daylighting high performance schools

AIA Daylighting Presentation

Daylighting in High Performance Schools and Buildings


Wasco Products, Inc. is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.


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© Wasco Products, Inc. 2016


AIA Continuing Education Credits


Learning Objectives

Daylighting High Performance Schools with Toplighting Strategies

In this course we will review the definition of High Performance Schools as defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and examine toplighting and skylighting as a tool for proper daylighting strategies. Also covered, will be an overview of the role natural daylight plays in bio-chemical health. Lastly, we will provide a synopsis of current innovations in high performance and dynamic glazing and commissioning tools that help ensure daylighting designs achieve set performance standards. At the conclusion, you will be able to:

• Define the 12 characteristics of a High Performance School as defined by the EPA

• Understand how proper daylighting impacts the areas defined as Health, Thermal and Visual Comfort, Energy Efficiency and Commissioning

• Strategies to reduce the need for non reusable energy resources

• Identify the key design considerations including climate and sun zones

• Identity toplighting skylighting strategies and components

• Understand new innovations in high performance and dynamic glazing


“High performance schools are facilities that improve the learning environment while saving energy, resources, and money,” Source EPA.gov


The 12 EPA Points for High Performance Schools

High Performance

School

Easy to Maintain & Operate

Community Resource

Stimulating Design

Environmentally Responsive

A Teaching Tool

Safe and Secure

Water Efficient

Material Efficient

Energy Efficient

Commissioned


Daylighting Focus

High Performance

SchoolEnergy Efficient Commissioned

Visual & Thermal Comfort

Healthy


Health Impacts

All Living Things Need Darkness and Quality Daylight to Function Properly…

“In people, the daily cycle of light and dark produces a rhythm of hormonal cycles that are essential for proper immune response.”

– Joan E. Roberts, Ph.D. (Source, Therapeutic Effect of Lights on Humans)


Increased Productivity


National Renewable Energy Laboratory

A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants


Health Benefits of Full Spectrum Natural Light

• Reduces affects of Seasonal Affective Disorder

• Increases visual clarity and color perception

• Vitamin D absorption• Stimulates the Pineal Gland

(helps regulate sleep patterns)• Increases mental alertness• Improves Mood


Requires an Integrated, “Whole Building” Design Process

Key Design Considerations• Site Selection• Building Orientation• Climate Responsive Design• Interior Temperature

Stratification and Air Movement

• Daylight Management• Integration of All Systems


IECC – International Energy Conservation Code

IECC requires ratings for Residential and Non-Residential Buildings and specify NFRC ratings for compliance.


ASHRAE 90.1: Energy Standard for Buildings

Buildings require U-factor and Solar Heat Gain and specify NFRC certification for compliance.


Building Envelope Requirements: Fenestration


NFRC Certification

• NFRC 100 – U-Factors• NFRC 200 – Solar Heat

Gain Coefficients• NFRC 300 – Visible Light

Transmittance• NFRC 400 – Air leakage• Labeling Required

Fenestration product rating in accordance to NFRC 100 Labeled and certified by the manufacturer


Cost Benefits

• Why do high performance schools make economic sense?

• High performance school design is cost effective.• High performance schools cost between 0% - 2.5%

more to design and build than conventional schools. (Many are built on the same budget as conventional schools.)

• Financial benefits of greening schools are about $70/sf, or 10 to 20 times as large as the initial cost. (Kats, 2006, p20)

(Source: A Report for the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative, Kats, page 45)


Cost Benefits

(Source: Greening America’s Schools Costs and Benefits, Gregory Katz, October 2006, page 20.)


Students Learn Better with Proper Daylighting

TEST

SCO

RES

Natural Diffused Light Direct Natural Light with Glare

20% – 26%Increase

20% Decrease

Artificial Light


Students Learn Better with Proper Daylighting

(Capistrano School District in California HMG Research Findings)

Classrooms with Most Daylight Compared with Least:

• • 21% in student learning rates• • 20% faster on math tests…• 26% faster on reading tests in one year• (The SKYLIGHT Factor: Students improved 19-20% faster

than those without a skylight)• (Source: Heschong Mahone Group. Daylighting in Schools. An investigation into the relationship between

daylight and human performance, 1999.)(Source: Daylighting in Schools: Reanalysis Report, for the California Energy Commission, Heschong Mahone Group, New Buildings Institute, October 2003)


Design Phase: Building Orientation and Daylighting

• Site building with the long axis running east-west with a southern exposure.

• Maximize south-facing and north-facing windows to reduce electrical lighting.

• Place classroom windows on north and south elevations to reduce direct sun and glare.

• Shade south-facing windows with overhangs and light shelves to reduce direct sunlight and bounce light deep into the room.

• Maximize daylighting in eastern and western apertures at entrances, hallways, and circulation spaces.


Sun Path Diagram

• Provide views to the outdoors

• Provide plentiful indirect and diffused light

• Reduce direct sun penetration

• Reduce glare


Daylighting Strategies Gone Wild


Other Daylighting Considerations…

• Lighting Controls• Integration With Electric Lighting System• Integration With HVAC• Building Use• Climate• Interior Surfaces• Window Openings• Glare Control• Architecturally Integrated Daylighting Components


Design Considerations with Skylights

• Lighting Controls - Daylighting accomplishes NOTHING if you don't turn the lights off!– Manual vs Automatic Controls

– Switching vs. Dimming Controls


Glazing Definitions

• TVIS: The ratio of total transmitted light (visible light passing through a surface) to total incident light (light striking a surface). A higher Tvis means more light is entering the interior through glazing. Clear glass has the highest Tvis.

• SHGC (Solar heat gain coefficient): The fraction of heat from the sun that enters through a window. A lower SHGC means less interior heat gain.

• U-VALUE: the ability to reduce heat loss. • GLAZING EFFICACY (GE): The measurement of the

ability of a glazing material to transmit visible light, in relation to the amount of solar heat it admits into the building. (Also known as LSG: light-to-solar gain ratio).


Sidelighting• Glazing is 2’ 6” – 7’ 6 ” above finish floor

level• Permits a view to the outside

Direct light

Toplighting• Glazing is 7’ – 6’ and above finish floor

level• Uniform diffuse room overall room

lighting

Indirect light


Toplighting produces the most amount of interior daylight for the least amount of window area.

Sawtooth

Atria

Clerestory

Skylight

Roof Monitor


Benefits of Toplighting


DAYLIGHTING

Building DesignSkylights

Electric Lighting Controls


Benefits of Daylighting

• Less Energy• Maximum Daylight Penetrations• Diffused Light/Less Glare• Health Benefits of Daylight


Fall Protection


OSHA Fall Protection

GENERAL INDUSTRY (after the building is construction)

1910.23(a)(4)Every skylight floor opening and hole shall be guarded by a standard skylight screen or a fixed standard railing on all exposed sides.

1910.23(e)(8)Skylight screens shall be of such construction and mounting that they are capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 pounds applied perpendicularly at any one area on the screen. They shall also be of such construction and mounting that under ordinary loads or impacts, they will not deflect downward sufficiently to break the glass below them. The construction shall be of grillwork with openings not more than 4 inches long or of slatwork with openings not more than 2 inches wide with length unrestricted.


Fall Protection Unit Skylights

Fall Protection Units Comply With OSHA Fall Protection Regulations

• Engineered to resist a 775 ft. lb. impact without the use of metal grids or screens.

• Available in both curb mount and deck mount configurations.

• Impact modified acrylic or polycarbonate double domes or pyramids depending on size.

• Available with Aerogel filled polycarbonate panels for improved thermal performance.


Safety Screens

4" x 4" Heavy Gauge Galvanized Welded Wire Screen

• Safety screens fit any new or existing unit skylight and meet the intent for OSHA fall protection standards.

• Can Be Used as Temporary Protection*• Meets the Intent of OSHA 29CFR 1910.23• Galvanized Steel Standard,

Optional Stainless Steel• Adjustment Range of 4"

In Width for Easy Installation*Must be secured to roof or curb for temporary use.


Prefabricated Curbs

Economical and Convenient Alternative to Site Built Curbs

• Fully welded and assembled.• Structural Curbs eliminate the

need for costly structural reinforcement.

• Curbs come standard with an impact tested security screen.

• Options for uninsulated or insulated models.

• Curb heights of 9", 12", 14" and 16"

Structural Uninsulated


Fall Protection – Glass Skylights

Laminated glass tested to OSHA Standards 29CFR – 1910.23(E) (8)


Fall Protection – Polycarbonate

OSHA regulations standard 1910.23(e) (8)


Advanced Glazing Overview


Advanced Glazing Overview

• “Smart Glass” Dynamic Glass

• Aerogel Insulation• Solar Lighting Systems• Insulated Translucent

Glass• Polycarbonate Panel

Systems


Dynamic Glazing – Used to Control & Harness Daylight


Dynamic Glazing

• Electrochromic Technology• Switchable Glass– As low voltage is applied the glass

switches from the clear state to the darkened state

– As the glass darkens the light and heat from the sun are absorbed & reradiated from the glass surface


Aerogel filled multiwall polycarbonate panels

Aerogel Insulation

Superior Thermal Performance (6x the thermal value of comparable skylights)


Aerogel in Structural Skylights


Aerogel Insulation

Rigorous Validation Testing:Flammability Ozone Resistance UV Stability

ASTM E 84 - Class 1

ASTM D 1929 - 750 F

ASTM D 635 - CC-1

Not a combustible or a smoke generation substance

ASTM D 1149

ASTM D 570

No observation of deviation or degradation

ASTM G90-98

ASTM E 308-01

ASTM D 1729-96

No color change through accelerated weathering


Polycarbonate Glazing System with Aerogel

Structural polycarbonate provides a myriad of wall and skylight systems to solve nearly all daylighting design imaginable.

Installed Projects with Aerogel

Farmer’s Mutual BuildingDes Moines, IA

Residence Minneapolis, MN


Solar Lighting Systems


Fiber Optic Daylighting

Sunlight is captured by solar receivers on the outside of the building. Optical fibers transfer the sun light through the building structure and into the indoor environment. Inside, natural sunlight flows out of the simplistically designed luminaires.


Translucent Insulated Glass

Solera is a glass-based translucent glazing ideal for daylighting applications. Features:• Excellent Light Diffusion• Controls Glare• Reduces Solar Heat Gain• Improves Thermal Performance

(Solera S, T and Solera + Aerogel products)



Translucent insulated glass that utilizes thin light diffusing veils between the honeycomb and glass• Honeycomb cells create dead airspaces where convection cannot

occur• Excellent sound transmission (48)• VLT – 10% - 73%• U-values as low as .20• Aerogel option



Kirkwood Community College Recreation Center, Cedar Rapids, IAArchitect: Neumann Monson, Iowa City, IA


Daylighting Commissioning Tools

• Jupiter – Daylighting• AGI 32 – Specific for Skylights• SkyCalc – Energy Modeling

All factor separate, important inputs. No one tool should be used alone.


Jupiter Baseline Daylight Analysis Tool


Energy Analysis using SkyCalc

• Calculation points at a specified elevation


Detailed Daylight Analysis using AGI32

• Areas for specific calculations can be separated as shown


Analysis is Critical!

Know the impact of the skylights to achieve best results.

Illuminance scale

Average light calculations for specified locations


Poor Modeling Can Affect LEED Score During the Commissioning Phase…

The right modeling and data analysis can set you apart in your field.

Calculation points can be adjusted (LEED requires 5’ intervals)


Importance of Skylight Size and Layout

Bright spot in center of room Evenly distributed light


Solar and Thermal Energy Model

• Represents a classroom illuminated by daylight.


Tips For Selecting the Right Glazing

1. Balance visible light with solar heat gain2. Diffuse the light3. Understand thermal performance4. Is Class A, CC1 required?5. Consider overall costs for best results (example, consider the cost of shades

plus the skylight with standard glazing versus the cost of skylight with dynamic “smart” glass

6. Specify or require daylight modeling tools to capture best energy benefits and optimum results. Tools available include:

1. AGI32

2. SkyCalc

3. Therm

4. Radiance

5. eQuest


This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems

Program

Thank You For Your Time.

Questions?


More Than 80 Years of Commercial, Architectural, and High-End Residential Daylighting Solutions


Aerogel in Continuous Vault Skylights