Data Concurrency ControlAnd Data Recovery

Group:-Lâm Hoài Minh Triết-Lê Trọng An Sinh

Data Concurrency Control

Content:

•Why data concurrency control !?

•Deadlock and starvation.

•Data concurrency control techniques:∙(Multiversion) Two-phase locking∙(Multiversion) Timestamp based∙Validation∙Multiple Granularity locking

Why data concurrency control

•Databaseshared data

•Update datainconsistency

•Analoguous to Synchronization in OS∙Mutual exclusion∙Deadlock & starvation∙Validation∙Atomic transactions

Deadlock and starvation•The same as the concept in OS

•Solutions:∙Deadlock prevention (ex:two phaselocking techniques)

∙Deadlock detection and resolution(using lock tree, and lock table to detect cycles wait-for-graph)

∙Starvation (will not be discussed here)

Content:•Why data concurrency control !?

•Deadlock and starvation.

•Data concurrency control techniques:∙Concepts∙(Multiversion) Two-phase locking∙(Multiversion) Timestamp based∙Validation∙Multiple Granularity locking

Data concurrency control•Basic transaction:

•Read•Write

•Basic operation:•Lock•Unlockatomic operation

•Basic modes:∙Read (shared) mode∙Write (exclusive) modeon a data item, many transactions can be in read mode, while only one transaction can bein write mode

Data concurrency control

•Lock:

Data concurrency control

•Unlock:

Data concurrency control•Conflict matrix:

Data concurrency control•Locking table:

may be implemented using linked list.lock tree•Lock manager

Data concurrency control

•Well-formed transaction:•Lock data item before reading/writing

•Not try to unlock a free data item•Not lock an already locked dataitem

Data concurrency control

•Lock upgrade:Read lock-->write lock

no other transactions is reading the data item

•Lock downgrade:Write lockread lock

no condition needed to be checked

Content:•Why data concurrency control !?

•Deadlock and starvation.

•Data concurrency control techniques:∙Concepts∙(Multiversion) Two-phase locking∙(Multiversion) Timestamp based∙Validation∙Multiple Granularity locking

Two-phase locking•Basic two-phase locking

Lock data incrementally (just lock what is being in need)

Two-phase locking•Basic two-phase locking

Two-phase locking

•Strict basic two-phase lockingLock data incrementally (just lock what is being in need)Unlock the data after terminating.

may cause deadlock

•Conservative: (deadlock avoding)Lock all data in need before starting.

Content:•Why data concurrency control !?

•Deadlock and starvation.

•Data concurrency control techniques:∙Concepts∙(Multiversion) Two-phase locking∙(Multiversion) Timestamp based∙Validation∙Multiple Granularity locking

Timestamp-based technique

•A monitornically increasing variable

the age of the transaction (timestamp)(the older the more recent)

•Use:To serialize transactions

Timestamp-based technique

Timestamp-based technique

Strict Order:

“Strict” only one read-transactionat a time

Timestamp-based technique

Thomas’s rule:

T is a write-transaction

Content:•Why data concurrency control !?

•Deadlock and starvation.

•Data concurrency control techniques:∙Concepts∙(Multiversion) Two-phase locking∙(Multiversion) Timestamp based∙Validation∙Multiple Granularity locking

Multiversion techniques

•Modify copies only update to theoriginal version when finish modifying. (Multiverion-two-phase)(new version created when in need to modify data)

•Using timestamp to decide which version of the data will be allocated for a reading transaction.(Mutiversion-timestamp based)(the read transaction will read the version which have timestamp less thanor equal to its timestamp. )

Multiversion techniques

•Side effects:•More memory needed.•Garbage collector.

Content:•Why data concurrency control !?

•Deadlock and starvation.

•Data concurrency control techniques:∙Concepts∙(Multiversion) Two-phase locking∙(Multiversion) Timestamp based∙Validation ∙Multiple Granularity locking

Validation (optimistic) scheme

•Serialization is checked before a write transaction.

•Three phase:•Read•Write divided into 2 phase: validationand write.(write to local copies only)

Content:•Why data concurrency control !?

•Deadlock and starvation.

•Data concurrency control techniques:∙Concepts∙(Multiversion) Two-phase locking∙(Multiversion) Timestamp based∙Validation ∙Multiple Granularity locking

Multiple Granularity Locking

•What is granularity:If we consider granularity as an index I,Then, the more components the data has,the higher the value of I .

granularity may be understood as thelevel of discreteness.

•Granularity hierachy

Multiple Granularity Locking

•What is granularity:

Multiple Granularity Locking•Granularity hierachy

Multiple Granularity Locking•Three more additional locking modes are •Used:

•Intention-shared(IS): child request a shared lock on parent.

•Intention-exclusive(IX):child request anexclusive lock on parent.

•Shared-Intention-exclusive(SIX):parent is currently locked in shared mode, but Child requests an exclusive lock on parent.

Multiple Granularity Locking•Lock-compatibility matrix:

Multiple Granularity Locking•Lock-rule description:

Database recovery

Content:

•Why data recovery?

•Some techniques.

•Database recovey scheme.

•ARIES algorithm

Why data recovery

•To bring the database into the State before the failure.

• To preseve transaction properties.

Why data recovery

Types of Failure:

• Transaction failure.

• System failure.

• Media failure.

Some techniques

Transaction log:

Some techniques

Roll back & Roll forward:

Roll Back (Undo): Restore BFIM on to disk (Remove all AFIMs).

Roll Forward (Redo): Restore AFIM on to disk.

Some techniques

T1 T2 T3read_item (A) read_item (B) read_item (C)read_item (D) write_item (B) write_item (B)write_item (D) read_item (D) read_item (A)

write_item (A) write_item (A)

Some techniques

Data caching:

Data items to be modified are first stored into database cache by the Cache Manager (CM) and after modification they are flushed (written) to the disk.

Some techniques

Data update

• Immediate Update

• Deferred Update

• Shadow update

• In-place update

Some techniques

Write-Ahead Logging (WAL):

When in-place update (immediate or deferred) is used

For Undo: BFIM is written to a log.For Redo: AFIM is written to a log.

Some techniques

Checkpointing:

• Suspend transactions temporarily.• Force write modified buffer data to disk.• Write a [checkpoint] record to the log, save the log to disk.• Resume normal transaction execution.

Content:

•Why database recovery

•Some techniques.

•Recovery scheme

•ARIES algorithm.

Recovery scheme

• Deferred update

• Immediate update

• Shadow paging

Recovery scheme

• After reboot, the log is used to redo all the transactions affected by the failure. • No undo needed.

Deferred update (No Undo/ Redo):

Recovery scheme

With check point: transactions which were recorded in the log after the last checkpoint were redone

Deferred update:

Recovery scheme

Two table are required:Active table: all active transactionsCommit table: transactions to be committed

Deferred update :

Recovery: redo transactions in commit table only.

Recovery scheme

• Undo / No redo:All transactions are undone.

Immediate update:

• Undo / Redo: Undo transactions in commit table & redo transactions in active table.

Recovery scheme

Shadow paging:

ARIES Recovery Algorithm

The ARIES Recovery Algorithm is based on:1. WAL (Write Ahead Logging)2. Repeating history during redo.3. Logging changes during undo.

Algorithms for Recovery and Isolation Exploiting Semantics

ARIES Recovery Algorithm

The algorithm follows 3 steps:

1. Analysis2. Redo3. Undo: log is scanned backwards -> undo in the reverse order.

ARIES Recovery Algorithm

A log record is written for: - data update - transaction commit - transaction abort - undo - transaction end - a compensating log when undo

ARIES Recovery Algorithm

A log record stores: - Previous LSN - Transaction ID - Type of log record.For a write operation : - Page ID - Length of the updated item - Its offset - BFIM of the item - AFIM of the item

ARIES Recovery Algorithm

Transaction table: Contains an entry for each active transaction(ID, status,LSN of the most recent log).

Dirty Page table: Contains an entry for each dirty page in the buffer (page ID and the LSN corresponding to the earliest Update)

The Transaction table and the Dirty Page table

ARIES Recovery Algorithm

ARIES Recovery Algorithm