ddl and physical layer
TRANSCRIPT
The Data Link Layer
Chapter 2
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Data Link Layer Design Issues
• Services Provided to the Network Layer• Framing• Error Control• Flow Control
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Functions of the Data Link Layer
• Provide service interface to the network layer• Dealing with transmission errors• Regulating data flow• Slow receivers not swamped by fast senders
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Functions of the Data Link Layer
Relationship between packets and frames.
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Services Provided to Network Layer
(a) Virtual communication.(b) Actual communication.
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Services Provided to Network Layer
Placement of the data link protocol.
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Framing
A character stream. (a) Without errors. (b) With one error.
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Framing
(a) A frame delimited by flag bytes.(b) Four examples of byte sequences before and after stuffing.
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Framing
Bit stuffing(a) The original data.(b) The data as they appear on the line.(c) The data as they are stored in receiver’s memory after destuffing.
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Error Detection and Correction
• Error-Correcting Codes• Error-Detecting Codes
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Error-Correcting Codes
Use of a Hamming code to correct burst errors.
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Error-Detecting Codes
Calculation of the polynomial code checksum.
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Elementary Data Link Protocols
• An Unrestricted Simplex Protocol• A Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol• A Simplex Protocol for a Noisy Channel
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Sliding Window Protocols
• A One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol• A Protocol Using Go Back N• A Protocol Using Selective Repeat
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Sliding Window Protocols
A sliding window of size 1, with a 3-bit sequence number.(a) Initially.(b) After the first frame has been sent.(c) After the first frame has been received.(d) After the first acknowledgement has been received.
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A One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol
Two scenarios for protocol 4. (a) Normal case. (b) Abnormal case. The notation is (seq, ack, packet number). An asterisk indicates where a network layer accepts a packet.
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A Protocol Using Go Back N
Pipelining and error recovery. Effect on an error when(a) Receiver’s window size is 1.(b) Receiver’s window size is large.
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A Sliding Window Protocol Using Selective Repeat
(a) Initial situation with a window size seven.(b) After seven frames sent and received, but not acknowledged.(c) Initial situation with a window size of four.(d) After four frames sent and received, but not acknowledged.
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Protocol Verification
• Finite State Machined Models• Petri Net Models
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Finite State Machined Models
(a) State diagram for protocol 3. (b) Transmissions.
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Example Data Link Protocols
• HDLC – High-Level Data Link Control• The Data Link Layer in the Internet
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High-Level Data Link Control
Frame format for bit-oriented protocols.
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High-Level Data Link Control
Control field of (a) An information frame.(b) A supervisory frame.(c) An unnumbered frame.
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The Data Link Layer in the Internet
A home personal computer acting as an internet host.
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PPP – Point to Point Protocol
The PPP full frame format for unnumbered mode operation.
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PPP – Point to Point Protocol
A simplified phase diagram for bring a line up and down.
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PPP – Point to Point Protocol
The LCP frame types.
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The Medium Access ControlSublayer
Chapter 3
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The Channel Allocation Problem
• Static Channel Allocation in LANs and MANs• Dynamic Channel Allocation in LANs and MANs
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Dynamic Channel Allocation in LANs and MANs
1. Station Model.
2. Single Channel Assumption.
3. Collision Assumption.
4. (a) Continuous Time.(b) Slotted Time.
5. (a) Carrier Sense.(b) No Carrier Sense.
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Multiple Access Protocols• ALOHA• Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols• Collision-Free Protocols• Limited-Contention Protocols• Wavelength Division Multiple Access Protocols• Wireless LAN Protocols
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Pure ALOHA
In pure ALOHA, frames are transmitted at completely arbitrary times.
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Pure ALOHA
Vulnerable period for the shaded frame.
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Pure ALOHA
Throughput versus offered traffic for ALOHA systems.1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 34
Persistent and Nonpersistent CSMA
Comparison of the channel utilization versus load for various random access protocols.
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CSMA with Collision Detection
CSMA/CD can be in one of three states: contention, transmission, or idle.
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Collision-Free Protocols
The basic bit-map protocol.
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Collision-Free Protocols
The binary countdown protocol. A dash indicates silence.
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Limited-Contention Protocols
Acquisition probability for a symmetric contention channel.
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Adaptive Tree Walk Protocol
The tree for eight stations.
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Wavelength Division Multiple Access Protocols
Wavelength division multiple access.
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Wireless LAN Protocols
A wireless LAN. (a) A transmitting. (b) B transmitting.
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Wireless LAN Protocols
The MACA protocol. (a) A sending an RTS to B.(b) B responding with a CTS to A.
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Ethernet• Ethernet Cabling• Manchester Encoding• The Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol• The Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm• Ethernet Performance• Switched Ethernet• Fast Ethernet• Gigabit Ethernet• IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control• Retrospective on Ethernet1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 44
Ethernet Cabling
The most common kinds of Ethernet cabling.
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Ethernet Cabling
Three kinds of Ethernet cabling. (a) 10Base5, (b) 10Base2, (c) 10Base-T.
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Ethernet Cabling
Cable topologies. (a) Linear, (b) Spine, (c) Tree, (d) Segmented.
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Ethernet Cabling (4)
(a) Binary encoding, (b) Manchester encoding, (c) Differential Manchester encoding.
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Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol
Frame formats. (a) DIX Ethernet, (b) IEEE 802.3.
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Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol
Collision detection can take as long as 2 .
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Ethernet Performance
Efficiency of Ethernet at 10 Mbps with 512-bit slot times.
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Switched Ethernet
A simple example of switched Ethernet.
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Fast Ethernet
The original fast Ethernet cabling.
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Gigabit Ethernet
(a) A two-station Ethernet. (b) A multistation Ethernet.
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Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet cabling.
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IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control
(a) Position of LLC. (b) Protocol formats.
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Wireless LANs
• The 802.11 Protocol Stack• The 802.11 Physical Layer• The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol• The 802.11 Frame Structure• Services
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The 802.11 Protocol Stack
Part of the 802.11 protocol stack.
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The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol
(a) The hidden station problem.(b) The exposed station problem.
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The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol
The use of virtual channel sensing using CSMA/CA.
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The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol
A fragment burst.
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The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol
Interframe spacing in 802.11.
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The 802.11 Frame Structure
The 802.11 data frame.
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802.11 Services
• Association• Disassociation• Reassociation• Distribution• Integration
Distribution Services
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802.11 Services
• Authentication• Deauthentication• Privacy• Data Delivery
Intracell Services
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Broadband Wireless• Comparison of 802.11 and 802.16• The 802.16 Protocol Stack• The 802.16 Physical Layer• The 802.16 MAC Sublayer Protocol• The 802.16 Frame Structure
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The 802.16 Protocol Stack
The 802.16 Protocol Stack.
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The 802.16 Physical Layer
The 802.16 transmission environment.
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The 802.16 Physical Layer
Frames and time slots for time division duplexing.
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The 802.16 MAC Sublayer Protocol
Service Classes• Constant bit rate service• Real-time variable bit rate service• Non-real-time variable bit rate service• Best efforts service
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The 802.16 Frame Structure
(a) A generic frame. (b) A bandwidth request frame.
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Bluetooth
• Bluetooth Architecture• Bluetooth Applications• The Bluetooth Protocol Stack• The Bluetooth Radio Layer• The Bluetooth Baseband Layer• The Bluetooth L2CAP Layer• The Bluetooth Frame Structure
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Bluetooth Architecture
Two piconets can be connected to form a scatternet.
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Bluetooth Applications
The Bluetooth profiles.
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The Bluetooth Protocol Stack
The 802.15 version of the Bluetooth protocol architecture.
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The Bluetooth Frame Structure
A typical Bluetooth data frame.
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Data Link Layer Switching• Bridges from 802.x to 802.y• Local Internetworking• Spanning Tree Bridges• Remote Bridges• Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, Gateways• Virtual LANs
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Data Link Layer Switching
Multiple LANs connected by a backbone to handle a total load higher than the capacity of a single LAN.
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Bridges from 802.x to 802.y
Operation of a LAN bridge from 802.11 to 802.3.
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Bridges from 802.x to 802.y
The IEEE 802 frame formats. The drawing is not to scale.
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Local Internetworking
A configuration with four LANs and two bridges.
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Spanning Tree Bridges
Two parallel transparent bridges.
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Spanning Tree Bridges
(a) Interconnected LANs. (b) A spanning tree covering the LANs. The dotted lines are not part of the spanning tree.
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Remote Bridges
Remote bridges can be used to interconnect distant LANs.
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Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers and Gateways
(a) Which device is in which layer.(b) Frames, packets, and headers.
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Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers and Gateways
(a) A hub. (b) A bridge. (c) a switch.
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Virtual LANs
A building with centralized wiring using hubs and a switch.
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Virtual LANs
(a) Four physical LANs organized into two VLANs, gray and white, by two bridges. (b) The same 15 machines organized into two VLANs by switches.
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The IEEE 802.1Q Standard
Transition from legacy Ethernet to VLAN-aware Ethernet. The shaded symbols are VLAN aware. The empty ones are not.
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The IEEE 802.1Q Standard
The 802.3 (legacy) and 802.1Q Ethernet frame formats.
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Summary
Channel allocation methods and systems for a common channel.
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References
[1] A. S. Tanenbaum, “Computer Network”, Pearson Education
[2] Forouzen, “Data Communication and Networking”, TMH
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