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ii

.. (Niglihawa) .. .. (Gotihawa) ... .. (Kudan) ().................... .. (Sagarhawa) .. . ( )......... .. .................................................................. .. .............................................................. .. .......................................................... .. ..................................... . .............................. .. .................................................................. .. ......................................................................... .. ..................................................................... .. ........................... .. , , , , ............................................................. . ........ .. ................................................................. .. ............................................................. .. ....................................................................... .. , , , , , , , , , ,

iii

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- ............................................................... . ............................................................... . ........................................................... . ................................................................... .. , , , , , ............................... - ...................

iv

. ............................................................... . ............................................................ . .................................................................. . ................................................. . , .. . .................................. . ..................................... . .......................................... - ( Rajgir) . ............................................................. . .......................................................... . .................................................................. . , , , , , ................................................. . ................... - .......................................................... . ............................................................... . ........................................................... . ................................................................... . ,

v

, , ........................................................................... . ( Patna) .... .. (Kumhrar) ............................... .. ... .. ( )............................................ . ...................................................

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vi

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vii

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(Nanking)

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(Chu) (Kyrgyz) -

(Myn-bulak)

(Tartar)

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- (Tuh-kiueh

Eastern-Turks)

(Samar- kand)

(Silk-Route)

-

(Kesh=-Karshi)

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(Tukhara )

(Oxus)

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(Termez) (Kunduz)

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(Turkish-Khan) -

(Balkh)

(Bactrian)

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(Bamiyan)

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(Kapisa)

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(Khyber) -

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-

-220-

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(Chinapati) ..

(Jalandhar)

(Sutlej) (Satadru)

(Paryartra)

( =Thaneswar)

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-

=

-

-

(Vasubhandu)

(=Prayag =Allahabad)

-222-

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Ghazipur

-223-

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(

)

-

-

-224-

..

-

..

(-Bhagalpur)

-226-

(Dravida)

(Kanchipuram =Madrass)

(Konkanapura Golconda= )

(Hyderabad)

(Maharastra)

(Ajanta)

(Valabhi)

.. (Bharoch)

(Malava) (Kachha)

(Maitraka) (Gujarat )

-229-

-

-

(Badakshan)

-232-

() (West-Bengal)

(..)

(..

-)

(Odantapura) (Vikramasila)

-233-

(Mithila)

- -

..

-

-234-

..-

(..-)

-235-

(Vedic)

-236-

- (Jagdish-Kashyap)

..

(Turaskas) (Khalijis)

(Doab)

()

-237-

..

..

(Persian)

(Minhaz) --

(Tabaquat-I-Nasiri)

()

(Madrasa)

(.)

-238-

..

-

-240-

-

)

) ( )

)

(Arakan)

-241-

(Chittagong)

.. (A.K. Warder)

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-242-

)

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=Mughal Emperor Akbar)

..

(Maratha King Chhatrapati Shivaji

)

-243-

-

.. ....

-

....

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-247-

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() =

-249-

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()

.

(

)

-250-

.

....

-251-

. ..

(Multiple Entry Visa)

(Single Entry)

-252-

..

(

)

..

-255-

- I. Primary Sources:

) , , ,

, ..

) , , ,

, ..

) , , ,

, ..

) , , ,

, ..

) , , , , ,

,

IV. &

) , ,

, , ..

) - &-, ,

,

) , ,

II. Secondary Sources:

1. Ahir, D. C., Buddhist Shrines in India, Delhi: B.P. Publishing

Corporation, 1986.

2. The Pioneers of Buddhist Revival in India, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1989.

-256-

3. Buddhism in North India and Pakistan, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1998.

4. Ashraf Khan, M., & Lone, A.G., GandharaGeography, Antiquity, Art & Personalities: Illustrious Heritage of Pakistan, Islamabad: 786 Printers.

5. Aurel Stein, Mark, Ancient Khotan, Tokyo: vol_1 108, National Institute of Informatics and the Toyo Bunko, 2003-2008.

6. Bapat, P.V., 2500 Years of Buddhism, New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1956.

7. Bhikkhu Nanamoli, The Life of the Buddha According to the Pali Canon, Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1972.

8. Bhikkhu, Sujano, Theravada Buddhism in Modern Nepal, Bangkok: Mahachulalongkorn University, 2005.

9. Bidari, Basanta, KapilavastuThe Ancient Sakya Kingdom in Nepal, Varanasi: Dharmadoot Vaisakha Purnima Special, Maha Bodhi Society of India, Sarnath, 1997.

10. KapilavastuThe World of Siddhartha, Kathmandu: Hill Side Press (P) Ltd, 2004.

11. Ching, I, Chinese Monks in India, tr. Lahiri, Latika, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1986.

12. Dutt, Sukumar, Buddhist Monks and Monasteries in India, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1988.

13. J. Kashyap, Bhikkhu, Origin and Expansion of Buddhism, W. Kenneth (ed), The Path of The Buddha, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1986.

14. Jamanadas, K., Decline and Fall of Buddhism, A tragedy in Ancient India, New Delhi: Blue Moon Books.

15. K. Coomaraswamy, Ananda, The Origin of the Buddha Image, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1972.

16. Mahanama Thera, The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, tr. Wilhelm Geiger, London: Pali Text Society, 1964.

17. Mahathera, Narada, A Manual of Buddhism, Kuala Lumpur: Buddhist Missionary Society, 1977. 18. Majhi, Naresh, Gandhi & The Black Untouchables in Chapter 2 of Mahatma Gandhi Unveiled.

-257-

19. Mingun Sayadaw, Ven., The Great Chronicles of Buddhas, Volume Two, Part One, tr. U Ko Lay, & U Tin Lwin, Yangon: Ti-Ni Publishing Center, 1994.

20. Mitra, Debala, Buddhist Monuments, Calcutta: Shishu Sahitya Samsad Pvt. Ltd.

21. Sanchi, New Delhi: Archeological Survey of India, 2001.

22. Mookerji, Radhakumud, Asoka, Delhi: Motilal Barnarsidass, 1962. 23. Nakamura, Hajime, Indian BuddhismA Survey with Bibliographical Note, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, Reprinted in 1989.

24. Navin, Kumar, Archaeological Excavations in Bihar since Independence, Patna: Janaki Prakashan, 1st Edition 1999.

25. Nyanaponika Thera, Ven., Devotion in Buddhism, Kandy: Wheel Series No. BPS, 1975.

26. Puri, B.N., Buddhism in Central Asia, Delhi: Buddhism Tradition Series, Motilal Banarsidass, 1996.

27. Rhys Davids, T.W., Some Notes on the Political Division of India when Buddhism Arose, London: Journal of the Pali Texts Society, 1897-1901.

28. The History and Literature of Buddhism, Varanasi: Bhartiya Publishing House, Sixth Edition 1975.

29. S. Strong, John, The Legend of King Asoka. A Study and Translation of the Asokavadana, Buddhist Tradition Series, Delhi: Motilal Barnasidass, 1989.

30. Sayadaw Ashin U Kundalabhivamsa, Dhamma Padetha, Volume III, Yangon: Saddhammaramsi Meditation Centre, 2001.

31. Tha Doe Hla, U, The Life Story of Sri Bhaddhanta Chandramani Mahathera, tr. U Sein Tun Aung, and Josephine Williams (ed), Varanasi: U Chandramani Foundation, Myanmar Buddhist Temple, Sarnath, 2002.

32. Tsiang, Hieun, Si-Y Ki. Buddhist Records of the Western World (AD 629), tr. Beal, Samuel, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1981.

33. Tsing, I, A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago, tr. Takakusu, J., New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1982.

-258-

34. U Chit Tin Sayagyi, The Significance of the Places of Pilgrimage, London: First published in the Dhammadana Series 10, Sayagyi U Ba Khin Memorial Trust U.K., 1988.

35. Vajira, Sister, Last Days of the Buddha. A Translation of the Mahaparinibbana Sutta, Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1964.

III. ARTICLES &JOURNALS ( )

1. Ambedkar, B.R., Annihilation of Caste with a Reply to Mahatma Gandhi.

2. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches Volume 7 Who were the Shudras? How they came to be the Fourth Varna in the Indo-Aryan Society. The Untouchables: Who were they and why they became Untouchables.

3. Buddha Vandana Souvenir, Bihar: Published by Buddha Mahotsav Organizing Committee, Gaya 823001, 1998.

4. History of the Mulagandha Kuty ViharaThe Prime Place of Worship at Isipatana, Kahawatte Siri Sumedho Thero (ed), 2006.

5. Lumbini, the Birthplace of Lord Buddha: Visit Nepal 98 published by Department of Tourism, Kathmandu, Nepal.

6. Pannarama Mahathera B., The Vow Still Remains, Bihar: Sambodhi Vaishakha Issue, Maha Bodhi Society of India, Bodhgaya, 1996.

7. Rajgir, Delhi: Published by the Archeological Survey of India, 1987.

8. Samitha Thero, Pimbure, KushinagarThe Holy City of Lord Buddhas Maha Parinibbana, Kushinagar: Asst. Bhikkhu-in-charge, Japan-Sri Lanka Buddhist Temple, 1977.

9. Shahabuddin, M., The BodhidrumaIts History and Significance, Bihar: in Sambodhi Buddha Purnima Souvenir, Maha Bodhi Society of India, Bodhgaya, 1993.

10. Silva, Roland, The Early Constructional Phases of the Bodhimana at Bodhgaya, Bihar: in Sambodhi Buddha Purnima Souvenir, Maha Bodhi Society of India, Bodhgaya, 1993.

11. Sir Alexander Cunningham Commemorative Number: Dharmadoot Kartik Purnima Issue, Varanasi: Maha Bodhi Society of India, 2007.

-259-

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