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{

Dark

Romanticism/Transcendentalism/Anti-

TranscendentalismBy Kyle Douglass and Jessica Galvin

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Transcendentalism was basically an idealismmovement in the early-mid 1800s.

This viewpoint considered mankind to be morale,with each person having their own light

It stressed thinking, intuition and learning, but in aless rational, more instinctive way.

Some well-educated authors used this philosophy tochallenge the current ways of thinking.

Transcendentalism was not a religion, rather itattempted to define religion.

Nature was like its own power, enigmatic andspiritual.

Transcendentalism

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Some notable works of Transcendentalism;

Emily Dickinson wrote about her feelingstowards nature. At the time, women couldntpublish so her writings were posthumousreleased, nevertheless she remains one of themost famous female poets.

Transcendentalism EXAMPLES

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While transcendentalists were optimists, Anti-transcendentalists were pessimists.

They believed humans were initially sinful, and thatgoodness needed to be strived for.

In this way they shared some Machiavellian beliefs. In the Anti-transcendentalists eyes, evil was constantly

there getting people to do erroneous deeds, like the devil. They were strongly opposed to transcendentalist ways,

believing them to be unrealistic and nave.

This is not to say that none of them believe in human ethics,rather they dont count on them. The anti-transcendentalists also believe nature was its own

force, however they did not think it was as benevolent astheir positive counterparts.

Anti-Transcendentalism

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Notable Anti-Transcendentalist

Herman Melville was one of the best knownauthors of this movement. His most famousnovel, Moby Dick, sometimes referred to as TheWhite Whale, is especially popular.

Anti-Transcendentalism Examples

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Dark romanticism was like transcendentalism, in amuch less positive fashion.

Edgar Allen Poe, and Nathaniel Hawthorn wrote inthis way. Evil triumphing good and the supernatural, were

recurring themes in these types of books. Even today there is literature with dark romanticism

elements especially in the new category at Barnes &Nobel Paranormal Teen Fiction, which includespopular series such as Twilight.

Dark Romanticism

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Stephanie Meyers works are similar to the darkromanticism written in the 19th-20th century.Paranormal elements are a strong part of theTwilight series even though it is not especially dark.

Edgar Allen Poes works are quite fitting under thiscategory. His stories tell of sad people in evensadder consequences.

Romance between humans and supernaturalcreatures (such as succubae and werewolves) is anincreasing attraction in todays media. Teens and

young adults eat this stuff up. It even changes the way we think of mystical

monsters. A long time ago when people thought ofvampires they almost always thought of hideous

bloodthirsty abominations. Today we might thinkof the suave ,adroit ,attractive (even sparkly)

teenagers that fantasy-lovers dream of.

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People wrote in these ways to challengeauthority, inspire philosophy, and encouragenew ideas.

Some may have just written for fun though.

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Reuben, Paul P. "Chapter 4: American Transcendentalism: A BriefIntroduction." PAL: Perspectives in American Literature- A Research andReference Guide. URL:http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap4/4intro.html

Perkins, George B., Barbara Perkins, and Phillip Leininger. Bent'sReader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. New York, NY:

HarperCollinsPublishers, 1991. 1060-061. Web. 29 Aug. 2011.

"Dark romanticism." New World Encyclopedia. 11 Jul 2011, 02:55 UTC. 31Aug 2011, 13:34.

St. Armand, Barton Leui, and Harold Bloom, The Mysteries of Edgar

Poe: The Quest for a Monomyth in Gothic Literature.

Blooms Modern Critical Interpretations: The Tales of Poe (1978): 25-54.Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Web. 30 Aug. 2011.W

orks

Cited

http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap4/4intro.htmlhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Dark_romanticism?oldid=952533http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Dark_romanticism?oldid=952533http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Dark_romanticism?oldid=952533http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Dark_romanticism?oldid=952533http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Dark_romanticism?oldid=952533http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap4/4intro.htmlhttp://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap4/4intro.htmlhttp://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap4/4intro.htmlhttp://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap4/4intro.htmlhttp://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap4/4intro.html

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Thank you for

Watching

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