day 8 september 23rd 2014
DESCRIPTION
DNA Chromosomes Diabetes and CancerTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Day 8 September 23rd 2014Chapter 5
Dr. Amy B HollingsworthThe University of Akron
![Page 2: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What exactly is a gene?
![Page 3: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Almost everyone in the United States consumes genetically modified foods regularly without knowing it.
What foods are responsible for this?
![Page 5: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Insect Resistance
Insert figure 5-33
![Page 6: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
How can genetically modified plants lead to reduced pesticide use by farmers?
![Page 7: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Herbicide Resistance
![Page 9: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Faster Growth and Bigger Bodies
![Page 10: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
5.13 Fears and risks: Are genetically modified foods safe?
![Page 11: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fear #1: Organisms that we want to kill may become invincible.
Fear #2: Organisms that we don’t want to kill may be killed inadvertently.
Fear #3: Genetically modified crops are not tested or regulated adequately.
![Page 12: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fear #4: Eating genetically modified foods is dangerous.
Fear #5: Loss of genetic diversity among crop plants is risky.
Fear #6: Hidden costs may reduce the financial advantages of genetically modified crops.
![Page 13: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
5.14–5.17
Biotechnology
has the potential
for improving human
health (and criminal
justice)
![Page 14: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
5.14 The treatment of diseases and production of medicines are improved with biotechnology
Prevent diseases
Cure diseases
Treating diseases
• The treatment of diabetes
![Page 15: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Insert figure 5-39
![Page 16: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Why do some bacteria produce human insulin?
Recombinant DNA technology
![Page 17: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Several important achievements followed the development of insulin-producing bacteria, including:
1. Human growth hormone (HGH)
2. Erythropoietin
![Page 18: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
What is “blood doping”?
How does it improve some athletes’ performance?
![Page 19: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
5.15 Gene Therapy: biotechnology can help diagnose and prevent diseases
But it has had a limited success in curing them
![Page 20: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
1. Is a given set of parents likely to produce a baby with a genetic disease?
Insert figure 5-41
![Page 21: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
2. Will a baby be born with a genetic disease?
cystic fibrosis
sickle-cell anemia
Down syndrome
others
![Page 22: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
3. Is an individual likely to develop a genetic disease later in life?
breast cancer
prostate cancer
skin cancer
![Page 23: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Ethical Dilemmas
Discrimination
Health insurance
How to proceed with the information?
![Page 24: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Insert figure 5-42
![Page 25: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Why has gene therapy had such a poor record of success in curing diseases?
![Page 26: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Gene Therapy Difficulties1. Difficulty getting the working gene
into the specific cells where it is needed.
2. Difficulty getting the working gene into enough cells and at the right rate to have a physiological effect.
![Page 27: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Gene Therapy Difficulties
3. Difficulty arising from the transfer organism getting into unintended cells.
4. Difficulty regulating gene expression.
![Page 28: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
5.16 Cloning—ranging from genes to organs to individuals—offers both promise and perils
![Page 29: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Are there any medical justifications for cloning?
![Page 32: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
5.17 DNA as an individual identifier: the uses and abuses of DNA fingerprinting
![Page 33: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Insert figure 5-45c
![Page 34: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
What is a DNA fingerprint?
![Page 35: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Continuity and varietyLectures by Mark Manteuffel, St. Louis Community
College
Chapter 6: Chromosomes and Cell Division
Insert new photo (Jackson 5)
![Page 36: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
There are different
types of cell
division.
Mitosis and Meiosis
![Page 37: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
6.1 Immortal cells can spell trouble: cell division in sickness and health.
![Page 38: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Telomeres
The telomere is like a protective cap at the end of the DNA.
Every time a cell divides, the telomere gets a bit shorter.
Insert new fig 6-1
![Page 39: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Progeria – rarely live past 13
![Page 40: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
“Cancer cells are those which have forgotten how to
die.”—Harold Pinter
![Page 41: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
6.2 Some chromosomes are circular, others are linear.
![Page 42: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
6.3 Prokaryotes divide by binary fission.
![Page 44: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
6.5 Cell division is preceded by replication.
Persistence and propagation
![Page 46: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Replication
The process of DNA duplication
![Page 47: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Complementarity The characteristic that in the double-stranded
DNA molecule the base on one strand always has the same pairing-partner (called the complementary base) on the other strand
Every “A” (adenine) pairs with “T” (thymine) and vice-versa.
Every “G” (guanine) pairs with “C” (cytosine) and vice-versa.
![Page 48: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Errors sometime occur when DNA duplicates
itself.
Why might that be a good thing?
![Page 50: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Mutation A variety of errors can occur during
replication.
Several DNA repair processes occur after replication.
If an error remains, however, the sequences in a replicated DNA molecule (including the genes) can be different from those in the parent molecule.
![Page 51: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
6.6 Most cells are not immortal: Mitosis generates replacements.
What is dust?
Why is it your fault?
![Page 52: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Mitosis has just one purpose:
To enable cells to generate new, genetically identical cells.
There are two different reasons for this need:
1. Growth2. Replacement
![Page 53: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Apoptosis
The pre-planned process of cell suicide
Certain cells are targeted for apoptosis.
![Page 55: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Mitosis
The number of (somatic) cells that must be replaced by mitosis every day is huge.
The rate at which mitosis occurs varies dramatically.
![Page 56: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
6.7 OverviewMitosis leads to duplicate
cells.
Parent cells daughter cells
![Page 57: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
6.8 The Details
Mitosis is a four-step process.
![Page 59: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Preparation for Mitosis: The
Chromosomes Replicate
![Page 60: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Animal chromosomes are linear.
So why do they look like the letter “X” in pictures?
![Page 61: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Sister Chromatids
A chromosome and its identical replicated copy, joined at the centromere.
![Page 62: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
6.9 Cell division out of control means cancer.
![Page 68: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Cancer
Unrestrained cell growth and division…
…can lead to tumors…
…the second leading cause of death in the United States! (20%, leading is heart disease)
![Page 69: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Tumor Growth
Unregulated cell division
![Page 70: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Cancer cells have several features that distinguish them from normal cells, including…
![Page 71: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Benign and Malignant Tumors
![Page 72: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
What is cancer?
How does it usually cause death?
![Page 73: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Why is the treatment for cancer often considered as bad as the disease?
![Page 75: Day 8 september 23rd 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558652aad8b42a2d698b46f2/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Cancer is unrestrained cell growth and division.
Cancer can lead to large masses of cells called malignant tumors that can cause serious health problems.
Treatment focuses on killing or slowing the division of the cells using chemotherapy and/or radiation.