data processing of iop packages attenuation, absorption and backscattering c, a, b b ian walsh,...
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![Page 1: Data Processing of IOP Packages Attenuation, Absorption and Backscattering c, a, b b Ian Walsh, Ph.D. Director of Science, Sea-Bird Scientific](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649e265503460f94b15ed5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Data Processing of IOP Packages
Attenuation, Absorption and Backscattering
c, a, bbIan Walsh, Ph.D.
Director of Science, Sea-Bird Scientific
![Page 2: Data Processing of IOP Packages Attenuation, Absorption and Backscattering c, a, b b Ian Walsh, Ph.D. Director of Science, Sea-Bird Scientific](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649e265503460f94b15ed5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
©2014 Sea-Bird Scientific Inc.
Data Processing of IOP Packages
• Review of IOP theory • Description of ac-s in-situ spectrophotometer
• ac meter protocol• Calibration overview
• Collecting data with WETview• Scattering• Correcting absorption data• Backscattering• NTU to Backscattering calibration conversion
![Page 3: Data Processing of IOP Packages Attenuation, Absorption and Backscattering c, a, b b Ian Walsh, Ph.D. Director of Science, Sea-Bird Scientific](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649e265503460f94b15ed5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
©2014 Sea-Bird Scientific Inc.
Data Processing of IOP Packages
• Review of IOP theory • Description of ac-s in-situ spectrophotometer
• ac meter protocol• Calibration overview
• Collecting data with WETview• Scattering• Correcting absorption data• Backscattering• NTU to Backscattering calibration conversion
![Page 4: Data Processing of IOP Packages Attenuation, Absorption and Backscattering c, a, b b Ian Walsh, Ph.D. Director of Science, Sea-Bird Scientific](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649e265503460f94b15ed5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
©2014 Sea-Bird Scientific Inc.
I = I0 e-cz
I0 I
z
Beer’s Law
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©2014 Sea-Bird Scientific Inc.
particle
scatteredINCIDENT
absorbed
absorbed
dissolved materials and water
scattered
particle
scatteredINCIDENT
absorbed
absorbed
dissolved materials and water
scattered
c, attenuation coefficient (m-1)a, absorption coefficient (m-1)b, scattering coefficient (m-1)
Relationships:
c = a + bct = cpart + cdiss + cw
at = apart + adiss + aw
bt = bpart + bw
Components of Light Attenuation: Absorption and
Scattering
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Measuring a and c: WET Labs ac-s
•Measures absorption (a) and attenuation (c)• Dual flow path design•Wavelengths from 400-730 nm with 4 nm resolution• 10 and 25 cm path lengths • 4 Hz sampling rate• 500 or 5000 m depth rating
filter wheel
Linear Variable Filters (LVFs)
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Transmissometer
l
0
l
Collimatingoptics
Collimatingoptics
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Reflective tube
Air gap or reflective surfaceFlow cell cover
adapted from Zaneveld et al. 1992
Forward scattered light from ~0 to 41.7 degrees is included in the signal measured by the detector
Reflective Tube Absorption Meter
Design
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ac-s Cross-Section
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• Theoretical Uncertainty• ~0.0001 m-1 in waters with low attenuation
• Estimated Effective Uncertainty• ~0.002 to 0.005 m-1 in waters with low attenuation
• Wavelength dependent • nm needs longer integration time to achieve high
precision
ac-s Performance
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©2014 Sea-Bird Scientific Inc.
Data Processing of IOP Packages
• Review of IOP theory • Description of ac-s in-situ spectrophotometer
• ac meter protocol• Calibration overview
• Collecting data with WETview• Scattering• Correcting absorption data• Backscattering• NTU to Backscattering calibration conversion
![Page 12: Data Processing of IOP Packages Attenuation, Absorption and Backscattering c, a, b b Ian Walsh, Ph.D. Director of Science, Sea-Bird Scientific](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649e265503460f94b15ed5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
©2014 Sea-Bird Scientific Inc.
LEGENDt - totalw - water - phytoplanktond - non-algal particlesp – particulate materialg – dissolved material
cw
Clean Water:
Field and lab calibrations track instrument changes between factory services.
Follow WET Labs protocol document available on WET Labs website:http://www.wetlabs.com/sites/default/files/documents/acprotq.pdf
)()()()()()()()( gddwwt abababac
Calibrating ac-s:
Factory calibration defines cw
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Water calibrations
Optically clean water
• Pre-use (lab) and regularly during field use
• Record values for ~30 s and average to obtain calibration values
• Replicate and track over time
For the most accurate measurements, calibrations are required to compensate for drift, i.e., scaling factors (F) vary over time.
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cw
Use deep or clean water to establish nominal cw:
Assume clean water values for particle components are low and constant in space and time
Use clean water values as additional offset in post processing
)()()()()()()()( gddwwt abababac
Field Calibration of ac-s
Depth
cmeasured
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LEGENDt - totalw - water - phytoplanktond - non-algal particlesp – particulate materialg – dissolved material
Define minimum at depth z
Depth
cmeasured
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LEGENDt - totalw - water - phytoplanktond - non-algal particlesp – particulate materialg – dissolved material
Adjust all profiles
Depth
cadj
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LEGENDt - totalw - water - phytoplanktond - non-algal particlesp – particulate materialg – dissolved material
Filter All Particles out of the Water
Use a 0.2 um or 0.4 um filterAssume absorption due to dissolved species is a constantWorks very well with underway systems
)()()()()()()()( gddwwt abababac
Calibrating with filtered water
cmeasured
Depth
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“Dissolved” measurement
•0.2 micron pore-size filter on intake.
•High flow rates
•Pall Suporcap/Maxi-cap
•Pre-soak or flush with deionized water
•a and/or c, as bg = 0.0, cg = ag
•2 ac’s, or consecutive casts
•Results in reduced flow rate
•Mixing in filter smears gradients in ag
•Profiling: slow decent rate
•Must lag correct profile data
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©2014 Sea-Bird Scientific Inc.
Data Processing of IOP Packages
• Review of IOP theory • Description of ac-s in-situ spectrophotometer
• ac meter protocol• Calibration overview
• Collecting data with WETview• Scattering• Correcting absorption data• Backscattering• NTU to Backscattering calibration conversion
![Page 20: Data Processing of IOP Packages Attenuation, Absorption and Backscattering c, a, b b Ian Walsh, Ph.D. Director of Science, Sea-Bird Scientific](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649e265503460f94b15ed5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
©2014 Sea-Bird Scientific Inc.
WETview Data Acquisition System
Click to OpenDevice File
ac-s should be connected and powered
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Open Device File
Click to OpenDevice File
Device files are:
.dev for water
.cal for air
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Open Device File
Directory will open at programlocation
Change location folder,e.g. calibration tracking or cruise data folder
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Select Communication Port
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Start Acquiring Data
Click to start collecting data
Data files are saved when you are done collecting data
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Data View
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Save Data
Directory will open at programlocation
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Save Data
Change location folder,e.g. calibration tracking or cruise data folder
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WETview Calibration
To start a calibration,Select Configure in the File menu
Start process after data variance is minimized. Save Data Set, then Configure
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WETview Calibration
1. Stabilize signal2. Save data3. Auto Cal
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WETview Calibration
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WETview Calibration
1. Data Collection Counting
2. Save New Device File
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WETview Calibration
Recommend using a date in the file name for tracking purposes
Note, do not overwriting the previous .cal or .dev files!
.cal files for air calibrations
.dev files for water calibrations
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WETview Calibration
Data after the .cal file is used
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Device File
Annotated Calibration File
ACS Meter 53000067 ; Serial number
3; structure version number tcal: 20.4 C, ical: 21.3 C. The offsets were saved to this file on 10/21/11.
0 0 ; Depth calibration 115200 ; Baud rate
0.25 ; Path length (meters) 79 ; output wavelengths 36 ; number of temperature bins
3.5823 4.381364 5.47061 6.492 7.472203C398.9 A400.9 8 1.76514 0.556434 -0.053294 -0.042208 -0.037851 -0.035375C403.7 A405.0 10 1.715154 0.680489 -0.048162 -0.037653 -0.031775 -0.031118C407.6 A408.9 11 1.655814 0.766596 -0.040607 -0.030697 -0.025398 -0.024145C412.1 A412.6 12 1.59409 0.819793 -0.035592 -0.026248 -0.021001 -0.019391C416.2 A416.9 13 1.524738 0.851991 -0.03086 -0.024106 -0.019847 -0.018846C421.0 A421.7 15 1.464843 0.872155 -0.024519 -0.018606 -0.015533 -0.014885C425.8 A426.3 16 1.418302 0.890925 -0.02176 -0.016814 -0.014411 -0.013019C430.4 A431.1 17 1.373411 0.907548 -0.018204 -0.014427 -0.012378 -0.012059C434.7 A435.2 18 1.327319 0.924527 -0.014153 -0.010815 -0.009802 -0.009154C438.9 A439.6 20 1.292539 0.940059 -0.01463 -0.010965 -0.009792 -0.008929C443.9 A444.2 21 1.262959 0.956568 -0.013204 -0.010061 -0.008488 -0.007745C448.6 A449.2 22 1.237 0.973888 -0.013317 -0.0099 -0.008602 -0.007673C453.8 A454.1 23 1.212657 0.991515 -0.013188 -0.009598 -0.008143 -0.007092C458.5 A458.9 LtBlue 1.187795 1.010199 -0.012065 -0.008582 -0.00727 -0.006473C463.3 A463.4 26 1.16446 1.029494 -0.011997 -0.008543 -0.006866 -0.006195C468.0 A468.4 27 1.150793 1.047945 -0.011844 -0.008555 -0.007142 -0.006498
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Data Processing of IOP Packages
• Review of IOP theory • Description of ac-s in-situ spectrophotometer
• ac meter protocol• Calibration overview
• Collecting data with WETview• Scattering• Correcting absorption data• Backscattering• NTU to Backscattering calibration conversion
![Page 36: Data Processing of IOP Packages Attenuation, Absorption and Backscattering c, a, b b Ian Walsh, Ph.D. Director of Science, Sea-Bird Scientific](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649e265503460f94b15ed5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
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NTU Calibration to Backscattering
The bead to formazin calibration relationship has been linked and conversion coefficients produced.
Wavelength NTU to Beta412 0.0099378440 0.0105935470 0.0097312488 0.0087152510 0.0073748532 0.0062665595 0.0041454650 0.0032033676 0.0029309700 0.0027272715 0.0026079720 0.0025677730 0.0024849880 0.0020546
Backscattering instruments with wide ranges for inland waters were supplied with NTU calibrations
Caution: these coefficients are only for ECO backscattering sensors, they do not apply to any other turbidity sensors
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NTU Calibration to Backscattering
To convert the NTU scale factor to backscattering scale factor:
• NTU Scale Factor from characterization sheet:
NTU SF = 0.2427 NTU/count
For 700 nm
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NTU Calibration to Backscattering
Multiply NTU SF by Beta conversion factor:
Beta SF = 0.027272 (m-1 sr -1 )/NTU * 0.2427 NTU/count
= 0.00662 m-1 sr -1
Wavelength NTU to Beta412 0.0099378440 0.0105935470 0.0097312488 0.0087152510 0.0073748532 0.0062665595 0.0041454650 0.0032033676 0.0029309700 0.0027272715 0.0026079720 0.0025677730 0.0024849880 0.0020546
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Data Processing of IOP Packages
• Review of IOP theory • Description of ac-s in-situ spectrophotometer
• ac meter protocol• Calibration overview
• Collecting data with WETview• Scattering• Correcting absorption data• Backscattering• NTU to Backscattering calibration conversion
![Page 40: Data Processing of IOP Packages Attenuation, Absorption and Backscattering c, a, b b Ian Walsh, Ph.D. Director of Science, Sea-Bird Scientific](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649e265503460f94b15ed5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
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Scattering correction of absorption
Pegau, et al., 2003, Ocean Optics Protocols for satellite ocean color sensor validation, Revision 4, Volume IV, NASA/TM-2003
•Error in reflective tube due to incomplete capture of scattered light
•Filtered absorption measurement correction not needed (bg = 0.0 )
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Scattering correction of absorption
• Methods
1. aTSm(715 nm) subtraction: null wavelength
2. Assume constant proportion of scattering (14% of b)
3. Variable proportion of scattering
• Iterative process
• Dependent on good calibrations
• Noisy data must be smoothed
• Compare between methods
• Use of dissolved ag to compute ap to check corrections
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Method 1 – subtraction of NIR null wavelength
apg(l) = aTSm(l) – aTS
m(NIR) NIR ~ 710 750 nm
Assumptions:
•The shape and magnitude of the VSF is independent of l
•No absorption by any materials in NIR
•Scattering error the same for all wavelengths
Advantages:
•Allows for changes as a function depth and particle type
•Uses data from the a side only
Scattering correction of absorption
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Scattering correction of absorption
Method 2 – Constant proportion of b
apg(l) = aTSm(l) – Y [cTS
m(l) - aTSm(l)]
Assumptions:
•The shape of the VSF is independent of l and type of particles
•Scattering error the same for all wavelengths
Advantages:
•Allows for changes as a function of depth, but not particle type
•If NIR channel is unavailable, or if no TS data available
varies from ~ 0.14 for predominately biological particles (open ocean) to 0.18 in waters where scattering dominated by suspended particles (Case 2).
Smooth b before correcting
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Method 3 – varying proportion of b
apg() = aTSm() – NIR [cTS
m() - aTSm()]
Assumptions:
•Shape of VSF independent of
Advantages:
•Allows for changes as a function of depth and particle type
Disadvantage:
•Requires multiple measurements, thus easy to induce noise in absorption data. Smooth and b before correcting.
NIR should be between 0.07 and 0.35
where
NIR = aTSm(NIR) / [cTS
m(NIR) - aTSm(NIR)]
Scattering correction of absorption
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Data collection
•Strongly recommended to collect CTD data
•Provides hydrographic information for interpretation
•Needed for temperature and salinity corrections of ac data
•Data acquisition system – multiple instruments
•Control sampling and power
•Store, integrate, and real-time output of data
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Processing steps
1. Apply instrument calibration
a. Factory Calibration
b. Field Calibration
2. Profiling: Lag offset
3. Apply temperature and salinity corrections
4. Scattering correction of total absorption data
5. Binning
6. Derived parameters
7. Quality control
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Merge with CTD data
Profiling:
•Interpolation to ac-s resolution
•Time stamps of instruments
•Depth adjustment – pressure
•Binning or averaging?
•Depends on resolution you want
•Reduces the variability
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Lag corrections• Profiling systems
• Lag between hydrographic data and ac data
• Flushing time of flow tube volume
• Function of tubing length, pump speed, flow rate
• Filter reduces flow rate, increases the lag
• Approaches to correct data
1. Direct: Measure flow rate in ac using flow meter
• Requires estimating the volume of the intake tubing, and the relative position of the intakes to the ac sample tubes.
2. Indirect:
• NIR dependence on temperature
• Multiple casts with different decent rates.
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Temperature & salinity correction
Pegau & Zaneveld 1993
30oC
5oC
aw
ate
r (m
-
1)
~0.003 m-1 deg-1
At 715 nm
-0.008
-0.006
-0.004
-0.002
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
400 500 600 700
Wavelength (nm)
aw (m
-1)
~ -0.0002 m-1 PSU-1
Absorption and beam attenuation properties of pure water vary as a function of temperature and salinity. Must correct in relation to the properties of pure water at the time of calibration
SalinityTemperature
Temperature affects absorption NOT scattering (minimal)
Thus same affects on a and c
Salinity affects absorption AND scattering differently
Thus different affects on a and c
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Temperature & salinity correction
•Calibration Temperature (Tt): pure water in flow tubes during calibration.
•Provided in device file from WET Labs
•Must measure the temperature during your pure water calibration
•Salinity (S): (recall that pure water = 0.0 PSU).
•Coefficients in:
Pegau, et al., 1997, Absorption and attenuation of visible and near-infrared light in water: dependence on temperature and salinity, Appl. Opt., 36(24): 6035-6046.
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Binning
•Depends on application and desired resolution•You may want to bin BEFORE processing to simplify. •Independence of samples:
•Flow in ac not laminar. Takes one complete flushing time to obtain an independent sample. Increased flushing time with filtered measurements.•Between flow tubes (a and c). Two separate sample volumes. Occurrence of rare large particles in one tube and not the other.•At typical pump speeds, best resolution 0.3 m, or at least 2 seconds of data.
•Binning•Median: minimize the influence of rare particles, especially when using a and c measurements together.•Average: check sample distribution, normal?