DDT CONCENTRATIONS IN ZOOPLANKTON FROM THE ARABIAN SEA

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN

ZOOLOGY

BY

Tariq Waheed Kureishy M. Sc, (Alig.)

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY,

Aligarh Muslim University,

Aligarh.

October, 1980

/ y > /

m 5Tr '{ =r Ĵ xTT '=r

8. ZoQASIM

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY (CouncH of Scientific d Industnai Resear f - 1 , ^

Dona Pauia, Goa 403 004 INDIA

Telex: i i!94-2ifc

Phones : ISH & 2'

D h. C h A h A T 1 0 U

I t i ls is to ca r t l f y t h J t tlie work presented ii:

xiiiB disscvrtation o n t i t i e d "DIM concentrat ion

in Zooplariivtcii from tiie A2"aci

jUniVt.altv .~8S f'no.is , (Publ ic . 5o46

O E P A R T M e ^i T O P 2 O O L O G Y ALIGARH PvlUSLIM UhiiVERSITY

A L I G A R H . U P. INDIA

Sections R.f. No.

1 ENTOMOLOGY

7 PAPAstTOLOGY £>i?/e..25,thjOct•,, 1_980̂ 3 l : ;HThYOLCGY B FISHERIES

4 AGRICULTURAL hEMAtOLOGV

5 GENETICS

This is to certify that the work presantad in the

diaaertation entitled '* DDT concentrations in Zooplwikton

fro© the ^-ebian Sea" is the original work of c*. Tariq

iaheed Kureishy mnd is suitable for sut^ission for the

degree of iaster of Phiiowiphy.

(Naval) Hasan Khan)

Professor of Zoology

I »m g ra te fu l to Dr* S» X* aasiHf Direetor* r^ational

X r t s t i ^ t * o f Oc««m§re|»h^t Gd«t f o f h i * i ^n«t«nt Gupiorvtsiorii

guiilttncMit eniKiyragomsiit and f o r k i nd l y ext^piding nmcma&aaty

iaisoratorif fQc iH i t i es * To Prof* Umm^ H* tChan* €»iri||stip«infiiras

f o r h i s contiftyoy® gyidcne* and hrnlp* To Or* R* Sun §i#ta«

SGi«t i t i«t tvio* f o r h i « valyahle ac^ic« m4 e r i t i e ia t» thrt»i%htut

iMim studyt Air* C« l̂ « 6* taddyt Soi«r t t i« t fUSt f o r edvic® i n

th« laboratory* 1 ®a ii l«o t h o i k f u l t o Prof* S« i * Alae*

H«odf 0«partfliiKit of Z€K}lo§y» fl* »• u* ^ i g « r h i f o r h ia

k ind i n ta roo t i n t h i « «tudy*

coi-iTEitrs

1 , Bmtmm

2. "mmomcTiou • • • • • • •

P ^ e ito.

3 , MA^ERI/U. & I4ETIK)DS • • • • . . • t l .

4» RESULTS • • • . . . . 15.

5 . DISOJSSIOK , . i7 .

€ • LiSGSflDS TO PIGURSS • . . . • • • 2 1

7, RSPEREMCES ••••••• ZZ-

SUMHARY

Insec t ic ides and p e s t i c ide s have he&a in use i n

abundance in ag r i cu l t u r e snd pest-contTDl £since many

y e a r s , India i s one of t J ^ developing count r ies where

DDT i s s t i l l used for ag r i cu l t u r e and publ ic h e a l t h . I t

has he&a suggested t h a t about 25% o£ a l l t he p e s t i c i d e s

raey ultiiiMsttely firoi t h e i r way i n to tiKs marine enviroxuacint.

T l^ cuniulative e f fec t o£ these addi t ion t o our coas t a l

waters can be esqpected t o be cons iderable . An e f fo r t was

t h e r ^ o r e made during the 16th c ru i s e of R.V. GAViuSiimi,

t o analyse the IH>T content i n mixed plankton samples from

t h e west coas t . The sanples «^re analysed by Gas Liquid

Chromatography, The concentraticms found vary with t h e

l i p i d content of the organisms* and a re q^ i te h igh. These

a re discussed in r e l a t i o n t o the e ^ l o g i c a l i n t a c t of HXfS

on the west coast of Iz»3ia,

INTRODUCTION

DDT, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, was synthesized

in 1874, However, its insecticidal properties became

known only in the 1950s. Dr)T as insecticide was then

introduced to world-agriculture and public health during

the world war II and has contributed tremendously to

preventing human disease and to increasing the production

of food and fibre. It is estimated that over ten nsillion

tonnes of DDT has been used during the last 35 years

(Harvey, 1974), DIXT is a member of a class of organic

compounds known as the chlorinated hydrocarbons which

include Dieldrin, endrin, Aldrin, BHC, chlordane, malathion,

parathion and iCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls, which arc

not used as pesticides and are industrial in origin but

have similar properties as DDT), These chlorinated hydro-

carbons have been a subject of pollution studies since

the last two decades and have been termed as the

'persistent', 'residual', 'long-lasting', 'long-lived'

or hard pollutants. The remarkable success of these

compounds in eradication of vector-carried diseases and

in improvement of crop production, caused the general

public to overlook the danger of accumulation of these

compounds, specially that of DDT and PCBs since they are

known to have a long decaying time in soil, water and

animal tissue, until Rachel Carson's much publicized

"SILENT SPRING" popularized the consequences of con-

tinued unregulated use of Insecticides (Carson, 1962).

While this book contained many errors, it struck a

sensitive international nerve and catalyzed the

formation of federal pollution agencies and new areas

of research funding, and heightened public awareness

of the classical science of ecology. On the other hand,

some scientists had warned about the possible catastrophes

resulting from the use of DIDT. As early as 19^» Clarence

Cottan and Elmer Higglns wrote "From the beginning of its

wartime use as an insecticide, the potency of Diyf has

been the cause of both enthusiasm and grave concern. Some

have come to consider it a cure-all for Insect pests;

others are alarmed because of its potential harm. The

experienced control worker realizes that DDT, like every

other effective insecticide or rodentlclde, is really a

two-edged sword; the more potent the po is on, the more

damage it is capable of doing. Most organic and mineral

poisons are specific to a degree; they do not strike the

Innumerable animal and plant species with equal effective-

ness; if these poisons did, the advantage of control of

undesirable species would be more than offset by the

detriment to desirable and beneficial fonns. DDT is no

exception to this rule. Certainly such an effective poison

will destroy beneficial Insects, fishes, and wildlife.

Although many more Investigations are needed in all

these fields, it seems that the most pressing require-

ment is a study to determine the effects of DDT as

applied to agricultural crops,on the wildlife and game

dependent upon an agricultural environment. About 60

percent of our gasae birds, as well as a very high per-

centage of our non-garee and insectivorous birds and

raamnials are largely dependent upon an agricultural environ-

ment. In such places, application of Di'T will probably be

heavy snd widespread; therefore, it is not improbable that

the greatest damage to wildlife will occur there." The

present situation has confinned the observations and

predictions of these two scientists. However, as early as

19^6, it was not thought as to what will be the ultimate

fate of these compounds used in the environment. Nobody

thought of the possible transfer of these chlorinated

hydrocarbons to the oceans of the world, which cover 70

percent of the earth, and the storage, build-up and re-

cycling of these compounds in the marine environment.

This was more so because the possible pathways of DOT and

its movement in the environment was not known. However,

recent studies have confinned two principle routes for

the transport of DDT residues to the marine environment.

Surface Runoff :

Total annual surface runoff of water from all continents

1Q has been estimated at 3.7 x 10 ^ cc. The pesticides when

applied in the field are washed off into the rivers through

the various environmental phenomena such as monsoons, etc.,

and the rivers finally transport these coeapounds into the

sea. In one estimate, taking into account that all the

rivers of the world contain about 1CX) parts per trillion Q

DDT, It was calculated that 3.7 x 10^ gra»s of DDT residues

would be transported annually to the sea (SCEF Task Force

report on chlorinated hydrocarbons in the eiarine environment)

Atmospheric transport :

DDT residues enter the atmosphere by several routes

including the aerial drift during application by rapid

vaporization from water surfaces (Acree et al, 1963) and by

vaporization from plants and soils (Nash and Beal, 1970).

Once in the atmosphere, it may travel great distances,

entering the sea in precipitation or in dry fall out. There

are few data for estimating these rates of transfer. The

ffiost extensive sampling of DDT residues in precipitation

has been in Great Britain, where total accumulation was

measuz*ed at seven stations. The mean concentration for

those rain water samples vas 60 parts per trillion (Tarrant

and Tatton, 1968;. The DDT residues in South Florida pre-

cipitation averaged 1000 parts per trillion in eî ĝ teen

samples taken at four sites (Yates et al, 1970). The total

annual precipitation of water over the oceans has been

estimated as 3.0 x 10 cc (Sverdrup et al, 1942). If

this contained an average of 80 parts per trillion, a 10

total of 2,4 X 10 graras of DDT residues would be

transported annually to the oceans, about one quarter

of the estimated total annual production of DÎ T, It is

st least plausible that the etmosphere is the major route

for transfer of DDT residues into the oceans.

The distribution of DDT residues int» the oceans is

very nicely elaborated by the SCEP task force report. The

following assumptions are made :

(i) The standing crop of plankton (plant and animal) is

3 X 10''\ (Menzel, 1970).

14 (ii) The standing crop of fish is 6 x 10 g, equal to ten

tiroes the present fish harvest (Ryther, 1969).

(iii) The average concentration of DDT residues in plankton

is 0.01 ppffl.

(iv) The average concentration of DDT in fish is 1,0 ppm.

Based on the above assumptions, thus assigning (iii)

and (iv) to the calculated standing crop of organians

(i) and (ii), it was estimated that the total plankton

contain 3.0 x lO^gm and fish 6 x 10 gm of DDT residues,

both insignificant fractions of the total annual input

of DDT in the marine environoient. The rest should be

present In solution and in the bottom sediments. Since

Di)T is a lipophilic compound, it is reasonable to assume

that it will be present in very minute quantities in the

dissolved form and most of the D')! is present in the

lipids of marine organisms, the suspended particles where

it adsorbs on the surface and the bottom sediments.

Ecological impact :

The acute and chronic toxicity of chlorinated hydro-

carbons has been identified by observing their effects under

controlled laboratory conditions. The exposure of test

populations of marine fauna to serial dilutions of these

pollutants in flowing sea water has shown that they affect

growth, reproduction, and mortality at concentrations

currently existing in some of the coastal environments.

However, it is not as alarming as is the case with certain

other pollutants. Laboratory experiments have shown

inhibition of photosynthesis by D!)T, dieldrin and endrin

in single-celled marine plants (Wurster, 1968; Menzel, et al,

1970). The ecological validity of these results is, however,

questionable since the concentrations necessary to induce

significant inhibition may probably never reach the open sea,

but for some restricted environments. Koreso, in DDT, the

concentrations necessary for photosynthetic inhibition exceed

by ten times Its solubility (1 ppb) in water. However,

the fact remains that DDT, though It may not be outright

toxic, is a cumulative poison. Since plankton are at

the base of the food chain, they may act as primary con-

centrators of DDT and related chlorinated hydrocarbons

from the water.

The bioassays tests conducted to detemalne the

toxicity of DDT to crustaceans, i.e. commercial species

populations of crabs and shrimps as well as zooplankton,

show that they are killed in parts per billion range

(Butler, 1964; Duke et al, 1970). Butler (1967) has shown

that the molluscs, certain bivalves which ax*e sedentary

organisms, concentrate DDT and other related pesticides,

many orders of magnitude higher than the ambient water.

Laboz*atory experiments have also shown that chlorinated

hydrocarbons, including DDT, damage reproductive success

of birds, fish and marine invez*tebrates. The association

of DOT and related pesticide residues in fish and birds

and their subsequent reproductive failures and decline have

been shown by many authors (Jeffries and Prestt, 1966;

Jensen et al, 1969; Risebrough, 1967). Some excellent

reviews have highlighted the presence of DDT and related

pesticides in fish, their presence and effects (Johnson,

1968), their presence in the Atlantic ocean organisms

(Harvey et al, 197A), their trends in shellfish (Butler,

197^), significance in estuarine fauna (Butler, In cheraical

fall out, current research on percistent pesticides), and

their ecological cycles (Woodwell, 1967).

The situation as regards the DDT contamination is

fast improving in coimtries like U.S.A., Japan and Europe,

thanks mostly to pressure from scientific and citizen*

groups that arose during the late 1950s. This led to the

ban on use of DDT and certain other chlorinated hydrocarbons,

but for some restricted use, with the result that the con-

centrations of DDT in riverine, estuarine and coastal

environment has reduced considerably.

India is basically an agricultural country and insec-

ticides and pesticides have been and are used in abundance

not only in agricultural but public health activities too.

India is afflongst the very few developing countries where

DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons are in use even now,

mainly because of its low cost of application and high crop

yield. The use of pesticides in India started after

independence with the realization that the development of

agricultural yield depends to a large extent upon the

prevention of loss due to pests. The production of pesti-

cides in India during the period 1970-76 was about 250,000

tonnes (Qasim and Sen Gupta, 1980). During the year 1976-79,

approximately 7500 tonnes of DDT was used for public health

programmes only. This consumption rate is fast increasing

in our country. Surveys, already made in India to estimate

the residues of pesticides in food samples, show a

contamination of 91.7 percent as regards DDT. In human

body tissues, the concentration of DOT is highest in

the Delhi civilian areas (26 ppro), which is highest in

the world (Jalees and Vemuri, 1980).

India has a coastline of about 6000 km in which the

rivers discharge about 1645 km of fresh water annually,

(Qasim and Sen Gupta, 1980). Considering the fact that

land drainage is the major source, the other being atmos-

pheric, of pesticide discharge into the sea, the coastal

environment of India would be receiving about 25 percent

of the pesticides being used on land. Thus, it can be

assumed that the cumulative effect of these pesticides on

the coastal environment can be considerable. Vlith this

very reason, a project was initiated at the National

Institute of Oceanography, to regularly monitor the levels

of different pollutants in the Bsarine environment. This

study is a part of the above-said prô Ject and deals with

the analyses of some zooplankton samples, collected during

the 16th cruise of R.V. Gaveshani (N.I.O, research ship),

from the Arabian Sea.. The aim was to determine the levels

of DDT in zooplankton from nearly all the places near to

the west coast.

MATERIAL AND KtTHODS

The collection and preservation of environmental

samples for the analysis of DDT and other related pesti-

cides requires certain precautions to be undertaken to

obtain an uncontarolnated sample. This problem is worse

if one has to collect the samples on board a ship, from

the sea. The ordinary day to day activities associated

with the running of a ship are potential sources of

contamination of organisms collected from that ship. One

may list th^a as the pumping of the bilge; discharge of

the septic tank; dumping of garbage, debris or engine-room

waste; cleaning of boilers; and chipping of paint by deck

personnel. All these activities can alter the concentra-

tions of the particular pollutant that one is looking into.

Though all of the above mentioned activities may not con-

taminate the samples for DDT analysis, yet a few of them

ffiay give erroneous peaks in the chr^jmatogram, since the

analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons uses the very sophis-

ticated instrument in Gas Liquid Chromatograph.

To avoid the contamination of the plankton saaples,

the collection was done with due precautions. In all,

12 zooplankton samples were collected from in between

Bombay and Trivandz^m region of the west coast. The samples

were collected by an Indian Ccean Standard Net having a

mesh size of 500 u. Before starting th« haul, all the

discharges from the ship were stopped. The plankton net

was lo'̂ ered to 20C metres at each station and hauled up

by the coring vinch. On completion of the haul, the net

was not washed by the ship's sea water to avoid contanji-

natlon. The plankton cake was removed from the bucket

(metal) by a pre-cleaned spatula (cleaned with acetone)

and preserved in glass tubes (acid-washed and acetone-

rinsed). The glass tubes were covered with pre-cleaned

aluminium foil and stored in deep freeze at -5* to -10**C.

On reaching the shore laboratory, the samples were thawed

and checked for the presence of any contaminants such as

tar particles and paint chips. Seven out of twelve

samples were found to be contaminated with either the tar

particles, ship's waste or paint chips. These samples were

discarded and the analyses was done on the remaining five

samples. In general, the method of collection and preser-

vation was that of Grice et al, 1972.

Not only the collection of marine organisias poses

contamination problems but the laboratory analysis may also

contaminate the sample. For this all the glassware used

was acid-washed and acetone-rinsed. Plankton fresh weight

4 - 5 gins, were macerated in a pestle and mortar (agate)

adding sufficient quantity of anhydrous sodium sulphate

until a free flowing powder was obtained. Fat (extractable

lipid) plus DOT were extracted by the cold extraction method

(Bernard, 1976). The method employed uses redistilled

hexane previously checked for contamination by concen-

trating the maxlisum volume used (150 al) to 1 ml, which

gave no peaks in the chromatogram. For each sample, the

extraction was done several times using 25 al of hexane

in each extraction. The extraction was done in a glass

cylinder, the plankton powder was poured and hexane (25 ml)

added. The contents were stirred for 5 minutes and the

supernatant decanted. The various extracts were mixed,

dried over Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate, to remove any water

that may be present. The dried (water-removed) extract

was then evaporated and the fat content was determined.

(Anonymous 1975). The fat was dissolved in 2 ml hexane

and the cleaning up was done using the method of Murphy,

1972. This is a very important step in chlorinated

hydrocarbon analysis in organisms. Since the fat interferes

with the gas chromatographic analysis by contaminating the

detector and giving false peaks, it has to be removed before

the solution can be in;}ected. This was done by mechanically

shaking the 2 ml of Hexane •*• lipids with 3 drops of HgSO^.

By this method, the fats are hydrolysed and settle down,

the supernatant hexane extract is pure enough to be injected

in the GLC.

Ten microlitres of this cleaned-up extract was injected

into a Toshniwal Gas Chromatograph Type RU)4 equipped with

6 ft x 6 mm glass colunn having 3 percent DCQF-1 on

chromosorb w (HP) 80/100 and electron capture detector

having a tritium source. The Injection port temperature

was 200*0, the column temperature was 180*0 and detector

ternperature was 200^0. The gas used was nitrogen with

the flow rate as 40 ml/niinute.

The efficiency and accuracy of this method was

checked by analysing the spiked sanfiples by the same pro-

cedures. With the instruments and reagents at our disposal,

a recovery of over 80 percent, which is the normally

accepted standard in residue analysis, was obtained.

Apart from this, the estimation of D T in sea water

by relay extraction of 5 litres of sample with re-distilled

hexane was also tried. As no peak was obtained in the

chromatograirss, after treating the samples as noted above

and also employing the HpSO, cleaning, it was presumed that

the concentrations were below the detection limit of the

instrument (ppt range).

RESULTS

The x^sults obtained fzxxn ttm analysis are given in

Tâ 3le !• Fig* 1 gives the stations positicm marked oat on

the map frcxsi where the ŝ t̂ples were collected* The concen-

tration of mys and its metabolites i,e, o-ip and p-f>̂ £S3T

and o-p and p-p'̂ tSSM were assessed by injectijKf the DOT

staridards, obtained frcxn the envi]a>rsiiental protection agency

(EPA) of the United States of America, They were identified

by comparing the retention tiroes of the samples with that of

standards* The concentrations were calculated by reading the

peak area. The formula being —--- as giv«a by Jensen ^ al,,

1975.

V X h DDT X v ' I •••'-I- X c a r e s u l t i n ppra on f r e i ^ weight b a s i s ra X V X h''

wl^rei

V m total voltnaa mteded to dissolve the fat (mi.)

a m fresh weight of the saatipLe (gresas)

h I3DT m peak height of DDT in the sample (ion)

V « volume of sample injected (micro litres)

V'' « volume of staudard injected (micro litres)

h n pea^ flight of IH>T in the standard (mm)

c «• concentration of standards (nannogran/miczo li

Here« the total voltime needed to dissolve the fat VSLS

the total voltane o£ Hexane used to dissolve fat after weighing

(2 ml) • Instead of peak height the peak areas were uf^d.

Altlwugh the interest was primarily on the DDT and

its metabolites, the presence of other chlorinated pesticides

such as BUG (Benzene liexadtiloride) and PC3»s(Polychlorinated

biphenyla, used extensively in several types of industries^

e.g. plastics* raarine paijRts« electrical industries etc.)

was also noticed (Fig« 2), lio attef̂ st was, however* mads to

quanti^ these peaks as the components \mte not separated

f rem one another. Though thB chroinatogranas obtained were

not coraplex (Pig. 2) the interference from certain other

chlorinated hydrocarbons jŝ >ecially PCB's cannot he ruled out

more so because thm FCB pealcs are foimd to interfere with

that of aoroe of the DDT peaks. Hence sorae reseirvations have

to i^ made and these values may be accepted witii so^e caution.

As is evident from the table the total DDT concentration

was dixectly proportional to the £at content of the ssoo-

planlcton. It beoooies rat*^r difficult to interpret the data

because of the varying lipid contents of t*K3 organistws

thcKaselves xxnder study, ^ i s is even more difficult in

ssooplahkton which have a variation in ti^ir lipid cxsntent

with aeaaoaa, together with a seasonal chaâ tge in the (Quantity

of inert materials related to species ccxcî position (williacos

ar^ Holden« 1973} • However* from the present study* it

beccxnes evident that the ssooplaidctcm between Bombay and Goa

region (as tl^ saai>les frtKQ the region Goa to Trivandrum

csould not be analysed because of contamination} do cxmtain

high levels of total DOT, This should be a cmise of concern

as they constitute the major source of food for animals

hitler in the food chain. If the food ĉ iain magnification

theory is to be believe^ as regards chlorinated hydrocarbons*

the«e aniinals higher in the order should contain high ocmcen-

trations of total DDT in the Arabian Sea* In the cases

where well-defined food w«^s were studied the chlorinat^l

hydrocarbon concentrations happened to slKyw a food dhain

magnification (HameldLnk et al» 1971} • Woodwell* 1967« also

showed a food c^ain magnification in the organimns of the

long island estuazy.

Marine food webs are* however* very coRiplicated and

there is much disagreement among marine biologists on prey-

predator relationship as marine organisms have much

CXlxibility in their food preference. More so sincas the

lipid stores of organisaas are the major repository for

chlorinated hydrocarbons* Lipid ooc^>osition varies among

species* within species at different seasons and ages* and

in different parts of the body (Love« 1970). Some of these

different lipids will be better hydrocarbon solvents than

others regardless of trophic level, Furthezrftore* some

organians will have equilibration tin^s with tte water that

are significantly diffeitsnt frora others as a result of

metabolic activity, blood supply and surface to w>luiiie ratio*

Thus, the vertically migrating raesopelagic organisras can

ingest great quantities of chlorinated hydrocarbons associated

with the plankton at night* During the day spent at depth,

part of the ingested contaminants will be lost to the wat^r

by diffusion, excretion etc. so as to satisfy eq]uili]»rivBii

conditions* Tl^ result may be that these organi^nis may contaii

less chlorinated hydrocarbons than their prey* Tims, Harvey

et al*, 1974 could not find any evidence of food dliain

magnification* The fact however remains that in marine food

webs the energy passes frc»n plants to herbivores and on to

carnivores* Cox, 1971, showed that the euphausiid shrimp

Bu^ansia pacifici^ can acquire suffici^^t DDT residues from

its food with the assimilation efficiency for DDT in ingested

food similar to publiaftted figures for assimilation of carix»n

frora food* Haan̂ link e^ aj^ 1971, as mentioned earlier, studies

the distribution of DDT into compartments in a biological

system. They rcaported tlie owilchir.' of DDT from one -trophic

levGl to another frora both food and water accumulations.

They a lso emphasised tlie inportar-ice of the p r i n c i p l e s of

s e l e c t i v e pa r t i t i on ing in aGseGDra:nt of the magnification

capab i l i t y of an individual organism, DDT i s approximately 4

75 X 10 more soluble in fat than in water, EMt, as in

any system of In̂ aiscible solvents, tlie transfer of DDT to

the fat is never oamplete, sorae ©mall aKWunt alv/ays rorriains

in tsrater. The relative amounts partitioned to fat arid to

xjater are calcvilatod from the solubilitic^s of DDT in fat

(approximately nine grams in hundred grems) cuid in viator

(0.037 to 0,0012 ppm) (Fan«jr, 1974),

In this study, it is difficult to generalise the

accurmilation iji the organians of the west coast iJue to

insufficient data, but the concentrations found could,probably

give adverse effects. For this, a detailed study of DlfD

concentrations hi water, sediments ai^ different orgmilsns

representing each trophic level is to be made, aich studies

are planned and ̂ en coftplote v/111 throw some light on tiie

aehaviour aisd persistence of DDT in a tropical ervironment.

As such, this study can be considered as -. baseline

study as regards the DDT, its occurrence and ijersisteric©

in the marine onvircawient. Apart from this certain other ,

chlorinated hydrocarbons ̂ êre also detected, like rllic and

PCB's v;hich suggests that chlorinated hycixxxjarbons concentratit

in the marine enviroranent* specially in the coastal biological

cormmmity is to be regalarly monitored as it is of direct

concern to us.

LBGmBU TO FIGUS2S

F i g , 1 - S t a t i o n p o s i t i o n s , frcKi '^@r& t h e samples

%fere c o l l e c ' t e d .

F i g . 2 - ChromatOijraB of a smapXe ( Ifciit&ers i r x l i c a t e

u n i d e n t i f i e d j-jsaks - 1 , 2 and 3 may b e Bl-lCj

and peaks 4 , 5 , 7 and 9 may be PCB),

o r--, + CC .-l'3

-p + o w tM •-

6

o 20

o 15

o JO

0 6

. 6

7°

7"

7 0°

\ \

297 O

7!o'*

^ \ ^ ^ ^ )

299 \ o t

304 ( o'

293 o

309 o

7 5° 8

R.V. Gaveshaiji Cruise XVI

^Bombdy

eMormugao

P Cochin 1

7 S'* 8

0*

o 20

o 15

o 10

o 6 0

Fig. I

TYPICAL CHROMATOGRAM OF A SAMPLE

Fig. 2

REFERSHCES

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