data analysis theory

8/3/2019 Data Analysis Theory

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Introduction to Qualitative Data AnalysisBeverly A. Warden, PhD, MPH, is the Director of the Surveillance and Evaluation Division atConstella Group. She is currently involved in overseeing the process, outcome and impact

evaluation functions at Constella. She has planned and managed variety of evaluation projectsinvolving collection and analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data. She holds a PhD in

Biomedical Sciences from Northwestern and an MPH from the University of North Carolina atChapel Hill. Sharon Wong, MPH, is an evaluation specialist and qualitative analyst for ConstellaGroup. She is currently involved in planning, facilitating, and analyzing interviews and focus

groups for a variety of projects. In addition, Ms. Wong conducts evaluation activities such as thedevelopment of program evaluation plans, goals and objectives, qualitative data collection tools,and survey instruments. She holds an MPH in Health and Social Behavior from the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley.

Offered: Breakout Rotation I: Monday, June 11, 2:30 4:00 PM

Breakout Rotation II: Tuesday, June 12, 2:30 4:00 PM


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Introduction to QUALITATIVE

Bev Warden, PhD, MPH

Sharon Wong, MPH

June 2007


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Qualitative research is multi-meth

involving an interpretive, naturaliapproach to its subject matter.

This means that qualitative researchers stu

natural settings, attempting to make sensephenomena in terms of the meanings peop

~ Denzin & Lincoln, Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry


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Qualitative analysis is

Interpretive

Explaining meaning


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Based on contex

Meaning is tied to a specific settin

population

Meaning will change over time


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Iterative

Theories emerge as data is collecbe tested, refined, and retested aginformation until explanations are


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Qualitative analysis is not

Quantifiable

Counting words or counting codessubstitute for interpreting meaning


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Activity 11. Read through the article to get a general

2. Use the highlighter to mark instances in trefer to money or finances

3. How many instances did you find?

4. What does this mean?

5. What are some examples that illustrate aresponsibility between the state and fedejurisdiction?


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Qualitative research & analysis is

interactive process shaped by bosubjects and researchers:Personal experience

Age

Gender

Race/Ethnicity

Social class

Biases!


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Triangulation

The use of multiple methods of data gathe

Using different methods helps to build an iunderstanding of meaning


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Multiple qualitative analysts

Allowing different analysts to formulate thetexts independently (and then come to agrgroup) adds rigor to findings


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Activity 21. We are going to listen to an interview abo

Katrina. Understanding that our task is toto avoid in emergency preparedness, takas we listen.

2. Read through your notes on your own anhighlight ideas, categories or themes thathe research question What are pitfallsemergency preparedness?

3. Now, look through the main points that yoand write out any memos that occur to yohypotheses that arise about potential therelationships between categories

4. Compare your findings with your partnersagreement on your list of codes and theo


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Tools for qualitative analysis The researcher/analyst is the main interpre

Video camera

Audio recorder

Transcription Qualitative analysis software (e.g., Atlas.ti,

NUD*IST )


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Intro to Qualitative Analysis Presentation

- Activity 1: use article as a handout: Gulf Hits Snags in Rebuilding Public Works- Activity 2: use interview clips from Spike Lees When the Levees Broke:

http://www.hbo.com/docs/programs/whentheleveesbroke/


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CASE STUDIES IN QUALITATIVE METHODSLiterature ReviewProject: CDCs Worksite Wellness

Purpose: A review of relevant literature was conducted to find the most up-to-date best practicesin worksite wellness.Focus of Analysis: The sources of recommendations, strength of evidence, and cost-effectiveness were taken into consideration in compiling a report of best practices.

Policy & Procedure Manual ReviewProject: CDC/DHQP Evaluation of Institutional Phlebotomy Practices for Prevention ofPercutaneous Injuries from Needles and Other Sharp Devices (PINS)

Purpose: A review of policy and procedure manuals was used to evaluate factors influencing therisk of phlebotomy percutaneous injuries in hospitals and to identify potential best practices forprevention.Focus of Analysis: Data collected in the review were compared to information gathered frominterviews, focus groups and observations to determine the extent to which best practices werebeing implemented.

Site VisitsProject: CDCs Choose Respect

Purpose: Site visits were conducted at partners kickoff events to publicize the initiative in order

to gauge the scope of the event, integration of Choose Respect messages, and reactions amongthe target audience.Focus of Analysis: Data collected at site visits, along with process evaluation tools and exitinterviews, were used to create success stories for Choose Respect partners.

Procedural ObservationsProject: CDC/DHQP Evaluation of Institutional Phlebotomy Practices for Prevention ofPercutaneous Injuries from Needles and Other Sharp Devices (PINS)

Purpose: Phlebotomy procedures were observed in a variety of different locations within thehospital to evaluate factors influencing the risk of phlebotomy percutaneous injuries in hospitalsand to identify potential best practices for prevention.Focus of Analysis: The goal was to assess the extent to which written policies and procedureswere implemented on a day to day basis in order to determine any training/retraining needs to

achieve best practices.

Semi-structured InterviewsProject: HRSAs Supporting Networks of HIV Care by Enhancing Primary Medical Care

Purpose: Stakeholder interviews were conducted bi-annually in order to assess ongoingcollaboration among the partners in their progress toward meeting goals and objectives.Focus of Analysis: Findings on achievements and barriers were reported to the prime grantee inorder to inform their decision making on next steps to strengthen collaborative work.

Focus GroupsProject: CDCs National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center (NYVPRC)

Purpose: Focus groups were conducted with youth involved in violence prevention organizations

in order to determine what topics and resources should be addressed on the NYVPRC website.Focus of Analysis: Teens opinions on relevant youth violence prevention issues, activities andresources were used to update and improve the website.

Qualitative Responses to SurveysProject: CDCs Heads Up: Concussion in High School Sports Toolkit for Athletic Coaches

Purpose: In order to evaluate coaches use of the tool kit, open-ended questions were includedon the survey to ascertain what coaches had learned from using the tool kit and how the tool kithad changed the ways in which they prevented or managed concussions.Focus of Analysis: Coaches qualitative responses on the surveys included self-reportedchanges in knowledge, attitudes and behaviors that were explored in more depth with focusgroups.


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BASIC STEPS IN QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

data

collection

note

taking

coding

memoing

sorting

writing

Definitions

data collection: gathering information through qualitative methods such as interviews, focusgroups, open-ended responses to surveys, texts, etc.

note taking: taking down notes of main ideas either during data collection, immediately after datacollection, or during a review of an audio or video recording of the data collection

coding: highlighting ideas, categories or themes that help to answer predetermined researchquestions and/or the more general query of, What is going on here?

themes: concepts that explain how ideas or categories are connected

illustrative quotes: verbatim text that exemplifies a particular code or theme

saturation: a point of diminishing returns in the collection and interpretation of data that signalscompletion

memoing: noting hypotheses that arise about potential themes or relationships between categories

sorting: compiling and arranging themes, codes and illustrative quotes into the outline of a narrativethat explains What is going on here?

data analysis theory

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