Clavery Tungaraza

Faculty of science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

Dairy/livestock and the environment in Tanzania

CLEANED Project East Africa Stakeholder Consultation on Dairy and Environment Nairobi, Kenya, 18 September 2013

Dairy/livestock status

Livestock activities are mixed

19.1 million cattle found in Tanzania, 3rd in

Africa after Ethiopia and Sudan.

~605,000 are dairy cattle.

Others, raised for dual purpose of milk and

meat production.

Vision by 2015 to have 900,000 dairy cattle

Dairy/livestock status

Dairy not mentioned in National statistical figures but livestock

NAPA (National Adaptation Programme of

Action) never mentioned ‘Dairy’ but livestock

Tanzania is an agro-pastoralist country

  Tanzania Mainland Z'bar

Number of Rural Agricultural households 5,838,523

5,706,329

132,193

Number of Households Growing Crops only 3,508,581

3,422,072

86,509

Number of Households Growing Crops and livestock 2,268,255

2,224,410

43,844

Number of Households with Livestock only 57,770 55,929

1,840

Number of Households doing Pastoralism 3,917 3,917 0

Status of the Environment

Climatic impacted country

Severe and recurrent droughts

drop of water levels of Lake Victoria, Lake

Tanganyika and Lake Jipe

recession of 7 km of Lake Rukwa in about 50 years

Impact to livestock

Shrinkage of rangelandFluctuation of product values,

eg. dry periods cattle price can fall from US$130 to US$13

Loss of animals sometimes massiveeg. In 2009 in Loliondo, Ngorongoro, Simanjiro, Kiteto and Mwanga there was total loss of over 150,000 animals.

Impact to livestock

Milk and meat Productivity and quality

fluctuate following climatic conditions

Pastoralist migration

Conflicts - Farmers v/s pastoralists

Country situation

Carrying Capacity  

Region Existing

Recommended

Excess

Mwanza 2, 180,275 63,360 2,116, 915

Shinyanga 3, 806,677 87,800 3, 718, 877

Dodoma 798,105 160,167 637, 938

Singida 727,930 117,983 609, 947

Current Climate Zonation

Zone Sub-Zone and areas Rainfall (mm/yr)

1. COAST North: Tanga (except Lushoto), Coast and Dares Salaam

North: Bimodal, 750-1200mm

South: Eastern Lindi and Mtwara (except Makonde Plateau

South: Unimodal, 800-1200mm

2. ARID LANDS

North: Serengeti, Ngorogoro Parks, Part of Masailand

North: Unimodal, unreliable, 500-600mm

Masai Steppe, Tarangire Park, Mkomazi Reserve, Pangani and Eastern Dodoma

South: Unimodal and Unreliable, 400-600mm

3. SEMI-ARID LANDS

Central Dodoma, Singida,Northern Iringa, some of Arusha, Shinyanga Southern: Morogoro, Lindi and Southwest Mtwara

Central: unimodal and unreliable: 500-800mm Southeastern: Unimodal 600-800mm

4. PLATEAUX

Western: Tabora, Rukwa (North and Center), Mbeya North: Kigoma, Part of Mara Southern: Ruvuma and Southern Morogoro

Western: unimodal, 800-1000mm Southern: unimodal, veryreliable, 900-1300mm

5. SOUTHERN AND WESTERN HIGHLANDS

Southern: A broad ridge of from N. Morogoro to N. LakeNyasa, covering part of Iringa, MbeyaSouthwestern: Ufipa plateau inSumbawanga Western: Along the shore of Lake Tanganyika in Kigoma and Kagera

Southern: unimodal, reliable, local rain shadows, 800-1400mm Southern: unimodal, reliable, 800-1000mm Western: bimodal, 1000-2000mm

6. NOTHERN HIGHLANDS

Northern: foot of mt Kilimanjaro and Mt. Meru. Eastern Rift Valley to Eyasi Granite Mts Uluguru in Morogoro, Pare Mts in Kilimanjaro and Usambara Mts in Tanga, Tarime highlands in Mara

Northern: Bimodal, varies widely 1000-2000mm Granitic mts. Bimodal and very reliable 1000-2000m

7. ALLUVIAL PLAINS

K-kilomberao (Morogoro) R- Rufuji (Coast) U- Usangu (Mbeya) W- Wami(Morogoro)

K—Unimodal, very reliable, 900-1300mm R-Unimodal, often inadequate 800-1200mmU-Unimodal, 500-800mm W-Unimodal, 600-1800mm

Dominant zones for livestock keepers

2. ARID LANDS

North: Serengeti, Ngorogoro Parks, Part of Masailand

North: Unimodal, unreliable , 500-600mm

Masai Steppe, Tarangire Park, Mkomazi Reserve, Pangani and Eastern Dodoma

South: Unimodal and unreliable, 400-600mm

3. SEMI-ARID LANDS

Central Dodoma, Singida,Northern Iringa, some of Arusha, Shinyanga Southern: Morogoro Also Lindi and Southwest Mtwara

Central: unimodal and unreliable: 500-800mm Southeastern: Unimodal 600-800mm

Environmental Impacts

Globally livestock listed to cause;Land degradationAir pollutionClimate change

GHG emission (18%): 37% of methane, 9% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, and 65% of nitrous oxide

Exacerbate water shortage and water pollution, Loss of biodiversity through land use changeInfluence human behaviour based on milk and

meat consumption

Environmental Impacts

On the GHG contribution (Giga tonnes CO2 equivalent)

Land use and land use change: 2.5 -vegetation replaced by

pasture and carbon release from soils

Feed Production (except carbon released from soil): 0.4 -

including fossil fuel and chemical fertilizer application

Animal production: 1.9 -enteric fermentation from ruminants

(CH4) and on-farm fossil fuel use (CO2)

Manure Management: 2.2 -manure storage, application and

deposition (CH4, N2O, NH3)

Processing and transport: 0.03 -fuel

Challenges of assessing Environmental Impacts

Lack of environmental baselineDifficulties in assessing size of pasture land due

to grazing nature –migration & nomadicDeforestation based method difficulty due to crop

production deforestation activitiesVarying types of livestock feeds – not industrial

manufactured or input based productionPasture land not well-selected -the nomadic lifePasture dependent on natural land fertilityMixed feeds; pasture-grass-feeding vs. grain-

feeding