cytology levels of organization (2-4) cell theory (5-12) prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic (14) animal cell...
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CytologyCytology
Levels of Organization (2-4)Levels of Organization (2-4)
Cell Theory (5-12)Cell Theory (5-12)
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic (14)Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic (14)
Animal Cell (14-31)Animal Cell (14-31)
Plant Cell (14-31)Plant Cell (14-31)
Unicellular vs. Multicellular (32)Unicellular vs. Multicellular (32)
Cell Membrane &Cell Membrane &Cellular Transport (33-39)Cellular Transport (33-39)
Cytology – The study of the “CELL”Cytology – The study of the “CELL”
Analogy of “The Brick”Analogy of “The Brick”
Cytology – The study of the “CELL”Cytology – The study of the “CELL”
The Levels of OrganizationThe Levels of Organization
The Levels of OrganizationThe Levels of Organization
OrganelleOrganelle
CellCell
TissueTissue
OrganOrgan
Organ SystemOrgan System
OrganismOrganism
The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
12
3
Historical ContributorsHistorical Contributors
15951953
Historical ContributorsHistorical Contributors
15951953
Hans & Zacharias Janssen (1600)Hans & Zacharias Janssen (1600)
Robert Hooke (1665)Robert Hooke (1665)
•English ScientistEnglish Scientist•Looked at cork through a compound microscopeLooked at cork through a compound microscope•Observed tiny room-like structuresObserved tiny room-like structures•Called these structures “CellsCalled these structures “Cells•Only saw outer walls of the cells because cork cells are Only saw outer walls of the cells because cork cells are not not alivealive
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1680)
•Dutch fabric merchant and amateur scientistDutch fabric merchant and amateur scientist•Looked at blood, scrapings from teeth and rain Looked at blood, scrapings from teeth and rain water through a simple microscope (1 Lens)water through a simple microscope (1 Lens)•Observed living cells called some “animalcules”Observed living cells called some “animalcules”•Some of the small “animalcules” are now calledSome of the small “animalcules” are now called bacteria.bacteria.
Matthias Schleiden (1838)Matthias Schleiden (1838)
•German BotanistGerman Botanist•Viewed plant parts under a microscopeViewed plant parts under a microscope•Discovered that plant parts are made of cellsDiscovered that plant parts are made of cells
Theodor Schwann (1839)Theodor Schwann (1839)
•German ZoologistGerman Zoologist•Viewed animal parts under a microscopeViewed animal parts under a microscope•Discovered that animal parts are made of cellsDiscovered that animal parts are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow (1855)Rudolf Virchow (1855)
•German PhysicianGerman Physician•Stated that all living cells comeStated that all living cells come from other living cellsfrom other living cells
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Animal CellAnimal Cell
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Centrioles Golgi Body
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Vacuole
Cell Membrane
ERRibosome
Animal CellAnimal Cell
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Centrioles Golgi Body
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Vacuole
Cell Membrane
ERRibosome
NucleusNucleus
The Nucleus controls most cell activities andThe Nucleus controls most cell activities andcontains the hereditary information of DNAcontains the hereditary information of DNA
NucleolusNucleolus
Found within the nucleus, site of ribosome formationFound within the nucleus, site of ribosome formation
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
Responsible for the modification and Responsible for the modification and transportation of proteins throughout the celltransportation of proteins throughout the cell
Rough ER = Ribosomes attachedRough ER = Ribosomes attachedSmooth ER = No Ribosomes attached Smooth ER = No Ribosomes attached
MitochondriaMitochondria
Site of Cellular RespirationSite of Cellular RespirationUses energy from food to make ATP (cellular Energy)Uses energy from food to make ATP (cellular Energy)
Cell Membrane – Fluid Mosaic ModelCell Membrane – Fluid Mosaic Model
Regulates what enters and leaves the cellRegulates what enters and leaves the celland also provides protection and supportand also provides protection and support
Golgi BodyGolgi Body
Serve as processing, packaging, and Serve as processing, packaging, and storage centers for the products storage centers for the products
released from the cellreleased from the cell
CentriolesCentrioles
Found in Animal Cells and Found in Animal Cells and involved in cell divisioninvolved in cell division
VacuoleVacuole
Fluid-filled organelles that serve as Fluid-filled organelles that serve as storage sites for certain cell productsstorage sites for certain cell products
i.e. Food Vacuole, Contractile Vacuolei.e. Food Vacuole, Contractile Vacuole
LysosomeLysosome
Contain digestive enzymes and responsibleContain digestive enzymes and responsiblefor the digestion of worn-out cell partsfor the digestion of worn-out cell parts
WBC’s contain lysosomes to digest bacteriaWBC’s contain lysosomes to digest bacteriaingested by the WBCingested by the WBC
RibosomeRibosome
Site of Protein SynthesisSite of Protein Synthesis
-some are attached to the ERsome are attached to the ER-some are free in the cytoplasmsome are free in the cytoplasm
ChloroplastChloroplast
Contains the photosynthetic pigments – ChlorophyllContains the photosynthetic pigments – ChlorophyllSite of Photosynthesis – food making process in plantsSite of Photosynthesis – food making process in plants
Cell WallCell Wall
Found in plants and most Prokaryotic CellsFound in plants and most Prokaryotic Cells
Lies outside the cell membrane and gives Lies outside the cell membrane and gives shape and provides protection for the cellshape and provides protection for the cell
-Made of nonliving material called cellulose in plantsMade of nonliving material called cellulose in plants
CytoplasmCytoplasm
Watery material lying within the cell betweenWatery material lying within the cell betweenthe cell membrane and the nucleusthe cell membrane and the nucleus
Most of the chemical reactions of the cellsMost of the chemical reactions of the cellsMetabolism take place in the cytoplasmMetabolism take place in the cytoplasm
Plant CellPlant Cell
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Golgi Body
ER
Ribosome
Vacuole
ER
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Plant CellPlant Cell
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Golgi Body
ER
Ribosome
Vacuole
ER
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Unicellular vs. MulticellularUnicellular vs. Multicellular
vs.vs.
Cell Membrane – Fluid Mosaic ModelCell Membrane – Fluid Mosaic Model
Cell MarkersCell Markers(Receptors)(Receptors)
Major Types of Cellular TransportMajor Types of Cellular Transport
Passive TransportPassive Transport
Major Types of Cellular TransportMajor Types of Cellular Transport
DiffusionDiffusion
Equilibrium
Semipermeable Membrane= O2
Diffusion
Semipermeable Membrane= O2
Major Types of Cellular TransportMajor Types of Cellular Transport
OsmosisOsmosis
Osmosis
Semipermeable Membrane= H2O
Equilibrium
Semipermeable Membrane= H2O
Major Types of Cellular TransportMajor Types of Cellular Transport
Active TransportActive Transport
Active Transport
Semipermeable Membrane= Na
Active Transport
Semipermeable Membrane= Na
Osmosis – Effect of Different Solutions on CellsOsmosis – Effect of Different Solutions on Cells
Osmosis – Effect of Salt Solutions on CellsOsmosis – Effect of Salt Solutions on Cells
Isotonic SolutionIsotonic Solution
• Equal % solute Equal % solute and solvent as and solvent as cell cell
99% H99% H22OO1% Salt1% Salt
Hypertonic SolutionHypertonic Solution
• Higher % soluteHigher % solute Lower % solventLower % solvent than cellthan cell
95% H95% H22OO5% Salt5% Salt
Hypotonic SolutionHypotonic Solution
• Lower % soluteLower % solute Higher % solventHigher % solvent than cellthan cell
100% H100% H22OO0% Salt0% Salt