darwin (1831) natural selection favorable adaptations to features of the environment allow some...
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Darwin (1831) Natural Selection
• Favorable adaptations to features of the environment allow some members of a species to reproduce more successfully than others
• Finches Galapagos Islands• Survival of the fittest
Genotype
• Genetic structure from parent
Phenotype
• Observable characteristics
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
• Contain genes
Heredity
• Passing on traits from parent to offspring
Genetics
• Study of the inheritance of physical + psychological traits from ancestors
Genes
• Basic units of heredity
Human Behavior Genetics
• Explore the link between inheritance + behavior
Sociobiology
• Evolutionary explanation for social behavior + systems
Neuroscience
• Scientific study of the brain + links to activity + behavior
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Record electric brain activity
Positron-Emissions Tomography (PET) Scans
• Given “safe” radiation that goes to brain to see activity in brain
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Radio waves + magnetic fields to see brain image
Functional MRI
• MRI + PET
Central Nervous System
• Composed of neurons• Brain + spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
• Connect CNS to body periphery
Somatic Nervous System
• Regulates skeletal, muscles + skin
Autonomic Nervous System
• Controls body’s involuntary motor responses– Sympathetic = emergency– Parasympathetic = routine internal operations
Nervous System
• http://youtube.com/watch?v=cqvoV4R7T2g
The Brain
• Electronic stimulations• Broca’s area– Thoughts into speech or sign
• Lesions– Injuries or dead areas of brain
The Brain Structures
• Brain Stem– Regulates internal organs– Pons-Bridge-connects spinal cord with brain– Medulla-heart, breathing, blood pressure– Reticular Formation
• Spinal cord, alerts cerebral cortex– Thalamus
• Channels incoming sensory information to appropriate area of cerebral cortex
– Cerebellum• Balance, coordination
Brain Structure - Limbic System
• Regulates emotional behavior, motivation+memory• Body temp., blood pressure, blood sugar• 3 structures– Hippocampus
• Explicit memories– Amygdala
• Emotions+emotional memory– Hypothalamus
• Motivated behavior (eating, drink, sex)• Keeps bodies homeostasis (balance)
Brain Structure - Cerebrum
• Regulates higher cognitive + emotional functions• Cerebral cortex– Outside 1/10 of cerebrum– 2 halves cerebral hemispheres
• Corpus callosum– Separated cerebral hemispheres
• Mapping– Central sulcus-vertical– Lateral fissures-horizontal
Cerebrum Cont.• Frontal lobe
– Motor controls + cognitive activities• Parietal Lobe
– Sensations (limbs)• Touch, pain, temps
• Occipital lobe– Vision (eyes)
• Temporal lobe– Hearing (ears)
• Motor cortex– Voluntary muscle control
• Approx. 600Brain Structure
Cerebrum Cont.
• Somatosensory cortex– Temp, touch, pain (lips, tongue, index finger)
• Auditory cortex– Both ears/both lobes
• Visual cortex– Both eyes-retina
• Association cortex– Planning and decision making
• Wernicke’s Area– Spoken language
Hemispheric Lateralication
• Things happen on different sides of brain, + communicate through the corpus callosum i.e.. Left-speech
Endocrine System
• Network of glands that secrete hormones (chemical messengers).– Growth, mood, sex
• Pituitary Gland– “Master Gland”• Secretes – testosterone - estrogen
• Other glands– Thyroid, Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes
Endocrine System
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YI2qYRWzSZ4
The Nerve• Neuron
– Cell to receive, process and transmit information to other cells– Dendrites
• Branched fibers of neurons that receive incoming signals– Soma –
• Cell body of a neuron• Contain nucleus + cytoplasm• Integrates info.
– Axon• Extended fiber of a neuron, nerve impulses pass soma to terminal
buttons– Terminal Buttons
• Bulblike structure that stimulate glands, muscles or other neurons
Nerve
• http://youtube.com/watch?v=XgIaAs_ONG4
The Nervous System
• Glia– Cells that hold nerves together– Remove dead neurons• Stops poisons in blood from reaching brain
The Nervous System
• Excitatory-fire• Inhibitory-don’t fire
The Nervous System• Action Potential
– Nerve impulse released• All – or – None Law
– Size of potential unaffected by increased intensity• Refractionary Period
– Rest period-nerve cannot fire• Synapse
– Gap between one neuron+another – Transmission
• Neurotransmitters– Chemicals released from one neuron to another– 60 diff. chemicals
The Nervous System
• 3 major classes of neurons– Sensory- towards (CNS)– Motor-away(CNS)– Interneurons-bridge between neurons