data gathering tools and uses
TRANSCRIPT
DATA GATHERING TOOLS AND USES(QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH)
Flerida S. PajarillagaEPS II- HRD
By the end of this seminar-workshop, the participants should be able to: Know what is data-gathering and its
importance Select from the list of collecting data
tools by being informed of its benefits and drawbacks
Come-up with an appropriate tool for the topic research
Let’s check what you know about data gathering tools!
PRIMING ACTIVITY
Data-gathering in research can be
categorized either Quantitative or
QualitativeYES
1
An observation checklist is the most
simplest device in data gathering
YES
2
Observation schedule and observation checklist are the
same
NO
3
Administration of interview can be
standardized
YES
4
Theme organization is a method utilized
to interpret results of an interview
YES
5
Questionnaire can be administered through
YES
6
Behavior cannot be measured by written
test
NO
7
The type of measurement scale may be determined
with the kind of data-gathering tool
selectedYES
8
Data can be defined as the quantitative or qualitative value of a variable (e.g. number, images, words, figures, facts or ideas).
It is a lowest unit of information from which other measurements & analysis can be done
What is data-gathering?
Translate the research objectives into specific questions, the responses will provide the data required to achieve the research objectives
Provides descriptions of characteristics of individuals, institutions or other phenomena under study.
Useful for measuring the various variable to the study.
Why is data-gathering important?
Methods of Collecting QUALITATIVE Data
Data collection usually involves direct interaction with individuals on a one-on-one basis or with individuals in a group setting
Characteristics time consuming collected from a smaller sample more expensive.
Benefits of the qualitative approach is that the information is richer and has a deeper insight into the phenomenon under study
Methods of Collecting QUALITATIVE Data
QUALITATIVE
Data Collection
Tools
Observations
Interviews
Focus groups
Action Research
Methods of Collecting QUANTITATIVE Data
Geared towards numerical collection
QUANTITATIVE
Data Collection
Tools
Observations
Interviews
Rating Scales
Questionnaire
Data Gathering
Tools
Observation Schedule A form on which observations of an object or a phenomenon are recorded.
The items to be observed are determined with reference to the nature and objectives of the study.
Grouped into appropriate categories and listed in the order in which the observer would observe them.
Checklist The simplest of all the
devices The presence or absence of
each item may be indicated by checking 'yes' or 'no' or multipoint scale.
The use of a checklist ensures a more complete consideration of all aspects of the object, act or task.
P
Overt – subject is aware
Covert- subject is unaware
Field notes Informal approach Building rapport What to observe Use of audio
visual devices
Types of Observation Considerations in Observation
Interview Guide Usually non-directive and
serves as a suggestive reference or prompter during interview.
Aids in focusing attention on salient points relating to the study and in securing comparable data in different interviews by the same or different interviewers.
Structured (for research)
Semi-structured (flexible but structured)
Non-directive (free talk on issues)
Focused(in depth talk on an issues)
TYPES of INTERVIEW
Yield rich, detailed and new insights
Face-to-face contact
Easy to Administer
Expensive and Time-consuming
Recall Error Prone to
inconsistencies Huge volume of
data
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE
Focus Group Discussions (FGD)
It is an open discussion group of about 6-8 participants led by a neutral facilitator with ready questions that may or may not be in sequence
Focus groups combine elements of both interviewing and participant observation
Focus Group Discussions (FGD)
Focus groups combine elements of both interviewing and participant observation
The hallmark is the explicit use of the group interaction to generate data
Allows observation of group dynamics, discussion, and firsthand insights into the respondents’ behaviors, attitudes, language, etc.
Interview vs. FGD
1. Group Interaction2. Group Peer Pressure3. Sensitivity of the
Subject Matter4. Depth of Response5. Data Collector
Fatigue
FGD
FGD
Interview
Interview
Interview
Interview vs. FGD
6. Extent of Issues covered
7. Continuity of Information
8. Observation of Stakeholders
9. Logistics Geographically
10. Cost of Training 11. Availability of
Qualified Staff
Interview
Interview
FGD
FGD
FGD
FGD/Interview
FGD: Most Applicable When Identifying and defining
problems in project implementation
Pretesting topics Evaluation and
recommendations Interpretation of quantitative
findings Obtaining perceptions of
project outcomes Generating new ideas
Rating Scale
This is a recording form used for measuring individual's attitudes, aspirations and other psychological and behavioural aspects, and group behaviour.
Questionnaire/ Survey An indirect interview where
series of questions are in written form
Factual data are gathered on large number, defying geographical limitations, minimum cost and less time
Popular programs to create online surveys are google forms, survey monkey and poll everywhere.
Types of Survey Open-ended
Difficult to code due to variety of response
Close –ended May vary from Rating Scale
(e.g., rate a given statement from 1 to 4 on a scale from “agree” to “disagree”)
Category or Percentage of Time
Objectivity Easily
administered to large number of people
Inexpensive Flexibility of time
Difficult to analyze
Collection is a challenge
Ambiguous
Advantages Disadvantages
Test Tests provide a way to
assess subjects’ knowledge and capacity to apply this knowledge to new situations
May take in many forms (e.g. Performance and Attitudinal Measures)
Objective information on what the test taker knows and can do
match to a given curriculum or set of skills
Easily scored Accepted by the
public as a credible indicator of learning
Oversimplified and superficial
Time consuming May be biased May be subject to
corruption via coaching or cheating
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
On establishing a culture of research
“ Research has shown that it takes 31 days of conscious effort to make or break a habit.
That means if one practices something consistently for 31 days, on the 32nd day it does become a habit. Information has been internalized into behavioral change which is
called transformation.
Shiv Khera