, together with IL-12 or IL-23, revealed that IL-12 strongly potentiated the IFN- response to BCG but that IL-23 also increased IFN- production, albeit to a lesser extent (fig. S7, B to D). Collectively, these data demonstrate that different cell types (in-cluding but not limited to CD4+ T cells) produce different amounts of IFN- in response to IL-12 versus IL-23, explaining why both cytokines are individually, and even much more so collectively, im-portant to antimycobacterial immunity.

DISCUSSIONCollectively, these data shed light on the respective contributions of IL-12 and IL-23 to human immunity to Mycobacterium and Candida through the discovery and characterization of AR complete IL-12R2 and IL-23R deficiencies in two multiplex MSMD kindreds without CMC. The unexpected absence of CMC in IL-23R–deficient P4 and P5, as in most patients with complete IL-12R1 deficiency, may be due

to the incomplete penetrance of IL-23 deficiency for poor IL-17A/IL-17F production, incomplete penetrance of low levels of IL-17 production for CMC, IL-23–independent mechanisms of IL-17 pro-duction, or a combination of these. All known forms of isolated or syndromic CMC disrupt IL-17A/IL-17F immunity (17, 19–23). These data also reveal the specific transcriptional consequences of IL-12 versus IL-23 signaling in human B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, T cells, MAIT cells, NKT cells, NK cells, and ILCs, with a notable convergence on IFN- induction (table S2). Clinically, these results add IL12RB2 and IL23R to the list of 11 other genes (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, STAT1, IL12B, IL12RB1, NEMO, CYBB, IRF8, ISG15, TYK2, and SPPL2A) mutated in MSMD patients, the products of which are all involved in IFN-–mediated immunity (4, 5, 37). Patients with deleterious mutations in IL17F, IL17RC, IL17RA, or ACT1 have CMC without mycobacterial disease (17, 19–23). Our results therefore reveal that both IL-12– and IL-23– dependent signaling pathways play critical roles in human antimyco-bacterial immunity via the induction of IFN-. Our findings show that human IL-12 and IL-23 are partly, but not totally, redundant with each other for IFN-–dependent antimycobacterial immunity. These findings in natural conditions in humans corroborate and extend previous experiments performed in mice (43, 45).

IL-12– and IL-23–dependent induction of IFN- may occur ei-ther within the same cell type or differentially across different cell types, and IL-23 may provoke IFN- by direct or indirect means (which may include processes dependent on and independent of IL-17 and IL-22). The absence of response to both these molecules, as in patients with complete IL-12R1 deficiency, underlies MSMD with incomplete but high penetrance, reaching an estimated 65% by 5 years of age and 80% in adults (4). It was not possible to calculate the penetrance of IL-12R2 and IL-23 deficiencies, but the data from our population and family genetic studies strongly suggest that penetrance is much lower in both these deficiencies, account-ing for the diagnosis of IL-12R1 deficiency in a hundred times as many kindreds to date. This notion is strongly supported by our accompanying report that as many as 1 of 600 Europeans homozy-gous for TYK2 P1104A has normal responses to IL-12 and impaired responses to IL-23, rendering them vulnerable to tuberculosis and, more rarely, to MSMD (55). The primary, essential function of both IL-12 and IL-23 in humans is to induce IFN- and control myco-bacteria and other intramacrophagic pathogens, perhaps due to the duplication of the loci encoding both these cytokines and their re-ceptors. The contribution of IL-23 to IL-17 antifungal immunity is more modest and may be more recent in terms of evolution, as both the IL-23R–deficient patients described here and most IL-12R1–deficient patients described to date are not susceptible to Candida.

MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy designWe studied five patients with MSMD or tuberculosis from two un-related kindreds. We analyzed these two kindreds independently by a combination of WES and GWL. In patients P1 to P3 (kindred A), we found a homozygous mutation resulting in the premature stop codon Q138X in IL-12R2. In patients P4 and P5 (kindred B), we found a homozygous mutation resulting in the missense C115Y sub-stitution in the extracellular domain of IL-23R. We examined the consequences of these mutations both in isogenic overexpression experiments and in the patients’ cells. We found that the IL-12R2

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Q138X and IL-23R C115Y mutations abolish cellular responses to IL-12 and IL-23, respectively. We analyzed the frequency of IL-12R2 and IL-23R deficiencies in the general population. We character-ized the leukocyte subsets that produce IFN- in response to IL-12 versus IL-23.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALSimmunology.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/3/30/eaau6759/DC1Ethics statementCase reportsSupplementary Materials and MethodsFig. S1. Clinical and genetic features of kindreds with AR IL-12R2 or IL-23R deficiency.Fig. S2. IL12RB2 Q138X and IL23R C115Y mutations abolish the response of the encoded receptor to its cognate cytokine ligand.Fig. S3. Population genetics for IL12RB1, IL12RB2, and IL23R.Fig. S4. Immunophenotype of IL-12R2–, IL-12R1–, and IL-23R–deficient patients.Fig. S5. Flow cytometry gating.Fig. S6. Nonantigen-specific cytokine production, and antigen-specific proliferation, precursor frequency, and cytokine production by memory CD4+ T cells from healthy controls and IL-12R2–, IL-23R–, and IL-12R1–deficient patients.Fig. S7. Cytokine receptor expression and responses of MAIT cells and NKT cells to stimulation with IL-12 or IL-23.Table S1. Estimated proportions of deleterious and nondeleterious amino acid variants in IL12RB1, IL12RB2, and IL23R.Table S2. Relative levels of IFN- production in response to IL-12 versus IL-23 in different cell subsets.Table S3. Raw data used to generate dot plots, heat maps, and bar graphs.References (56–69)

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model. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20, 581–620 (2002). 4. J. Bustamante, S. Boisson-Dupuis, L. Abel, J.-L. Casanova, Mendelian susceptibility to

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Acknowledgments: We thank the patients and their families for their collaboration; both branches of the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases for helpful discussions and support; Y. Nemirovskaya, E. Anderson, M. Woolett, L. Amar, and D. Papandrea for administrative support; and J. Gleeson (UCSD) for sharing WES data from individuals of Middle Eastern descent. Funding: The Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases was supported by grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) grant numbers 5R37AI095983, R01AI089970, and K99AI127932; the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Sciences (NCATS) of the NIH grant number UL1TR001866; the Rockefeller University; the St. Giles Foundation; the European Research Council (ERC-2010-AdG-268777 and grant no. 323183); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris Descartes University; the Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID); and the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the “Investissement d’avenir” program (grant ANR-10-IAHU-01), ANR-TBPATHGEN (grant ANR-14-CE14-0007-01), ANR-IFNPHOX (grant ANR13-ISV3-0001-01), and ANR-GENMSMD (grant ANR16-CE17-0005-01). This work was supported by NIAID award no. U19AI118626 (to A.S. and F.S.). J.G.M. was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the NIH Translational Science Award (CTSA) program (no. UL1 TR000043), the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. IZKOZ3_173586), the Charles H. Revson Foundation, and the NIAID (1K99AI127932-01A1). R.M.-B. was supported by the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). N.R.-A. was supported by the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACYT, 264011) and the Stony Wold-Herbert Fund Fellowship Grant. Y.I. was supported by the AXA Research Fund. S.G.T., E.K.D., and C.S.M. are supported by research grants and fellowships from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (S.G.T., C.S.M., and E.K.D.) and the Office for Health and Medical Research of the State Government of NSW Australia (C.S.M.). A.S. is supported by NIH research grant HHSN272200900044C. J.B. is supported by SRC2017. The Institute for Research in Biomedicine and F.S. are supported by the Helmut Horten Foundation. S.O. was supported by the Aid for Scientific Research Grant from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (16H05355) and the Practical Research Project for Rare/Intractable Diseases from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development. Author contributions: J.G.M., R.M.-B., and J.-L.C. designed the study and wrote the manuscript. J.G.M., R.M.-B., C.S.M., E.K.D., N.R.-A., F.M., D.L., V.L.B., C.D., A.N.-P., L.S., S.J., D.T.A., N.W., G.R., S.O., M.S., J.K.J., A.H., X.-F.K., M.M., T.L., and C.L.A. performed the experiments. S.A.M., C.A., D.M., A.I., F.D., G.T., P.T., M.R.B., F.G., B.F., A.S., J.-F.E., E.v.d.V., J.P.D., and F.S. provided materials from the patients and reagents. F.J.-H., G.K., Y.I., E.P., B. Bigio., B. Boisson, F.R., Y.S., and L.A. conducted exome, linkage, and statistical analyses. A.P., L.Q.-M., L.A., S.B.-D., J.B., S.G.T., F.S., and J.-L.C. provided expertise and feedback. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript. Competing interests: J.P.D. is a founder of and shareholder in AXENIS (Paris, France). All the other authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: The WES data are available from the Sequence Read Archive (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra) via SRA accession number PRJNA494641. The microarray data were deposited in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus and are accessible through GEO accession number GSE120843. Raw data used to generate the dot plots and bar graphs in all figures and supplementary figures are included in table S3.

Submitted 23 July 2018Accepted 20 November 2018Published 21 December 201810.1126/sciimmunol.aau6759

Citation: R. Martínez-Barricarte, J. G. Markle, C. S. Ma, E. K. Deenick, N. Ramírez-Alejo, F. Mele, D. Latorre, S. A. Mahdaviani, C. Aytekin, D. Mansouri, V. L. Bryant, F. Jabot-Hanin, C. Deswarte, A. Nieto-Patlán, L. Surace, G. Kerner, Y. Itan, S. Jovic, D. T. Avery, N. Wong, G. Rao, E. Patin, S. Okada, B. Bigio, B. Boisson, F. Rapaport, Y. Seeleuthner, M. Schmidt, A. Ikinciogullari, F. Dogu, G. Tanir, P. Tabarsi, M. R. Bloursaz, J. K. Joseph, A. Heer, X.-F. Kong, M. Migaud, T. Lazarov, F. Geissmann, B. Fleckenstein, C. L. Arlehamn, A. Sette, A. Puel, J.-F. Emile, E. van de Vosse, L. Quintana-Murci, J. P. Di Santo, L. Abel, S. Boisson-Dupuis, J. Bustamante, S. G. Tangye, F. Sallusto, J.-L. Casanova, Human IFN- immunity to mycobacteria is governed by both IL-12 and IL-23. Sci. Immunol. 3, eaau6759 (2018).

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immunity to mycobacteria is governed by both IL-12 and IL-23γHuman IFN-

CasanovaLaurent Abel, Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis, Jacinta Bustamante, Stuart G. Tangye, Federica Sallusto and Jean-Laurent Arlehamn, Alessandro Sette, Anne Puel, Jean-François Emile, Esther van de Vosse, Lluis Quintana-Murci, James P. Di Santo,Heer, Xiao-Fei Kong, Mélanie Migaud, Tomi Lazarov, Frédéric Geissmann, Bernhard Fleckenstein, Cecilia Lindestam Schmidt, Aydan Ikinciogullari, Figen Dogu, Gonul Tanir, Payam Tabarsi, Mohammed Reza Bloursaz, Julia K. Joseph, AvneetGeetha Rao, Etienne Patin, Satoshi Okada, Benedetta Bigio, Bertrand Boisson, Franck Rapaport, Yoann Seeleuthner, Monika Deswarte, Alejandro Nieto-Patlán, Laura Surace, Gaspard Kerner, Yuval Itan, Sandra Jovic, Danielle T. Avery, Natalie Wong,Latorre, Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani, Caner Aytekin, Davood Mansouri, Vanessa L. Bryant, Fabienne Jabot-Hanin, Caroline Rubén Martínez-Barricarte, Janet G. Markle, Cindy S. Ma, Elissa K. Deenick, Noé Ramírez-Alejo, Federico Mele, Daniela

DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6759, eaau6759.3Sci. Immunol.

mediated protection against mycobacterial infections.−γin supporting IFN-to IL-12, whereas others are more sensitive to IL-23. These results demonstrate the partial redundancy of IL-12 and IL-23response by all lymphocyte subsets requires cooperation between IL-12 and IL-23; some subsets respond preferentially

γ1 chain shared between the IL-12 and IL-23 receptors. Achieving a full IFN-βthan individuals with a defect in the IL-12R2 or IL-23R subunits had fewer T cell abnormalities and less mycobacterial diseaseβIndividuals lacking only the IL-12R

immunodeficiencies resulting from mutations in the genes encoding the subunits of the IL-12 and IL-23 receptors. production and T cell differentiation in patients with rareγ investigated IFN-et al.infection. Martínez-Barricarte

is the linchpin cytokine needed for the human immune system to successfully defend against mycobacterialγIFN-Cytokines team up to fend off mycobacteria

ARTICLE TOOLS http://immunology.sciencemag.org/content/3/30/eaau6759

MATERIALSSUPPLEMENTARY http://immunology.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2018/12/17/3.30.eaau6759.DC1

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