DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AMERICAS 3/17 & 3/18

Icebreaker: Vietnam Guided Notes Review

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UN-Z-D7QEH0

Quiz Next Class Vietnam!!!!

WHY DID US CONSIDER CUBA SO IMPORTANT?

Latin America & Caribbean = America backyard

Monroe Doctrine 1823 ~ no other Eastern Hemisphere country could colonize country in Western Hemisphere

Roosevelt Corollary ~ Teddy Roosevelt ~ protect private property, maintain order or to protect American lives in Latin & Central America

Good Neighbor policy

IMPACT OF THE COLD WAR

As soon as Cold War began US take steps to ensure that no communist or pro-communist state could be established in the Americas Rio Pact – 1947 ~ included almost all nations of

Central & S. America = attack on any country on the American continent would be treated as an attack on all (military pact)

Organization of American States (OAS) – designed to facilitate political relations ~ also included statement condemning “international communism or any totalitarianism”

US IN GUATEMALA

First challenge to US policy in region was presented in Central American state Guatemala

Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzman elected president ~ creates land reform policy to nationalize uncultivated areas of land

Eisenhower & Dulles worry if Arbenz brings communism to Guatemala domino theory would take place Guatemala

US asks OAS to take action = decline = US sends in CIA to overthrow government

IMPORTANCE OF CUBA

90 miles off of the coast of Florida 1901 - 1934 Platt Amendment –stated US

had right to oversee Cuban economy, veto any international agreements & intervene in Cuba’s domestic policies

1934 – 1959 Military Dictator General Fulgencio Batista ~ supported by US ~ allowed increasing US control of Cuban economy & political developments

US retained important naval base at Guantanamo

FIDEL CASTRO

Unhappy with Batista’s regime and Cuba being little more then a US satellite Castro was son of wealthy plantation owner Stood for congress in 1952 Led attack on the army’s Moncada Barracks in

1953 = failure (July 26th Movement) Imprisoned / released in 1955 / exile in Mexico December 1956 – leads small force of

revolutionaries and lands in Cuba – US places embargo not shipping weapons to both sides – Guerrilla War ensued - Batista flees Cuba for Dominican Republic

CASTRO’S REVOLUTION Fidel Castro looked for US aid initially US looks at Castro as similar to Arbenz in Guatemala

with his plans for land, health, and welfare reform 1959 CIA using Cuban exiles and hatching plans to

disrupt the Cuban economy and destabilize Castro’s gov’t

Cuba nationalized almost all US-owned companies = US suspends Cuba sugar imports and US placed an embargo on virtually all trade

Cuba signed a trade agreement in 1960 with SU which gave Cuba credit for $100 million credit to purchase equipment while SU promises to purchase 2 million tons of sugar a year for next 4 years

Castro also signs trade agreement with communist China

HOMEWORK: DO NOW

1) Why did US consider Cuba and all the America’s important during the Cold War?

2) What was the purpose of the Rio Pact?3) What was the purpose of the OAS?4) Describe the events leading up to Castro

taking charge of Cuba?5) Describe why US quickly became angry with

Castro:

3/19 & 3/20

Developments in the Americas Do Now: Study ~ Only 5 Minutes from when the

bell rings!!!!

Take out separate sheet of paper ~ staple quiz to the BACK of your paper

REVIEW OF MAIN IDEAS

Conditions in Cuba prior the rise of Fidel Castro

Conditions were terrible Widespread poverty (actual wealth laid in

the hands of only a few)unemployment was highEconomy was very dependent on sugarHigh volume of corruption (especially in

Havana)Cubans were oppressed by government

UNITED STATES HAD A HEAVY INFLUENCE ON CUBA

Because of the Teller (US military presence in Cuba) and Platt Amendment (outlined role of US in Cuba) instigated after Spanish American War of 1898

US controlled 75% of the agriculture, sugarOil Refineries

Electricity production Telephone systemThe industries and factoriesCuban’s despised United States

involvement

FULGENCIO BATISTA’S GOVERNMENT WAS CORRUPT AND UNSTABLE

Bastista seized power illegally in 1952 and ruled as a dictator

He failed to implement reforms but rather, he used brutal measures to keep his people under his control

He needed to take drastic and aggressive measures to maintain his country. The United States, who initially supported him, ended their support and began to support Castro

CASTRO Studied to become a lawyer at the University of Havana,

at which time he gained a strong interested in politics At first (early 1950s) Castro fought Batista through legal

means by charging Batista for violating the 1940 Cuban Constitution; However he failed and from then on, he used more covert rebellions.

In 1953, Castro and Raul (his bro) along with a group of 160 anti-Batista armed man attacked the Moncado Barracks, which was a military base This was known as the 26th of July Movement.

The attempt to overthrow the government failed, however Castro became famous

Castro and Raul were sentenced to jail for ten years There were released in 1955, Castro fled to Mexico. In Mexico, he meet Che Guevera

CASTRO In Mexico, he meet Che Guevera In mexico he also trained men then sailed to the tip of Cuba on

the Granma where he landed with around a dozen men Using guerrilla tactics, he took over one town after another He came into power one January 1, 1959 after Batista Fled to

the Dominican Republic On February 16, 1959, Castro was sworn in as Prime Minister of

Cuba. AIMS:

He visualized a reformed Cuba. He wanted to end Latifundia, limit foreign ownership, end Cuba’s dependence on United States, and nationalize public services

Support: poor peasants at first however than the general population

He did not consider himself a communist but turned communist because he need administrative help. Communist were willing to help. United States refused to offer any help.

ESTABLISHMENT OF SINGLE PARTY-PARTY

Method: guerrilla warfare (especially in the Sierre Maestra (mountains)) , bombings, force, illegal.

Castro created the Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC)

Form of government –definitely left wing SOCIALISTIC GOVERNMENT but not communist at first

Castro established himself as an authoritarian ruler over the people

RULE OF A SINGLE PARTY STATE

Political Turned to Khrushchev in 1961 because United

States was unwilling to help Established a communist state

EconomicNationalized the oil refineries and sugar

industries This angered the United States which a great

investment in themSeized all American owned businesses and

farmsDistributed the land upon farmers and

peasants

RULE OF A SINGLE PARTY STATE Social Health care – medical service was free Public Housing provided for cheap rent

Education Opened 10,000 new schools Literacy rose to become the highest in Latin America

New Man’s Theory which was basically that Cubans should no longer work for personal

benefits, but for the good outcome for everybody in the society. Censorship of the Media Created the National Ballet of Cuba Created more freedoms for women, created the FMC (Federation of

Cuban Women) Mobilized women to support the establishment of more day care

centers Family Code of 1975

Equal rights in the home to the areas of marriage, divorce, adoption, and childbearing

CASTRO & BAY OF PIGS INVASION

By 1960 Castro had nationalized the economy and came to rely on Cuban Communist Party to provide administration for reform programmers

Castro established trade relations with every communist state including SU, China, N. Korea and N. Vietnam

CIA convinced Eisenhower to approve training of an invasion force of right-wing Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro

April 15th, 1961 Kennedy authorized Cuban exiles with CIA pilots to carry out air raids to knock out Cuban air force

CASTRO’S RESPONSE

Next day Castro announced Cuba intended to follow ‘socialist’ road in order to complete revolution

SU sending large aid packages, including weapons

April 17th 1961 – 1400 Cuban exiles land invasion at the Bay of Pigs

Attempted invasion was quickly defeated = US humiliated

3/23 & 3/24

Kahoot Review ~ Cuban Revolution!

Quiz Next Class ~ Cuba

WHY DOES CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS HAPPEN

Kennedy remained determined to overthrow Castro Attempted assassination, planes to bomb or

napalm sugar and tobacco fields, CIA agents sabotaging oil refineries, and sank Cuban merchant ships

Castro fearing another invasion asks Khrushchev for protection…May 1962 Soviet weapons on the rise

THE MISSILE GAP & SOVIET CONCERNS

SU growing increasingly concerned with US nuclear weapons placed in Turkey & Italy

By putting missiles in Cuba would counter the threat posed by the US missiles in Turkey & Italy

Rumors of US nuclear strike, tension in Berlin, criticism from Soviet Communist Party pushed Khrushchev to install and equip missile sites in Cuba in Sept. 1962

Khrushchev hoped this would remain a secret Kennedy promised US would prevent

installation by ‘whatever means necessary’

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

Oct. 14th 1962 US U-2 spy plane returned with images of missile sites under construction & Soviet missiles had arrived

‘The Thirteen Days’ – closest US and SU come to war

Kennedy Two Responses US would mount a naval blockade of Cuba then

US troops would invade island Khrushchev issued a reply that Soviet ships

would not respect blockade October 28th Khrushchev pulls missiles out of

Cuba and 18 SU ships turn around and go home

COMPROMISES

Khrushchev sends personal letter to Kennedy Letter offered:

Oct. 26th Withdrawal of Soviet missiles from Cuba on condition US lifted its blockade of Cuba and promised not to invade island

Oct 27th Khrushchev sends 2nd letter – asks US to remove missiles from Turkey

Oct. 27th Kennedy responds to the first letter – US would remove blockade if SU missiles withdrawn from Cuba…Kennedy agreed US missiles would be removed from Turkey (would not go public) If this doesn’t happen US invades Cuba the next day

RESULTS

Oct. 28th – Khrushchev agrees to deal Event adds to reason why Khrushchev is

removed from office in 1964 China continued to develop independent

foreign policy because event portrayed SU unwilling to stand up to US

Western Europe was angry…US did not inform them of event until days later…France urged W. Europe to form own independent foreign policy and leave NATO

HOTLINE AND TEST – BAN THEORY

Both sides shocked at how close they came to nuclear war

Cuban Missile Crisis = Turning Point ‘Hotline’ installed – special telephone for direct

communication between Kremlin (SU leader) and White House (President)

Test – Ban Treaty = did not limit or reduce the building and deployment of nuclear weapons but did attempt to control the testing of such devices

CUBAN REVOLUTION & COLD WAR

As early as 1963 US continued trying to assassinate Castro

Castro hoped that Cuban Revolution would inspire other countries in Central & Latin America and Caribbean to revolt

US = feared this Castro felt USSR used Cuba in its Global

Contest and differences between the two would follow

1968 Castro would publicly support the Warsaw Pact & invasion of Czechoslovakia

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS SUMMARY US spy planes took photos of nuclear missiles sights in Cuba, which

were put there by the communist in Russia They immediately warned Castro and Khrushchev to remove the

missiles USA implemented a naval quarantine, which blocked off imports and

exports into Cuba USA mobilized for a potential war against Cuba and Soviet Union

100000 troops prepared in Florida Kennedy and Khrushchev finally came to a compromise

USA would take out missile sights in Turkey and promise not to invade Cuba. The fact that they were removing their missile was not publicized

USSR would remove their missiles in Cuba (this was publicized) Therefore USA appeared to have received the better end of the

compromise. Kennedy was criticized for losing Cuba like China was lost in the

1940s. He was also blamed for allowing such problem to arise and for his brinkmanship policies.

COLD WAR - ‘ROUND THE WORLD’

1) Korean War2) Secret Speech – Poland

& Hungarian Revolt3) 1st Berlin Crisis & 2nd

Berlin Crisis4) Prague Spring –

Brezhnev Doctrine5) Vietnam War up to Gulf

on Tonkin6) Vietnam War from Gulf

of Tonkin to finish7) History of Cuba and

Cuban Revolution8) Bay of Pigs & Cuban

Missile Crisis

TEACH THE CLASS1) Create a poster

describing the facts, event, the importance of the event during the Cold War..YOUR THE TEACHER!!!

2) Present your poster to class

3) Complete summarized notes sheet for grade while other groups are presenting

3A Korea

Jeffrey, Zaudriuna, Philicia Secret Speech

Brianna, Tia, Shayla 1st Berlin Crisis

Briseydi, Akiera Davis, Jala Prague Spring

Charonte, Barbara, Ayanna Dawson Vietnam War up to Gulf of Tonkin

Paloma, Ayanna Edwards, Kaela Vietnam War from Gulf of Tonkin to finish

Alejandro, Bothina, Ciera History of Cuba and Cuban Revolution

Ana, Akira Everett, Corshonda Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis

Jasmine, Kara, Jasmin Joyner, Janay