d6.2 report on societal impacts - espresso...

ESPRESSO systEmic Standardisation apPRoach to Empower Smart citieS and cOmmunities Co-funded by GA 691720 the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union

D6.2 – Report on societal impacts File: D6.2-Report on Societal Impacts_v1.0 Page: 1 of 46

DELIVERABLE

D6.2 – Report on societal impacts

Project Acronym: ESPRESSO

Grant Agreement number: 691720

Project Title: systEmic Standardisation apPRoach to Empower Smart citieS and cOmmunities

Authors: Giancarlo Senatore, Giovanna Galasso, David Brunelleschi, Giorgio Farina

Revision: Martin Fabisch, Sven Dubner

Project co-funded by the the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union

Dissemination Level P Public X C Confidential, only for members of the consortium and the Commission Services



1. Revision history and statement of originality

1.1. Revision history

Rev Date Author Organization Description

0.1 31/07/2017 Giorgio Farina - David Brunelleschi – Francesco Mureddu - Giovanna Galasso – Giancarlo Senatore

PwC Initial literature analysis


PwC Inclusion of survey results and drafting of chapter 4 on the social impact analysis and inclusion of relevant case studies


PwC Drafting of chapters 5,6 and integration of further case studies

0.4 12/12/2017 Giorgio Farina - David Brunelleschi – Francesco Mureddu - Giovanna Galasso – Giancarlo Senatore – Martin Fabisch – Sven Dubner

PwC, Technische Universität

Kaiserslautern, Fraunhofer

Document revision and inclusion of additional information

1.0 29/12/2017 Barth De Lathouwer, Irene Facchin

OGC, TRILOGIS Quality Check

1.2. Statement of originality This deliverable contains original unpublished work except where clearly indicated otherwise. Acknowledgement of previously published material and of the work of others has been made through appropriate citation, quotation or both.



2. List of references

Number Full Reference

[1] Alfino, S., (2014a). “The role of standards in enabling future cities”, BSI.

[2] Batty et al (2012) Smart cities of the future. The European Physical Journal Special Topics. Available at http://www.complexcity.info/files/2013/08/BATTY-EPJST-2012.pdf

[3] Berst J. (2016), (Chairman, Smart Cities Council). Available at https://www.iso.org/sites/worldsmartcity/

[4] BIS., (2013). “Smart Cities: Background paper”, Department for Business Innovation & Skills, October 2013.

[5] Building Energy Efficiency for Massive market Uptake project. Available at http://www.beem-up.eu/

[6] Chen, L.C.; Wu, C.H.; Shen, T.S.; Chou, C.C (2014) The application of geometric network models and building information models in geospatial environments for fire-fighting simulations.

[7] City of Gothenburg (2015), Climate Programme for Gothenburg. Available at http://carbonn.org/uploads/tx_carbonndata/Climate%20Programme_%20Folder.pdf

[8] CITYKeys (2016) Deliverable 1.4 Smart city KPIs and related methodology – final. Available at http://nws.eurocities.eu/MediaShell/media/D1.4-CITYkeys_D14_Smart_City_KPIs_Final_20160201.pdf

[9] Energy reduction sustainability strategy. Available at http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/web/news_10913_energy_reduction_sustainability_strategy.htm

[10] Ericsson (2015) Ericsson Mobility Report, on the pulse of the networked society. Available at https://www.ericsson.com/assets/local/news/2016/03/ericsson-mobility-report-nov-2015.pdf

[11] European Commission (2003) Cohesion policy – dialogue with regional and local authorities. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=LEGISSUM:g24228&from=EN

[12] Eurosion (2004) Living with coastal erosion in Europe: Sediment and Space for Sustainability. Available at http://www.eurosion.org/reports-online/part1.pdf

[13] Eurostat. Methodological section. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/maritime-policy-indicators/methodology

[14] IT industrie & technologies (2015) Cout de la pollution: la start-up Plume Labs veut democratizer le “quantified environment”. Available at https://www.industrie-techno.com/cout-de-la-pollution-la-start-up-plume-labs-veut-democratiser-le-



quantified-environment.39198

[15] Jain, S.K.; Singh, R.D.; Seth, S.M (2000) Design flood estimation using GIS supported GIUHApproach. Water Resour. Manag.

[16] JTC, (2014), Smart Cities, Preliminry ISO/IEC Report.

[17]

Juniper Research (2017) Smart city traffic systems to reduce congestion for over 700M drivers by 2019, according to juniper research. Available at https://www.juniperresearch.com/press/press-releases/smart-city-traffic-systems-to-reduce-congestion-fo

[18] L. Zhu (2009) 3D city model for mobile phone using MMS data, IEEE Press

[19] Lebeck, S. (2014), The 'smart city' movement: From experimentation to standardization | GreenBiz

[20] McGarr, T., & Digby-Rogers, T., (2017), Overview of BSI and Standardization (Smart Cities & Big Data), Poster presentation.

[21] Oslo Kommune, Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for the City of Oslo 2014-2030.Available at http://44mpa.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Climate-Change-Adaptation-Strategy-for-the-City-of-Oslo-2014-2030.pdf

[22]

Our resilient future: a Framework for climate and energy security (2015). Available at https://www.bristol.gov.uk/documents/20182/33423/Our+Resilient+Future+A+Framework+for+Climate+and+Energy+Security/2ee3fe3d-efa5-425a-b271-14dca33517e6

[23] Partridge, H(2004) Developing a Human Perspective to the Digital Divide in the Smart City

[24] Schaffers, H et al (2011) Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation. Available at https://www-sop.inria.fr/teams//axis/pages/bestpaper/FIA2011t.pdf

[25] Schaffers, H et al (2011) Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation. Available at https://www-sop.inria.fr/teams//axis/pages/bestpaper/FIA2011t.pdf

[26] Simon Joss, Matthew Cook & Youri Dayot (2017) Smart Cities: Towards a New Citizenship Regime? A Discourse Analysis of the British Smart City Standard, Journal of Urban Technology.

[27] SmartEnCity, Tartu – From Hrustsovkas to Smartkovskas. Available at http://smartencity.eu/about/lighthouse-cities/tartu-estonia/

[28] State of Green (2015), Copenhagen Intelligent Traffic Solutions. Available at https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city-of-copenhagen/solutions/copenhagen-intelligent-traffic-solutions

[29] Statistics on Estonian labour market. Available at https://www.stat.ee/labour-



market

[30] Tartu Regiooni Energiaagentuur, Meshartility (2015) Action Plan for Sustainable Energy Management 2015-2020 for the City of Tartu

[31] Tashakkori, H.; Rajabifard, A.; Kalantari (2015) M. A new 3D indoor/outdoor spatial model for indoor emergency response facilitation. Build. Environ.

[32]

The city of Edinburgh Council, Edinburgh’s Sustainable Action Plan 2015-2020. Available at http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/20220/economic_development/544/sustainable_economy/2

[33]

The Climate Group (2008) Smart 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age. Available at https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/archive/files/Smart2020Report.pdf

[33]

United Nations (2014) World’s population increasingly urban with more than half living in urban areas. Available at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html

[34] Washburn, D., & Sindhu, U., (2010). Helping CIOs Understand “Smart City” Initiatives. Making Leaders Successful Every Day. FORRESTER.



3. Table of Acronyms

Acronym Description

EU European Union

ICT Information and Communication Technologies

NGO Non-governmental organization



4. Executive Abstract

This report depicts the results of Task 6.2, which goal is to offer an analysis of societal impacts achieved by standard-based Smart Cities solutions across Europe. The document is divided into three main sections: a first section addressing the current panorama of Smart Cities technologies, a second section presenting the social impact analysis of Smart Cities solutions, in particular the social and environmental impacts of 3D City Models, and a concluding section summing up the main outcomes that emerged.

Standard based Smart Cities solutions enable local policy makers to address a wide range of social issues which affect modern cities. One of the first and primary domains is related to environmental sustainability. As an example, it is estimated that smart traffic management solutions could help reducing world’s CO2 emissions by 164 million metric tons by 2019. Similarly, according to recent studies, ICT based technologies are estimated to be potentially able to reduce EU carbon emissions of over 1,5 Gt CO2 (gigatonnes of equivalent carbon dioxide) equivalent by 20301. Further social benefits resulting from the adoption of standard based Smart Cities technologies have been also mapped in relation to citizens empowerment and enhanced life standards in modern cities.

ESPRESSO’s societal impact assessment took a point of departure in the analysis of the ESPRESSO use cases implemented in the cities of Rotterdam and Tartu. The social benefits achieved by the above mentioned solutions have been mapped and included in the report. Furthermore, a selection of relevant case studies of similar solutions at European level has been also included for comparison purposes. The analysis clearly shows that Smart City solutions based on standards have crucial importance for the implementation of an effective and comprehensive Smart Cities strategy, especially for what concerns: interoperability and scalability, since they help connecting the different technological components of the solutions, urban planning/mobility, enhanced participation and policy acceptance.

In this respect, some of the key societal impacts emerging from the analysis carried out throughout this task concerned the use of 3D City Models based on open standards for enhancing civil society participation in Smart Cities activities and contributing also to the creation of dynamic and innovative urban ecosystems that could enhance life standards and opportunities at city level. These results are also supported by the outcomes of a stakeholder survey conducted among key EU actors in the Smart Cities domain as well as by interviews carried out with a group of cities that provided a letter of support to ESPRESSO. Approximately 91% of survey respondents agreed that standard-based solutions have a higher impact if compared to context-related ones. According to survey respondents, standard-based solutions contribute also to the achievement of significant societal impacts especially in relation to the improvement of urban planning and mobility, boosting recycling and renewable resources.

1 http://www.btplc.com/Purposefulbusiness/Stories/Energyenvironment/BTreportshowspotential/index.htm



5. Table of Content

1. Revision history and statement of originality ............................................................................................... 2

1.1. Revision history .......................................................................................................................................... 2

1.2. Statement of originality .............................................................................................................................. 2

2. List of references ........................................................................................................................................... 3

3. Table of Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... 6

4. Executive Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 7

5. Table of Content ............................................................................................................................................ 8

6. List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ 9

7. List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ 10

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 11

8. Social impacts of Smart Cities solutions: state of play and current trends ................................................. 12

9. Social impact analysis .................................................................................................................................. 17

9.1. Our general approach .............................................................................................................................. 17

9.2. Stakeholders consultation and interviews with cities that provided letter of support ............................ 18

9.3. Exploring in-‐depth our pilot cities and presenting examples of relevant case studies from Europe and around the world ............................................................................................................................................ 22

9.3.1. Tartu ...................................................................................................................................................... 23

9.3.1.1. Energy Efficient Building Refurbishment Action and the use of 3D modelling for monitoring changes......................................................................................................................................................................... 25

9.3.2. Rotterdam ............................................................................................................................................. 28

9.3.2.1. Groundwater levels measurement and smart parking in the context of Rotterdam 3D City modelling. ........................................................................................................................................................ 31

10. Social and environmental benefits of 3D City Models .............................................................................. 34

11. Concluding remarks ................................................................................................................................... 37

Annex I -‐ Stakeholders Survey ......................................................................................................................... 39

Annex II -‐ Interview template used for data collection on 3D City Platform in both Tartu and Rotterdam ... 45

Annex III -‐ Interview template used for data collection from cities that provided a support letter to ESPRESSO ........................................................................................................................................................ 46



6. List of Figures

Figure 1: Overview of respondents by sector (Source: our elaboration) ........................................................ 18 Figure 2: Overview of respondents by geographical scope (Source: our elaboration) ................................... 19 Figure 3: Impact of standard-‐based solutions compared to context related ones (Source: our elaboration) 19 Figure 4: Example of standards respondents have mostly heard about (Source: our elaboration) ................ 20 Figure 5: Most important areas and related standards in relation to Smart Cities initiatives (Source: our elaboration) ..................................................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 6: Most important domain for the use of standards in smart cities (Source: our elaboration) ........... 21 Figure 7: Least important domain for the use of standards in smart cities (Source: our elaboration) ........... 21 Figure 8: Social impacts of standards (Source: our elaboration) ..................................................................... 22



7. List of Tables

Table 1: Examples of standards in the smart city domain related to social impacts ...................................... 15 Table 2: Qualitative benefits overview ............................................................................................................ 17 Table 3: Environmental benefits to be achieved by the individual initiatives ................................................. 26 Table 4: Overall estimated environmental benefits ........................................................................................ 26



1 Introduction

The aim of this report is to assess the social impacts generated by the adoption of standard-based Smart Cities solutions across Europe. In order to do so the report provides an analysis of the social impacts achieved by the use cases of the ESPRESSO pilot cities of Rotterdam and Tartu, an analysis of other similar solutions implemented across Europe and a stakeholders’ survey aimed at collecting key insights on the use of standards in Smart Cities solutions along with their potential impacts in societal terms. Further evidences from cities that provided a support letter to ESPRESSO have been also included.

In particular, the analysis and the most relevant findings are presented according to the following structure:

Chapter 3: Social impacts of Smart Cities solutions: state of play and current trends

This chapter provides an overview on the current state of the art in relation to Smart Cities technologies, their impacts in societal terms and the role played by standards. This approach will enable to define the theoretical background on which the analysis carried out in the following chapter is based on.

Chapter 4: Social impact analysis

The aim of this chapter is to analyse the societal impacts achieved by standard-based Smart Cities solutions. In order to do so an in-depth analysis of the social outcomes of the use cases included in the ESPRESSO pilot cities will be conducted along with the inclusion of impactful case studies from similar solutions across Europe. Furthermore, the results from a stakeholder’s consultation will be also included in order to show the perception at EU-wide level regarding the use and social impacts of standards in Smart Cities solution.

Chapter 5: Social and Environmental Impacts of 3D City Models

This chapter discusses the social and environmental benefits of 3D City Models presenting relevant support use cases.

Chapter 6: Concluding remarks and projecting benefits at EU wide level

This final chapter will try to summarise the main outcomes emerging from the previous analysis and to draw some relevant conclusion.



8. Social impacts of Smart Cities solutions: state of play and current trends

The Smart Cities concept is currently gaining a strong momentum in Europe and across the world. Demographic shifts along with new digital trends, reduced municipal budgets and climate changes are playing a crucial role in driving the smart city transformation. It is estimated that more than half of the world population now lives in urban areas. This number is expected to increase even more in the coming years. According to the World Bank approximately 6 billion people will live in cities by 20452. Similarly, rising temperatures are now affecting several parts of the world, especially the most densely populated and industrialized areas. The adoption of new and smart infrastructures, strategies and solutions is now on top of national and local leaders’ agenda.

Whereas different cities have different visions or priorities for the development of their social services, reflecting the need and the circumstances of their population and economical activities, they face common challenges around maintaining economic growth and meeting the need of increasing or ageing population, while reducing the use of resources. According to Alfino (2014), key common issues Smart Cities have to address are:

• Maintaining economic growth: Cities – nationally and internationally – are the main drivers of economic activity: growth and, in the current context, recovery. This output depends on a comprehensive infrastructure to deliver physical and social resources – the fuel of a City’s ‘economic engine’. The economic performance of a City is inextricably linked to its physical and communications infrastructures, and the delivery of resources through these infrastructures.

• Increasing and ageing populations: Cities occupy only around 2% of land mass and are occupied by 51% of the world’s population and they consume an estimated 80% of its resources. The current global population is 7+ billion, and is forecast to grow to 9+ billion by 2050, by which time it has been predicted that approximately 80% of the global population will be urbanised. At the same time the majority of this population is ageing with increasing needs of social and health care services and social protection.

• Resource usage: Cities are under pressure to reduce resources. The strain on traditional delivery mechanisms and supply of resources due to increasing populations poses a significant challenge to the sustainable growth of Cities. This applies not only to physical resources, such as energy, water or waste management, but also to social and economic resources, such as healthcare, traffic management and City logistics.

In this context, equity and inclusivity of the services have to be considered all together with quality and efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The primary goals are to modernize cities and urban areas in order to enhance the quality of life and guarantee higher living standards for all citizens. 2 http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html



ICT plays a key role in this transformation process. According to Batty et al (2012) a Smart City is a city where “ICT is merged with traditional infrastructures, coordinated and integrated using new digital technologies. These technologies establish the functions of the city and also provide ways in which citizens groups, governments, businesses, and different stakeholders who have an interest in generating more efficient and equitable systems can interact in augmenting their understanding of the city and also provide essential engagement in the design and planning process”. A wider definition stressing the social impacts of smart cities is provided by Scheffers et all (2011): “a city may be called ‘Smart’ ‘when investments in human and social capital and traditional and modern communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance”.

ICT can undoubtedly play a key role in fostering social impacts in the smart cities domain. As reported by Partridge (2004), ICT improves freedom of speech and access to public information and services. In addition, technologies support leader to better connect with people, therefore facilitating faster and more informed decisions. Open Data are of crucial importance in the aforementioned framework. Among the main social benefits generated by open data it can be accounted the possibility to educate citizens making more informed choices about their lives, especially in relation to education and healthcare, just to name a few. Similarly, open data help promoting citizens’ engagement in the democratic process giving them a platform to propose new ideas, communicate and provide feedback to public officials and participate in the political and social life in their communities.

Several social benefits are also generated by ICT-enabled public transportation technologies. Thanks to smart parking and traffic management sensors it is now possible for citizens to move seamlessly and safely across cities sensibly reducing travel times due to traffic congestion and parking search. Similarly, ICT-enabled sensors in the built environment domain support citizens in the daily monitoring of energy consumption therefore increasing environmental consciousness and helping fighting climate changes.

One of the biggest social impacts of technologies in the smart cities domain is represented by reduced urban pollution. As an example, according to a study form Juniper Research (2016), smart city traffic management and parking projects are expected to reduce world CO2 emissions by 164 million metric tons by 2019. Similarly, the Ericsson Mobility Report (2015) shows that ICT could help reducing global greenhouse gasses of 15% by 2030. Other researches point out that ICTs could deliver approximately 7.8 GtCO2e of emissions savings in 2020 (The climate group, SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the Information age). Similarly, it is estimated that ICT has the potential to reduce EU carbon emissions of over 1.5 Gt CO2e by 2030. This saving would be equivalent to almost 19 times the size of the expected footprint of the EU’s ICT sector in 2030, or 37% of the EU’s total emissions in 20123.

However, Smart Technologies and Open Data infrastructures in order to be cost-effective need to show characteristics of integration, uptake and openness that only 3 http://www.btplc.com/Purposefulbusiness/Stories/Energyenvironment/BTreportshowspotential/index.htm



standardized specifications can properly address. As recognized by JTC (2014) the role of Smart City standards is: “focused on acting in an integrated and coherent way to enable potential synergies to be exploited and the city to function holistically to facilitate innovation and growth” to provide value, both to the city as a whole, and to the individual citizens. Standards help solving important process, organizational and technical problems that could arise at city level. They can also support cities in defining targets (principle-based standards), achieving set targets (performance standards) and ensuring interoperability among systems (interoperability standards).

According to several authors (JTC, 2014; Lebeck, 2014; Berst, 2016; McGarr, 2017; Simon et al, 2017) smart cities characteristics that can be supported by standards are:

• Integration of processes and data. • Accessibility of data and knowledge. • Analytics and decision-making systems. • Measurable and real-time knowledge. • Automated processes. • Open and inclusive decision-making processes.

Among the most relevant social impacts that can be addressed by standards it can be included:

• Better and more convenient services for citizens. On one side, standards help in facilitating procurement processes and reduce lock in situations with technological providers. On the other side, standards help in:

o Identify gaps. Although technology is an important aspect, "smart" solutions also need to be sustainable and integrated into good governance, security, financial efficiency, effective management of energy and resources, environmental preservation and climate change mitigation and resilience. Standardization authorities are currently working to define a set of indicators to help cities assess where they stand and prioritize solutions. Standardized indicators mean that cities everywhere use the same measures, making it easier to collaborate and learn from one another.

o Measuring performances. To show improvements in service provisioning it is necessary to measure achievements in relation to an agreed set of performance indicators. In this way the community can have the evidence of the impacts produced by the provided services and their sustainability.

o Providing replicable solutions. Using standards specifications make it easier to transfer solutions across departments of the same city and/or among cities across the world. In fact results are easy to communicate and more understandable as well as the technological, organizational and procedural choices taken in deploying the services are easier to be transferred in different contexts.

• Better city governance. Standards help non-specialist city decision makers to understand the many, complex and interrelating ICT issues and to put together



the right portfolio of technological and service requirements to ensure that projects and initiatives are able to succeed.

• A better life environment. Standards can establish requirements for sustainable development in communities using a holistic approach, ensuring consistency with the sustainable development policy of communities, including managing sustainability and fostering smartness and resilience for a better life environment.

Some examples of standards in the smart cities domain have been included in the table below. Further information and examples on Smart Cities standards can be also found looking at ESPRESSO D2.1 The scope of Smart City standardization.

Table 1: Examples of standards in the smart city domain related to social impacts

Standard name Description

BS 8904 Supporting local authorities in understanding the needs of citizens and businesses.

ISO 37120:2014 Define methodologies for setting up indicators that could monitor the performance of services within cities and their impacts on quality of life.

ISO 37101 Support cities in implementing sustainable development targets covering all points necessary for a city to become smarter from governance to citizens’ health.

ISO 37102 Vocabulary for sustainable development and resilience of communities.

ISO 14001 Standards in developing Environmental management systems

ISO 37120 Standard to define and establish methodologies for a set of indicators to steer and measure the performance of city services and quality of life.

ISO 37150 Standard that address community infrastructures such as energy, water, transportation, waste and information and communication technologies.

PAS 183 Decision Framework for Data Sharing & Information services.

PAS 184 Good Practices for delivery Smart City solutions.



As recognized by Lebeck (2014), in order to help standards to release their potential to reach relevant social impacts, it is important to preserve their openness characteristics. Consensus-based standards achieved through open collaborations among standardization bodies and smart cities stakeholders is of key importance to boost the uptake and the transferability of best practices and innovative solutions. By doing so long-term impacts and sustainability of smart cities delivery services could be also achieved.



9. Social impact analysis

9.1. Our general approach The analysis of the social impact of the use of standards in Smart Cities has been carried out by mean of a stakeholder consultation and interviews with relevant “support” cities representatives, a deep analysis of the pilots by mean of a qualitative case study analysis, and finally a comparison of the two pilots with similar cases in Europe.

The stakeholder consultation has been launched between May and June 2017 in order to collect opinions and information on Smart City standards from key players and experts in the field. The involved stakeholders have been sampled mostly based on their levels of involvement in Smart Cities projects. Approximately 60 responses have been collected by the survey.

The questionnaire included a total of 23 questions with the aim of collecting information on both demographic and technical aspects (for further details on the questionnaire please refer to Annex I). Through a mixture of close and open-ended questions, stakeholders involved have been asked to provide information about the type of institution/organisation they work for along with its geographical scope, department/unit just to name a few. Similarly, they have been surveyed about their knowledge of smart cities standards and the potential impacts from a societal and legal/administrative point of view.

Some additional qualitative inputs have been also collected via interviews with several European cities that provided a letter of support to the ESPRESSO project (namely, Glasgow, Saarbrucken, Zaragoza, Herceg Novi, Lasi City, Bratislava, Kavala). The cities cover a wide geographical scope spanning from Northern to Southern Europe. For further details on the interview template presented to the cities please refer to Annex III.

Furthermore, the study team also explored qualitative benefits stemming from the general definition depicted in the table on the following page. A set of indicators based on the EU project CITYKeys, and in particular on its Deliverable 1.4 - Smart city KPIs and related methodology4, have been also used in order to collect additional social and environmental benefits.

Table 2: Qualitative benefits overview

Qualitative Benefits Description

Improved interoperability (from CITYKeys)

The extent to which the solution has increased interoperability between community infrastructures.

Stimulating an innovative environment (from

The extent to which the solution is part of or stimulates an innovative environment.

4 http://nws.eurocities.eu/MediaShell/media/D1.4-CITYkeys_D14_Smart_City_KPIs_Final_20160201.pdf



CITYKeys)

Cultural heritage (from CITYKeys)

The extent to which the solution has helped preserving the cultural heritage in the city (i.e historical buildings).

Solution(s) to development issues (from CITYKeys)

The extent to which the solution offers a solution to problems which are common to European cities (i.e traffic management, congestion, etc.).

9.2. Stakeholders consultation and interviews with cities that provided letter of support Based on the results from the survey, a wide range of stakeholders belonging mostly to private sector companies and public local bodies took part to the online consultation, followed by NGO/Associations, universities and private research centers.

Figure 1: Overview of respondents by sector (Source: our elaboration)

The majority of institutions/organisations involved had an international scope, followed by a regional scope, EU-level scope and national scope.



Figure 2: Overview of respondents by geographical scope (Source: our elaboration)

According to survey results the majority of respondents confirmed the importance of standards in smart cities solutions. According to the wide majority of stakeholders involved smart cities initiatives based on standards have a higher impact than specific, context related initiatives (approximately 91% of respondents).

Figure 3: Impact of standard-based solutions compared to context related ones (Source: our elaboration)



Furthermore, the majority of respondents record Communication & Networks standards, followed by Data Management and Data Visualisation standards are those they have mostly heard about. Integration & Orchestration standards appear to be those survey respondents have least heard about.

Figure 4: Example of standards respondents have mostly heard about (Source: our

elaboration)

Following the same rationale that emerged from the previous question, survey respondents chose: Data visualizations, Data Management, Communications & Networks, followed by the Integration & Orchestration domain as the most important domains in relation to Smart Cities.

Figure 5: Most important areas and related standards in relation to Smart Cities

initiatives (Source: our elaboration)



Furthermore, according to the answers provided in open-ended questions; smart grids and infrastructures along with urban platforms appear to be the main use in the context of Smart Cities initiatives across the previously mentioned standard domains (Communications & Networks, Data Management, Data visualization, Integration & Orchestration).

The importance of standards in relation to smart grids and urban platforms can also explain the identification of “Governance, participation and planning” as the most important domain for the use of standards in related Smart City initiatives followed by “energy management” and “buildings”. “Education” and “healthcare” are regarded as the least important by the majority of respondents, as depicted in the figures below.

Figure 6: Most important domain for the use of standards in smart cities (Source: our

elaboration)

Figure 7: Least important domain for the use of standards in smart cities (Source:

our elaboration)



Improve urban planning and mobility along with boosting recycling and renewable resources are the areas where the highest societal impacts resulting from the use of standards have been recorded, according to survey respondents. This is also aligned with the results from the previous question related to the most important domain for the use of standards in related Smart Cities initiatives.

Figure 8: Social impacts of standards (Source: our elaboration)

The above-mentioned results appear to be also aligned with the interviews conducted with representatives from the cities that provided support letters to the ESPRESSO consortium.

For instance, as it emerged from the interview conducted with the Greek city of Kevala, standards for geospatial and for structure exchanges of dynamic traffic data have been integrated in the new intelligent transport system solution implemented in the city. The solution aims at improving urban mobility by providing information to citizens on traffic conditions and parking spaces, along with facilitating the use of public transport.

Being a coastal town, Kevala faces also issues related to the management of its coastal area. For this purpose, an integrated coastal zone management web-GIS based observatory, which aims to collect and analyse datasets from a wide range of sources, has been set-up. The aim of the solutions is to support local policy makers, scientists and engineers in the preparation of technical studies and applications along with raising awareness for coastal protection among the general public.

9.3. Exploring in-depth our pilot cities and presenting examples of relevant case studies from Europe and around the world The following section presents an overview of the main outcomes emerging from the analysis of the use cases of both the pilot cities of Tartu and Rotterdam. For each city, an analysis of the main social impacts generated by each use case will be presented based on the approach highlighted in section 4.1.



9.3.1. Tartu Tartu is the second largest city in Estonia. It is located in the southern part of the country and accounts for a population of 100.000 inhabitants. Tartu can boast a vibrant cultural and economic life along with a dynamic Smart Cities community. Tartu has been one of the pioneers at global level concerning the implementation of electronic public services along with public Wi-Fi (implemented across the city in 2000), digital signature (implemented in 2007) and electric taxi services (implemented in 2012) just to name a few5.

Besides being one of the leading cities in the region in the Smart Cities domain Tartu is also at the forefront of the fight against climate change. According to the city’s 2013-2020 Development Plan, public offices and buildings will have to comply with strict policy rules in terms of reducing waste and saving energy as well as on a wide range of other environmentally friendly solutions. The local Municipality has also set out some specific environmental targets to be reached by 2020 through the implementation of smart solutions and increased environmental consciousness of citizens. These targets include:

• Decrease of CO2 emissions by 20% • Decrease yearly final energy consumption by 200.000 MWh • Increase the share of renewable energy by 7% from 38% (2010 value) to 45%

(2020 target).

In order to reach the aforementioned targets some sector specific goals and objectives have been set-up by the local administration. Some of the objectives include6:

Buildings:

• Decrease in heat energy consumed in public buildings by 20%. • Public buildings electricity to be entirely generated by renewable energy

sources • Decrease energy consumption in the housing sector by 20% with 10% of the

electricity consumed to be produced by renewable sources • Deploy remotely readable meters and smart solutions to all public buildings

located in the city

Mobility:

• Equip 25% of the public bus feet with gas powered vehicles. • Improve the share of bicycle transport and maintain the share of car transport

stable to 2010 levels.

Street Lighting:

• Street lights to be controlled via smart energy management systems. 100% of the electricity consumed will be produced from renewable energy sources.

5 More info available at http://smartencity.eu/about/lighthouse-cities/tartu-estonia/ 6 See the “Action Plan for Sustainable Energy Management 2015-2020 for the City of Tartu”



In order to foster its position as one of the leading Smart Cities and environmentally friendly cities in the region Tartu launched an ambitious urban renovation plan as part of the “SmartEnCity” EU-funded Lighthouse project. The main idea behind the project is to turn the traditional soviet-area residential building blocks called “hrustsovkas” into smart buildings (“smartovkas”) along with implementing some additional innovative solutions in the domains of public transport, street lighting and monitoring. The goal behind the project is to improve the current quality of the building blocks along with creating an environmentally conscious community. The pilot area covered by the project includes 2.100 residents across a surface of 39.000 square meters, 23 buildings and 900 dwellings. The overall project is supposed to last for 5 years.

The social impact analysis to be carried out in this section will focus on two specific actions part of the Lighthouse project used as ESPRESSO use cases: the “energy efficient building refurbishment action” and the “3D City Model”.

Before introducing the social impact analysis of the above-mentioned cases, two brief case-studies on the climate change strategies adopted by the city of Bristol and Edinburgh are presented in the boxes included in the text. Despite being bigger than Tartu in terms of population, both Bristol and Edinburgh are some of the leading smart cities in the UK and they can also count on a large and vibrant students’ population.



9.3.1.1. Energy Efficient Building Refurbishment Action and the use of 3D modelling for monitoring changes

Approximately 1.600 multi-apartment “hrustsovkas” buildings are located in the City of Tartu. The majority of them has been built during 1950s in response to housing shortage and growing population. Since their life cycle is estimated to be around 30-40 years a large portion of Tartu’s building stock has now outlived its time. Furthermore, the energy performances of these buildings are well below the Estonian average due to very low heat retention caused by poor construction and window isolation quality. Overall, it is estimated that “hrustsovkas” account for annual average energy consumption of 250-300 kWh/m2. The objective of the building refurbishment is to reduce energy consumption in “hrustsovkas”. In order to do so standard refurbishment practices will be combined with different innovative approaches (i.e. energy efficient windows, ICT solutions for energy management, new and more efficient heating system).

The aim of this use case will be also to integrate information and data concerning energy consumption and solar potential analysis information into the 3D City Information Model. The 3D City Model is included in the wider open Urban Management ICT platform to be developed as part of the SmartEnCity Lighthouse project. The platform will lead to better decisions and will support service providers in making better investments along with providing consumers with more accessible and user-friendly information. In order to do so the platform will be supported by Smart Metering technologies that will collect data on heating and cooling, electricity along with hot and cold water. Overall, the primary goal of the model is to collect and



translate data currently available in different formats into a common 3D city information model based on standards.

Social impacts achieved

The primary aim of the renovation project is to reduce the environmental footprint of the buildings therefore enhancing the overall quality of life for those living there and for the citizens of Tartu. Some of the measures to be implemented in order to reduce energy consumption include better insulating the building envelope, replacing the heating system of the buildings with a new one as well as updating the old ventilation system. More specifically the table below shows the individual measures to be implemented and the targets they aim to reach.

Table 3: Environmental benefits to be achieved by the individual initiatives

Measure to be implemented Targets

Reconstructing the apartment buildings following class A requirements

Potentially achieve a ≤90 kWh/m2*y energy performance

Reconstructing the central heating system and installing thermostatic valves on radiators that could enable to set limiters.

Keep room temperatures around 18-23 C˚

Insulate outer walls in the buildings with pre-insulated panels

Transmittance value of U≤0,22 W/m2*K

Install energy efficient windows Thermal transmittance level of U≤1,10 W/m2*K

Insulate and reconstruct the roof Heat transfer coefficient of U≤0,12 W/m2*K

Install a new ventilation system In accordance to the standards of class II of the indoor environment

Based on the data mentioned above it is possible to compute the overall environmental benefits to be achieved by the initiative.

Table 4: Overall estimated environmental benefits

Type of environmental benefit

Calculation method/description Quantification

Energy efficiency 7.200 MWh/y (energy efficiency that is supposed to be achieved every year on the entire area affected by the project)/

180 kWh/m2

(this target could be further reduced to 90



39.000 m2 (overall surface of the buildings involved in the project)

kWh/m2 by combining standard retrofitting techniques with smart house approaches)

Carbon efficiency Reduction of annual carbon emissions 1,022 tCO2/y

Besides the above mentioned environmental impacts the solution will also generate other kind of social impacts that could positively affect the lives of those living in the area.

It is estimated that the solution will contribute to stimulate the creation of an innovative environment in Tartu. Thanks to the availability of open data stemming from the open standard approach of the 3D model it will be possible to foster the creation of new start-ups and companies, enhancing entrepreneurship in the city and contributing to the creation of new professional opportunities and services. Open geo-spatial data and information on energy consumption could support existing companies especially in the energy sector to better trim their service offering and customer support based on clients’ needs. Furthermore, the availability of open and easily accessible information could boost the entrepreneurial spirit among Tartu’s active student community thus facilitating the creation of a start-up ecosystem and potentially of new jobs. In order to do so, Tartu can count on the highest share of work force with higher education, Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in the whole south part of the country. Approximately 40% of the work force can boost the above-mentioned qualifications. Also, youth unemployment levels are considerably lower in the city than elsewhere in south Estonia7.

Furthermore, a better and more integrated city planning could support local officials to better spot criticalities and issues that would need public intervention, delivering services more inclusive and valuable to citizens. By enhancing building maintenance and the overall urban design of the city it would be possible to directly impact and improve citizens’ lives. Last but not least, the availability of open data will increase the transparency of the decision process and will allow higher scrutiny of policy makers and higher participation of citizens. A more extensive discussion of the social and environmental benefits related to 3D City Models based on CityGML will be provided in Chapter 5.

Some additional relevant examples of building refurbishment actions implemented across Europe are presented in the case study below. The case study investigates the technical solutions implemented and the goals achieved by the EU-funded Beem-up project which has been implemented across the cities of Paris, Alingsas and Delft.

7 https://www.stat.ee/labour-market



9.3.2. Rotterdam

Rotterdam is one of the main urban centers in the Netherlands and a major economic hub in the region and in Europe due to its large cargo port and lively business environment. Overall, the city accounts for low unemployment rate and a significant number of enterprises and businesses across a wide range of sectors. Rotterdam is also home to one of the most dynamic Smart Cities in Europe. Being a port city, exposed to climate changes and rising water levels, Rotterdam had to constantly foster its resilience by introducing several innovations in the Smart City field.

One of the most relevant and ground-breaking initiatives launched by Rotterdam Municipality is the “Rotterdam Climate Change Initiative” which foresees making Rotterdam “100% climate proof” by 2025. By doing so, the city’s resilience levels will be increased and several measures will be adopted in order to ensure that every area across the municipality will be minimally affected by and greatly benefit from climate changes. It is estimated that in the near future the direct consequences of climate change on Rotterdam could include higher sea and river levels with increased risks of flooding, more intense rainfall, longer period of drought with consequences on water



quality and potential damages to buildings, longer periods of hot weather with potential effects on health as well as on local flora and fauna. This is a crucial issue as according to some research over the past 50 years, the population living in European coastal municipalities has more than doubled to reach 70 million inhabitants in 2001 and the total value of economic assets located within 500 meters from the coastline has multiplied to an estimated 500-1000 billion euros in 20008. Furthermore, 12% of the 91.2529 European municipalities are located on the coasts10.

The following six primary objectives and pillars have been drafted by Rotterdam Municipality in order to reach the “100% climate proof” target:

• Protect the city and its people from rising sea and rivers levels, in order to ensure high living standards and investors confidentiality in the city prosperity

• Reduce disruptions caused by high or low rainfall levels. • Keep the Port of Rotterdam working as usual and avoid any unusual weather

condition to affect its daily activities • Ensure that the city inhabitants are aware of climate changes consequences

and know their own responsibilities • Ensure that the city is a nice and pleasant place where to live and work • Use climate change for creating new jobs in the “green-blue economy11” and

new economic strength in the city.

8 See for instance http://www.eurosion.org/reports-online/part1.pdf 9 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=LEGISSUM:g24228&from=EN 10 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/maritime-policy-indicators/methodology 11 Green economy refers to an economy that focuses on reducing environmental risk and footprint. Similarly, the blue economy focuses on using water resources from the oceans for economic growth and for the creation of new jobs.



All urban development projects launched or soon to be launched in Rotterdam will need to comply with the aforementioned pillars. Existing infrastructure and geographical features will need to be exploited in order to make the city more attractive and to enhance citizens’ environmental sensibility. Worth pointing out that Rotterdam is also engaged and committed to reducing carbon emissions even though it’s primary aim is the implementation of the above-mentioned climate adaptation strategy. As an example, the Port of Rotterdam is committed to reducing carbon emissions by 98% in 2050 compared to 2015 levels.

Geospatial information plays a crucial role in Rotterdam’s Smart Cities development and climate change adaption. The city boasts a major geospatial department serving internal and external customers. The focus of the ESPRESSO use cases analysed will therefore be on the city 3D Digital Model and on its usage in relation to two Cmart Cities projects in the domain of smart parking and groundwater levels measurement.

Before introducing the specific social benefits achieved by the solutions implemented in Rotterdam, the following case studies provides an overview of the approaches adopted by two other European coastal town, Gothenburg and Oslo, to fight climate change. Both cities decided to implement a more traditional approach compared to Rotterdam, based on both emissions reduction and adaptation. The case studies will present an overview of Gothenburg’s emissions reduction strategy and Oslo’s climate adaptation strategy. Both cities can be considered as similar to Rotterdam in terms of geographical location, population size and centrality of the port infrastructures in their economic systems.



9.3.2.1. Groundwater levels measurement and smart parking in the context of Rotterdam 3D City modelling.

In order to further improve the city management, the municipality of Rotterdam is currently developing a 3D City Model which will support city officials in their decisions. Some of the first topics to be included in the platform will be related to the smart parking and groundwater levels measurement systems. Other areas related to digital neighborhood communities and social events will be also included in the near future. The model is based on an open software and on open CityGML interoperability standards related to 3D City Modelling.

The two solutions which are planned to be soon included in the 3D model are paramount to Rotterdam’s strategy to become a “100% climate proof” city by 2025. The aim of the groundwater levels measurement system is to deploy an automatic system of sensors to monitor water levels in the city. Since houses in the city are built on wooden poles it is of crucial importance to keep them wet in order to avoid that they rot and affect the stability and safety of buildings. Furthermore, groundwater levels deeply affect the overall water management and sewage systems along with underground constructions.



Similarly, the municipality of Rotterdam foresees the deployment of parking spaces sensors in order to inform citizens about the availability of parking spots across the city, reduce the time spent for searching as well as traffic congestion.

Social impacts achieved

No relevant environmental benefits have been recorded so far concerning the groundwater level measurement system since as pointed out also in D6.3 on economic and business impacts the primary benefits related to this type of solution are mostly tangible economic benefits.

Similarly, there are no data already available concerning the sensor-based parking system especially in relation to reduced CO2. According to city officials since the full deployment of sensors across the city has not yet started it is not possible to provide any detailed estimation on potential CO2 reduction achieved. Also, it is not possible to collect any valuable data on the pilot area affected by the initial deployment of the solution since there will be too many interferences with the rest of the city and in particular with the port area in order to draw any conclusion on CO2 levels reduction.

However, the implementation of both solutions could generate some benefits especially if combined with the use of the city’s 3D city model. Similarly to what pointed out in the previous chapter concerning Tartu, thanks to open data it would be possible to stimulate and foster the city’s innovation ecosystem. In coherence with “Rotterdam Climate Change Initiative” open data could potentially boost the creation of new jobs in the “green-blue economy” domain. Similarly, thanks to the open standard approach of the 3D model, students, universities, private companies interested in urban planning issues could develop their own integrated platforms. And also in this case, the availability of open data will increase the transparency of the decision process and will allow higher scrutiny of policy makers and higher participation of citizens. A more extensive discussion of the social and environmental benefits related to 3D City Models based on CityGML will be provided in Section 5.

As final remark, and as further source of evidence concerning societal impacts of standard-based Smart City solutions, the case study below presents an innovative sensor-based solution currently being implemented in the city of Copenhagen in order to monitor traffic levels.



10. Social and environmental benefits of 3D City Models

Even though the implementation of the 3D City Model is at an initial stage both in Tartu and Rotterdam, it is possible to discuss what are the social and environmental impacts and the implications of the implementation of the system based on the CityGML standards, especially for what concerns urban/environmental modelling, disaster management and emergency relief, and open data.

Urban Planning

Regarding urban planning, a key aspect of 3D city models is related to their capability to integrate different data sets together in order to gain new insights of the built environment. Scientists can simulate noise, heat and exhaust spreading in metropolitan cities using the information contained in 3D city models, as well as analyzing the relationship between the traffic flow and the heat island effect in the inner city12. 3D functionalities can also support the assessment of three-dimensional processes and natural phenomena such as noise, air quality, or floods13. Estimating the extent of floods has been a traditional topic in GIS, mostly with digital terrain models14. In this respect models related to the propagation and impact of flooding by an overflow of water from water bodies or heavy precipitations can be improved by using 3D city models15 to assess the flood risk and the potential damage at a micro-scale.

Disaster Management and Emergency Relief

3D city models memorize the configuration of a city allowing helpers to act more quickly and more effectively. For instance, 3D geo-data can be used in disaster management and emergency response because they may provide valuable information such as the location of building entry points16. In this context, 3D city models can be used for example to determine the best position for the deployment of the ladder trucks before the arrival of firefighters at the scene17. Finally, with regard to the conservation and communication of cultural heritage, 3D GIS is employed in archaeology, for urban reconstruction of ancient cities, modelling of archeological 3D objects and their attributes, managing excavations, testing reconstruction hypotheses, and analysing development of sites over time18.

12 S. Nagarajan and K. Sudalaimuthu, “Web 3DS Business Models,” http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/urban/overview/urbano047pf.htm 13 L. Zhu, “3D city model for mobile phone using MMS data,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Urban Remote Sensing Joint Event, IEEE Press, 2009, pp.1-6, doi: 10.1109/URS. 2009. 5137691. 14 Jain, S.K.; Singh, R.D.; Seth, S.M. Design flood estimation using GIS supported GIUHApproach. Water Resour. Manag. 2000, 14, 369–376. 15 Schulte, C.; Coors, V. Development of a CityGML ADE for dynamic 3D flood information. In Proceedings of the Joint ISCRAM-CHINA and GI4DM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Management: Harbin, China, 4–6 August 2008. 16 Tashakkori, H.; Rajabifard, A.; Kalantari, M. A new 3D indoor/outdoor spatial model for indoor emergency response facilitation. Build. Environ. 2015, 89, 170–182. 17 Chen, L.C.; Wu, C.H.; Shen, T.S.; Chou, C.C. The application of geometric network models and building information models in geospatial environments for fire-fighting simulations. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2014, 45, 1–12. 18 Piccoli, C. CityEngine for Archaeology. In Proceedings of the Mini Conference 3D GIS for Mapping the via Appia, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 19 April 2013.



Environmental Open Data

The increase in the availability of environmental open data is also of key importance. As an example, the 3D City Model of Lyon provides CityGML data in open license format for 530 square kilometers of the territory decomposed in 59 districts, representing water, terrain, and buildings19.

In multiple countries, an application for mobile devices called PulsePoint20 based on Open Data decreases response time in case of a medical emergency and increases survival rates. Concerning its impact, based on the number of citizens having a cardiac arrest outside the hospital and the percentage that received CPR from bystanders, 7,000 lives a year can be saved only by introducing applications that make it possible for bystanders to be at the emergency location one minute earlier. Similarly, the London fire brigade has developed a tool using public data allowing to view emergency response times and fire incidents in order to figure out where to focus resources21. For what concerns road fatalities, they amounted to 25.500 in 201622. In order to reduce this amount, initiatives such as the CRASH programme make use of open data and GPRS technology to alert trained first responders that are close to the emergency location23. In this way people are able to press a button to call for help while their location is being identified.

Considering environmental gains, open data can help to reduce CO2 emission and improve waste management. According to a report from the French Senate24 air pollution annual cost is estimated at € 101.3 billion and fine particles and ozone are causing 42,000 to 45,000 premature deaths in France per year. In this regard, the application Plume Labs25 computes an air quality index using the data made available by different agencies among which Airparif in Paris. Individual households can also benefit from open data, by assessing their energy consumption. For instance, in Denmark, Husets Web26 provides intelligent and dynamic calculations of energy saving measures that can help individual homeowner save energy and money.

The availability of 3D City Model open data has also other non-monetized benefits, such as increase empowerment of civil servants providing services, increase the inclusion in the delivery of services, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of the very same services.

Other benefits27 of 3D City Models open data include higher transparency and accountability of decision-making: the more open government data available online, the more factual transparency, and in turn the more public scrutiny and accountability can be achieved. Increased transparency has an effect on civic participation as more open data puts civil society, citizens and other stakeholders in a better position to

19 https://data.grandlyon.com/ 20 http://www.pulsepoint.org/ 21 http://diginomica.com/2015/07/15/cabinet-office-says-open-data-government-needs-to-go-viral-but-is-whitehall-ready/#.VazvYvntlBd 22 https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/move-affiche-hoz_en_2017_debord.pdf 23 http://www.govtech.com/computing/GT-Software-Predicts-When-Where-Accidents-Occur-on-Tennessee-Highways.html 24 http://www.industrie-techno.com/cout-de-la-pollution-la-start-up-plume-labs-veut-democratiser-le-quantifiedenvironment.39198 25 https://www.plumelabs.com/ 26 http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/web/news_10913_energy_reduction_sustainability_strategy.htm 27 Granickas, K., 2013: Understanding The Impact of Releasing and Re-using Open Government Data, EPSI Platform



observe governments and involve into decision-making in a better-informed way, by mean of online platforms for interaction and consultation.

A further application of the 3D City modelling paradigm could be the implementation of a circular economy28 at city level, in order to create a “circular HUB” within the confines of the city. More specifically, in a circular economy paradigm the 3D City Models could help in implementing a design tool to study how to position solar panels, shadow studies, traffic control in a neighbourhood; in creating a tool for redesigning the city buildings and its surroundings; and, finally, in implementing a tool for the definition of an optimization for combining multiple traffic systems for transporting the materials and defines the best route with the least CO2 emissions.

28 Defined by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation as “one that is restorative and regenerative by design, and which aims to keep products, components and materials at their highest utility and value at all times, distinguishing between technical and biological cycles.” In the of 3D city models, a circular city could be described as an industrial and economic system where re-use of products and materials add value to every link in the system. By doing so, it can contribute to a reduction in emission, as well as to savings in terms of resources and more efficient logistics.” For further information please refer to www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org.



11. Concluding remarks

Modern Smart Cities are currently playing a crucial role in increasing the quality of life across European urban centres. As it clearly emerged from the analysis depicted in this report, the technologies and the solutions based on standards implemented by cities across the continent deeply contribute to achieve environmental sustainability goals along with a wide array of social benefits such as promoting citizens engagement, increasing transparency and accountability of policy making, and better urban planning /mobility. More specifically, the implementation of Smart Cities solutions based on standards have crucial importance for the implementation of an effective and comprehensive Smart Cities strategy, in particular regarding increased interoperability and scalability by connecting the different technological components of the solutions.

The analysis depicted in this report has been carried out by mean of a deep analysis of the pilots, a stakeholder consultation and interviews with cities representatives, and finally a comparison of the two pilots with similar cases in Europe.

Outcomes from the two use cases show societal benefits in term of reduction of the environmental footprint which contributes to enhancing the overall quality of life for the citizens, as well as decrease of the waste of energy and resources. Furthermore, the use cases based on standards contribute to stimulate the creation of an innovative environment, fostering the creation of new start-ups and companies, enhancing entrepreneurship in the city and contributing to the creation of new professional opportunities and services. As an example, the availability of open and easily accessible information could contribute to boosting the entrepreneurial spirit among Tartu’s large student community thus facilitating the creation of a start-up ecosystem and potentially of new jobs. Finally, a better and more integrated city planning supports local officials to better spot criticalities and issues that would need public intervention, therefore delivering more inclusive and valuable services to citizens.

Concerning both the cities of Tartu and Rotterdam it is also worth pointing out that a key role in achieving the aforementioned benefits has been played by standards-enabled 3D City Models. Even though the implementation of the 3D City Model is at an initial stage both in Tartu and Rotterdam, it is possible at this stage to discuss, more in details, what are the social and environmental impacts and the implications of the implementation of the systems, especially for what concerns urban/environmental modelling, disaster management and relief, and the availability of open data and public-sector information.

As it was the case for Tartu 3D City Model, 3D analyses can support the assessment of processes and phenomena spanning from energy consumption to solar irradiation therefore being of key importance for environmental planning29. Similarly, Rotterdam, being a coastal town, could greatly benefit from the potential future use of the 3D Model in the domain of flood and disaster management30. By estimating the risk, extent, impact and potential damage of floods, 3D City Models could support city

29 L. Zhu, “3D city model for mobile phone using MMS data,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Urban Remote Sensing Joint Event, IEEE Press, 2009, pp.1-6, doi: 10.1109/URS. 2009. 5137691. 30 Jain, S.K.; Singh, R.D.; Seth, S.M. Design flood estimation using GIS supported GIUHApproach. Water Resour. Manag. 2000, 14, 369–376.



officials in risk and disaster management allowing also helpers to act more quickly and effectively31. As an example, 3D geo-data could provide valuable information such as the location of building entry points32. In this context, 3D city models can be used to determine the best position for the deployment of the ladder trucks before the arrival of firefighters at the scene33. Another important element of the 3D City Models based on standard is related to the availability of open data and public-sector information. More specifically re-use of open data can foster the creation of new products and services, promote the entrepreneurial spirit among students and increase overall youth employment levels. Considering environmental gains, open data can also help controlling CO2 emission and waste of resources. The availability of 3D City Model open data has also other societal benefits, such as increase empowerment of civil servants providing services, improve access to and reliability of information, improved access and participation to policy decisions, transparency and accountability of decision-making, increase the inclusion in the delivery of services.

As final remark, the central role of standards in Smart Cities solutions emerged also from the results of the stakeholder consultation carried out in the framework of the activities conducted for drafting the present report. The almost totality of respondents confirmed the higher impact of standard-based Smart Cities solutions compared to solutions that are not based on standards. As stated in the open comment section of the survey, open-standards are perceived as fundamental for Smart Cities in order to ensure interoperability and scalability by connecting the different technological components of the solutions. Furthermore, in line with the results discussed in the previous paragraphs the majority of stakeholders pointed out to urban planning /mobility, participation and policy acceptance as the main social impacts areas resulting from the use of standards in the Smart Cities domain.

31 Schulte, C.; Coors, V. Development of a CityGML ADE for dynamic 3D flood information. In Proceedings of the Joint ISCRAM-CHINA and GI4DM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Management: Harbin, China, 4–6 August 2008. 32 Tashakkori, H.; Rajabifard, A.; Kalantari, M. A new 3D indoor/outdoor spatial model for indoor emergency response facilitation. Build. Environ. 2015, 89, 170–182. 33 Chen, L.C.; Wu, C.H.; Shen, T.S.; Chou, C.C. The application of geometric network models and building information models in geospatial environments for fire-fighting simulations. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2014, 45, 1–12.



Annex I - Stakeholders Survey

H2020 ESPRESSO – Help shaping the role of standards in smart city initiatives

The ESPRESSO project (Espresso – systEmic standardisation apPRoach to Empower Smart citieS and cOmmunities) focuses on the development of a conceptual smart city information framework based on open standards. This framework will consist of a smart city platform (the “smart city enterprise application”) and a number of data provision and processing services to integrate relevant data, workflows, and processes. The project is building this framework by identifying relevant open standards, technologies, and information models that are currently in use or in development in various sectors.

The following questionnaire will help the ESPRESSO team to gather insights on the importance of the use of standards in modern smart city initiatives and on their impacts from a legal, social and economic point of view. The results will be used alongside with other assessment tools (i.e. cost-benefit analysis of selected case studies from ESPRESSO pilot cities of Rotterdam and Tartu) for drafting a series of documents dedicated to report on legal and administrative impacts, societal impacts as well as economic impacts.

The survey is structured into four main sections:

• Background questions • General questions • Economic/Social impact questions • Legal impact questions

* Required questions to be filled in

Background Questions

The following section presents some background questions for collecting relevant demographic information.

Name and Surname <Name>

Institution/organisation <Name>

Type of institution/organisation (private company, public local body, public national



body, public international body, NGO, association, university, private research centre, public research centre)

Geographical scope of the institution/organisation (international / EU / regional / national)

Role/position <Role>

Department/unit <Subject>

Country where your institution/organisation is based* <Country>

General Questions

The following section presents some general questions concerning the importance and role of standards34 in smart cities35.

Please select which of the following areas and related standards you are aware of *

A) Communications & Networks (ITU G.651, ITU-T G.652 – fiber optics, IEEE P2413 – IoT, ISO/IEC 29182 – sensor network, ISO/IEC 30101:2014 – smart grids)

B) Data Management (ISO/IEC 11179-2:2005 or ISO/IEC 11179-6:2005 – metadata registries)

C) Data visualisation (OGC – 12-019 - City Geography Markup Language, OGC – 14-005 - Indoor Geography Markup Language)

D) Integration & Orchestration (ISO/IEC 17788:2014 – Cloud Computing, ISO/IEC TR 30102:2012 - Distributed Application Platforms and Services (DAPS))

Yes/No/ Don’t know

34 A standard is a technical document designed to be used as a rule, guideline or definition. It is a consensus built, repeatable way of doing something. Standards are created by bringing together all interested parties such as manufacturers, consumers and regulators of a particular material, product, process or service. All parties benefit from standardization through increased product safety and quality as well as lower transaction costs and prices (CEN-‐2017, https://www.cen.eu/work/endev/whatisen/pages/default.aspx). 35 smart city is the name given to a settlement area in which systemically (ecologically, socially and economically) sustainable products, services, technologies, processes and infrastructures are used (ESPRESSO D2.1 – The Scope of Smart City Standardization, available at http://espresso-project.eu/).



According to you, how would you rate on a scale from 1 to 5 (where 1 is not important and 5 is very important) the areas and related standards, previously selected, based on their importance in smart city initiatives36 *





1/5

Looking at the previously selected key areas, please indicate here some specific use in the context of a smart city initiative you might be aware of.





Text

Are you perhaps aware of any other domain and related standard not stated in the previous question *

Text

According to you, how would you rank the following domains [1] (from 1 to 9) based on the importance of standards in related smart cities initiatives37*

A) Education

B) Energy Management

Text

36 smart cities initiatives help addressing problems of common interest with the aid of ICTs (ESPRESSO D2.1 – The Scope of smart city Standardization, available at http://espresso-project.eu/). 37 According to the list provided in ESPRESSO’s deliverable D2.3 – The Scope of smart cities use cases



C) Environment

D) Transport/Mobility

E) Healthcare

F) Governance, Participation and Planning

G) Security/Safe City

H) Buildings

I) Infrastructure, wastewater, water and sanitation systems

Based on the results from the previous question, please provide an explanation for choosing the domain ranked as number 1. Include also some practical examples of standards implementation in smart cities initiatives related to that specific domain *

A) Education

B) Energy Management

C) Environment

D) Transport/Mobility

E) Healthcare

F) Governance, Participation and Planning

G) Security/Safe City

H) Buildings

I) Infrastructure, wastewater, water and sanitation systems

Text

Do you think that smart city initiatives based on standards (being more interoperable, scalable, transferable) would have a higher impact than specific, context related initiatives? *


Please state why you answered yes to the previous question

Text

Economic/Social impact Questions

The following section is set to collect relevant information concerning the economic and social impacts of standards in the context of a smart city initiative.



According to you, on a scale from 1 to 5 (where 1 is very low and 5 is very high) how would you rate the impact that the use of standards in the context of a smart city initiative could have on the following areas? *

Economic impact:

Reducing energy consumption costs

Reducing public expenditure

Increasing business opportunities

Boosting the creation of startups

Social impact:

Improving building energy efficiency

Decreasing pollution emissions

Boost recycling and renewable resources

Improving housing conditions

Improve urban planning/mobility

Improve healthcare delivery

Improve independence of people with disabilities and senior citizens

Increase participation and policy acceptance

1/5

Legal impact Questions

The aim of the following section is to assess the extent to which EU cities and organizations are aware and ready for adopting the GDPR (2016/679) 38.

The GDPR will enter into force in May 2018. How much do you know about it? *

1= nothing, 2=few incomplete information, 3=basic information, 4=enough information, 5=full and comprehensive information

38 The EU General Data Protection Regulation (entering into force in 2018) is one of the main regulatory conditions that will affect the provision and activities of future smart cities services. All the organizations dealing with personal data will have to comply with it.



Based on your knowledge about GDPR, do you think your organization will have to comply with it? *


Does your organization conduct systematic monitoring (including employee data) or process large amounts of personal data39? *

Yes/No/Don’t know

Has your organisation already identified / is planning to identify a Data Protection Officer40 or a similar figure? *

Yes/No/Don’t know

In the case of a data breach, the organization has to notify a data protection supervisory authority41 within 72 hours. Do you think your organization has in place all the needed procedures to detect and report a data breach? *

Yes/No/Don’t know

Is your organization designing data protection and privacy requirements42 into the development of processes and systems? *

Yes/No/Don’t know

39 The GDPR defines personal data as "any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person, that is everyone who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural or social identity.

40 The GDPR defines a Data Protection Officer as the person responsible for facilitating compliance with GDPR through the implementation of accountability tools (such as facilitating or carrying out data protection impact assessments and audits), and who acts as intermediary between relevant stakeholders (e.g. supervisory authorities, data subjects, and business units within an organisation). 41 The GDPR defines a data protection supervisory authority as an independent authority, appointed by each member state, in charge of monitoring the data protection, give advice to the government and in case of data violation, start legal procedures. The GDPR defines a personal data breach” as “a breach of security leading to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorized disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed. 42 An underlying concept of the GDPR is Privacy by design, which requires that data processing products and services are designed and built keeping legal requirements in mind from the beginning



Annex II - Interview template used for data collection on 3D City Platform in both Tartu and Rotterdam

General Objectives of the initiative

• General Activities performed • Geographical scope • Roadmap for the implementation

Description of the initiative

• Management • Stakeholders involvement • Funding • Inputs (personnel, machinery, cost)

o Standards:

§ Standard adopted

§ Reason for adoption

§ Function of the standard (description of the process)

§ Alternative without standards?

§ Alternative standards?

• Outputs (services provided, structures built) • Knowledge of similar initiatives? Discuss on similitudes and differences

Bottlenecks and drivers

• What are the bottlenecks of the initiative? • What are the success factors of the initiative? • Do you have any tangible benefits that have been achieved that you could

present us?

Lessons learnt and recommendations

• What are the lessons learnt from the initiative? • What are your views on scalability and transferability? • Do you have any recommendation for the implementation?

Conclusions

• Is there anything else you would like to convey?



Annex III - Interview template used for data collection from cities that provided a support letter to ESPRESSO

1. What changes, in terms of the Smart Cities concept, do you see for your city/metropolitan area in the coming years (5-10)?

2. Are you familiar with the European Digital Agenda? What steps have you taken to align with it and what would be your key urban infrastructure which will change in the next years, respective to the DA?

3. Do you currently have a Smart City strategy? If not, what impact do you think there would be on a planning / local development policy document?

4. What "Smart Cities" solutions do you use or implement at local initiative level? For these, can you please tell us about:

o Experience and Impact

o Typology of technology (sensors, protocols)

o The way data is stored

o Security and confidentiality

o Applications

5. Do you use standards in public procurement?

6. What would be the ESPRESSO results’ applicability for your city?

d6.2 report on societal impacts - espresso...

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