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Day 19: Local Land Use
Daniel J. Mallinson
Political ScienceStockton University
POLS 2209
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 1 / 14
Road map
Discuss zoning, eminent domain, and state interestsin local land use
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 2 / 14
Land Use Control
Powerful local government tool for facilitating or blockingpeople and industries
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 3 / 14
Remember Tiebout
Two participants in his theory: citizens make a choice,but localities shape those choices by offering differentservices to attract certain residents. Zoning shapesrevenues, as well as demanded services.
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 4 / 14
Revenues and Service Demands
What potential revenues/services would the followingprovide/demand
Single family homes
Apartment complexes
Preserved farms
Large manufacturing plant
Casinos
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 5 / 14
Revenues and Service Demands
What potential revenues/services would the followingprovide/demand
Single family homes
Apartment complexes
Preserved farms
Large manufacturing plant
Casinos
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 5 / 14
Revenues and Service Demands
What potential revenues/services would the followingprovide/demand
Single family homes
Apartment complexes
Preserved farms
Large manufacturing plant
Casinos
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 5 / 14
Revenues and Service Demands
What potential revenues/services would the followingprovide/demand
Single family homes
Apartment complexes
Preserved farms
Large manufacturing plant
Casinos
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 5 / 14
Revenues and Service Demands
What potential revenues/services would the followingprovide/demand
Single family homes
Apartment complexes
Preserved farms
Large manufacturing plant
Casinos
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 5 / 14
Fragmentation Sprawl
Cities are easy and difficult to define
Easy: Incorporation
Difficult: Sprawl results in non-traditional citiesadjoining traditional
Incorporation brings tax and land control power
Fewer public services in newer cities, some still rely oncounties to provide, other contract out
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 6 / 14
Illustration
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 7 / 14
Five Important Legal Powers
1 Taxing
2 Spending (Services)
3 Zoning
4 Eminent Domain
5 Police power (regulation)
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 8 / 14
Zoning
First zoning ordinance:NYC in 1916
Method of urbanplanning
SC (1926): Zoning alogical extension of citypolice power
Great profits hinge onzoning — can lowerproperty values
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 9 / 14
Zoning in Galloway
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Tilton Road
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Aloe StreetAloe Street
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Liebig StreetLiebig Street
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Clarks Landing RoadClarks Landing Road
Moss Mill Road
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Lenape Road
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Indian Cabin Road
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Magnolia AvenueMagnolia Avenue
Crestview AvenueCrestview Avenue
Upland AvenueUpland Avenue
Ridgewood AvenueRidgewood Avenue
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Highlands AvenueHighlands Avenue
Sylvan Avenue
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Crocus StreetCrocus Street
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Donna Drive
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Genista Avenue
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Vine AvenueAvenue A
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Johnson Avenue
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Polk Avenue
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Ash Avenue
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Laurel Avenue
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Brook Lane
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Biscayne Avenue
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Brown AvenuePennsylvania Avenue
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700'700'
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NOTE: Zoning Areas/Boundaries are Current as of Aug ust 2006
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Zoning Areas & Boundaries
Township of Galloway
Atlantic County, NJ
October 2006F:\PROJECTS\GIS\GallowayGIS\Projects2006\GT06086M_MasterPlanMapping\GT06086M_ZoningMap.mxd
This map and contained data are for demonstration purposes only and were not developed in accordance with National
Map Accuracy Standards. Any use of this product with respect to geodetic accuracy and precision shall be the
sole responsibility of the user. The GIS data contained in this map have neither been developed nor verified by a
professional licensed land surveyor and shall neither be, nor are intended to be used in matters requiring delineation
and location of true ground horizontal and/or vertical controls.
The datasets have been obtained from sources believed to be reliable and, in part, are obtained from the New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) Bureau of Geographic Information Systems digital data publications
and the Atlantic County Office of GIS. This secondary producthas not been verified by NJDEP and is not state authorized. The data may contain some nonconformities, defects, errors,
omissions, and/or approximations. We (Dixon Associates) make no guarantee with respect to the data's accuracy and completeness and are not inviting total reliance on this data
including the map, spatial, raster, and tabular information.
0 0.5 1 1.5 20.25
Miles
This map was created using data developed by and in cooperation with the Atlantic County Office of GIS
LegendRoadway Jurisdiction Symbols
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Roadways & Line Features
State/Federal/County Route
Garden State Parkway
Municipal
Driveway
Railroad
Unimproved/Paper Street
Zoning Boundary
Pinelands Jurisdiction Zoning Areas (West of the Ga rden State Parkway)
AG: Agricultural
PA: Preservation Area
FA-WET: Forest Area
FA20: Forest Area
FA5: Forest Area
R5C: Rural Development Cluster
R5: Residential
VR3.2: Residential
VR: Village Residential
TR: Town Residential
R: Residential
R1: Residential
PVPT: Resort Development (Pinelands Villages & Towns)
RD: Recreation Development
RCR: Resort Commercial Rural
HC-2: Highway Commercial
PO: Planned Offices
HC-1: Highway Commercial
VC: Village Commercial
TC: Town Commercial
I: Industrial
TI: Town Industrial
IRD: Industrial Residential Development
GI: Government Institution
FED: Federal
Non-Pinelands Zoning Areas (East of the Garden Stat e Parkway)
CV: Conservation
NR: Neighborhood Residential
RC: Residential Compatibility
PRO: Professional Offices
NC: Neighborhood Commercial
CVC: Community Village Commercial
CH: Commercial Highway
CC: Community Commercial
LID: Conditional Industrial
Overlay Areas
Primary Conservation Area
Secondary Conservation Area
Recreation Development Area
Resort Development Area
Compatible Land Use Zone (CLUZ)
Smithville PUD
Municipal Boundary
County Boundary
Parcel Boundary
Data Sources: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of GIS/Alexander M. Churchill Associates: Zoning Map Revised 12/13/01
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 10 / 14
Controversy: Re-zoning
Is zoning an appropriate use of government power oris it inappropriate and unfair?
What is the public interest in cities having zoningpower?
How can it inhibit free enterprise?
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 11 / 14
Eminent Domain
Traditionally, allows state and local govts to takeproperty (with compensation) for public purposes
SC’s Kelo (2005) decision allows localities to transferproperty between private owners for the sake ofeconomic growth
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 12 / 14
Eminent Domain
Questions to Consider
What are the arguments for and against governmenttaking?
Do private firms serve a public purpose?
Should property be taken and given to private firms?
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 13 / 14
Eminent Domain
Questions to Consider
What are the arguments for and against governmenttaking?
Do private firms serve a public purpose?
Should property be taken and given to private firms?
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 13 / 14
Eminent Domain
Questions to Consider
What are the arguments for and against governmenttaking?
Do private firms serve a public purpose?
Should property be taken and given to private firms?
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 13 / 14
The State’s Interest
Metropolitan fragmentation
Sprawl and growth management
Interest in economic competition (incentives)
Local government consolidation
Prevent cutthroat competition (regional revenuesharing)
Efficiencies and economies of scale (rememberTiebout...)
Racial and economic inequality and segregation
Mallinson Day 19 March 31, 2016 14 / 14