Decade of Change: the Decade of Change: the 1960s1960s

Chapter 18Chapter 18

Section 2Section 2

Lyndon Johnson and the Great Lyndon Johnson and the Great SocietySociety

President Johnson was more successful in President Johnson was more successful in winning congressional passage of social winning congressional passage of social programs than Kennedy for the following programs than Kennedy for the following reasons: Johnson had more experience in the reasons: Johnson had more experience in the Senate, and had many powerful allies in both Senate, and had many powerful allies in both houses of Congress. houses of Congress.

Johnson was highly skilled in the lawmaking Johnson was highly skilled in the lawmaking process, and was a master politician. process, and was a master politician.

He was also perceived as more a man of the He was also perceived as more a man of the people than Kennedy. people than Kennedy.

Lyndon Johnson’s domestic program Lyndon Johnson’s domestic program was called the Great Society.was called the Great Society.

The Great Society was aimed at The Great Society was aimed at helping the poor.helping the poor.

The war in Vietnam destroyed The war in Vietnam destroyed Johnson’s Great Society program.Johnson’s Great Society program.

Johnson was reelected as president in Johnson was reelected as president in 1964 defeating Senator Barry 1964 defeating Senator Barry Goldwater.Goldwater.

Americans began Americans began to understand the to understand the dangers to their dangers to their environment environment after the after the publication in publication in 1962 of Silent 1962 of Silent Spring.Spring.

President Lyndon B. Johnson tried President Lyndon B. Johnson tried to assist more African Americans to assist more African Americans and other minorities in their struggle and other minorities in their struggle to achieve both economic to achieve both economic advancements and equal voting advancements and equal voting rights.rights.

The Black Muslims and the Black The Black Muslims and the Black Panthers were two groups who were Panthers were two groups who were committed to the cause of black committed to the cause of black power.power.

Nonviolence as a method for Nonviolence as a method for change was attacked by those change was attacked by those dissatisfied with the pace of dissatisfied with the pace of progress by some members of the progress by some members of the African American community. African American community.

The Black Muslims and the The Black Muslims and the Black Panthers believed violence Black Panthers believed violence was necessary to achieve their was necessary to achieve their goals.goals.

Malcolm X was a famous Black Malcolm X was a famous Black Muslim who was later assassinated.Muslim who was later assassinated.

Malcolm X rejected passive Malcolm X rejected passive resistance and urged his followers to resistance and urged his followers to fight back against those who have fight back against those who have violently abused them.violently abused them.

Cassius Clay aka Muhammad Ali was Cassius Clay aka Muhammad Ali was a famous convert to the Nation of a famous convert to the Nation of Islam who later converted to Islam.Islam who later converted to Islam.

Cassius Clay aka Muhammad Cassius Clay aka Muhammad AliAli

In 1967, during the Vietnam War, In 1967, during the Vietnam War, Muhammad Ali refused induction into Muhammad Ali refused induction into the armed forces, saying that he was a the armed forces, saying that he was a minister of Islam and a conscientious minister of Islam and a conscientious objector to war. objector to war.

He was convicted of draft evasion, and He was convicted of draft evasion, and the boxing championship was taken the boxing championship was taken from him.from him.

Muhammad Ali’s conviction of dodging Muhammad Ali’s conviction of dodging the draft was eventually overturned.the draft was eventually overturned.

Black PanthersBlack Panthers

The chief minister of the Black The chief minister of the Black Panthers was Eldridge Cleaver.Panthers was Eldridge Cleaver.

The Black Panthers was the The Black Panthers was the African American’s version of the African American’s version of the Klu Klux Klan that terrorized Klu Klux Klan that terrorized white people for more rights.white people for more rights.

UnrestUnrest Around 30 African American Around 30 African American

churches were being bombed and churches were being bombed and riots were taking place in areas such riots were taking place in areas such as Los Angeles in 1965. as Los Angeles in 1965.

Rioting lasted six days and resulted Rioting lasted six days and resulted in the deaths of 28 people and in the deaths of 28 people and damage to property totaling about damage to property totaling about $200 million.$200 million.

James Earl Ray assassinated James Earl Ray assassinated Martin Luther King.Martin Luther King.

Women’s rightsWomen’s rights

End job discrimination based on sex; End job discrimination based on sex; achieve equal pay for equal work; achieve equal pay for equal work; develop day care centers for the develop day care centers for the children of working women; raise the children of working women; raise the consciousness of women regarding consciousness of women regarding unfair treatment of men; and work for unfair treatment of men; and work for the passage of antidiscrimination laws. the passage of antidiscrimination laws.

Rights of Hispanic AmericansRights of Hispanic Americans

Better pay and increased respect Better pay and increased respect for farm workers, and greater for farm workers, and greater Hispanic involvement in the Hispanic involvement in the political process, including the political process, including the election and appointment of election and appointment of Hispanic to important Hispanic to important government positions.government positions.

Rights of Native AmericansRights of Native Americans

More autonomy and More autonomy and control over reservation control over reservation life, greater economic life, greater economic assistance to fight poverty, assistance to fight poverty, the return of lands illegally the return of lands illegally taken from them.taken from them.

Atlanta Motel, Inc, v. United Atlanta Motel, Inc, v. United States, 1964States, 1964

In this case, a motel owner had In this case, a motel owner had challenged the right of Congress challenged the right of Congress to pass legislation under the to pass legislation under the powers of interstate commerce powers of interstate commerce clause of the Constitution. clause of the Constitution.

The Supreme Court upheld the The Supreme Court upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964.Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Civil Rights act of 1964Civil Rights act of 1964

No discrimination in the services provided by such No discrimination in the services provided by such businesses as restaurants, hotels, motels, and gas businesses as restaurants, hotels, motels, and gas stations. stations.

No discrimination in the use of government-No discrimination in the use of government-operated facilities such as public parks and pools. operated facilities such as public parks and pools.

No discrimination in federally supported programs No discrimination in federally supported programs (such as urban renewal and antipoverty (such as urban renewal and antipoverty programs). programs).

No discrimination either by employers of 100 or No discrimination either by employers of 100 or more workers or by labor unions of 100 or more more workers or by labor unions of 100 or more members (a number later reduced to 25).members (a number later reduced to 25).

The 24th Amendment banned The 24th Amendment banned the poll tax.the poll tax.

The Voting Rights Act The Voting Rights Act prohibited the practice of using prohibited the practice of using literacy tests to keep African literacy tests to keep African Americans from voting.Americans from voting.

Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action The purpose of this policy was to make sure The purpose of this policy was to make sure

that past discrimination against women and that past discrimination against women and ethnic minorities did not continue into the ethnic minorities did not continue into the future. future.

To accomplish its purpose, the government To accomplish its purpose, the government encouraged businesses to increase job encouraged businesses to increase job opportunities for women and minorities. opportunities for women and minorities.

Government also encouraged colleges and Government also encouraged colleges and universities to admit more students who were universities to admit more students who were female or nonwhite. female or nonwhite.

A college failing to adopt an affirmative action A college failing to adopt an affirmative action plan for recruitment would lose financial aid. plan for recruitment would lose financial aid.

A business failing to adopt such plans would A business failing to adopt such plans would lose its government contracts.lose its government contracts.

The question of the The question of the role and image of role and image of women was women was addressed in a 1963 addressed in a 1963 book by Betty book by Betty Friedan entitled The Friedan entitled The Feminine Mystique.Feminine Mystique.

Betty Friedan argued that Betty Friedan argued that women, far from being the women, far from being the “weaker sex,” were as capable “weaker sex,” were as capable as men in all respects and as men in all respects and should have equal opportunity should have equal opportunity to pursue high level jobs in to pursue high level jobs in business and the professions.business and the professions.

Roe vs. Wade Roe vs. Wade

Supreme Court ruled that women have the Supreme Court ruled that women have the right to have an abortion.right to have an abortion.

The decision in Roe vs. Wade sparked The decision in Roe vs. Wade sparked controversy that still has not been controversy that still has not been resolved. resolved.

Supporters argued that the right to privacy Supporters argued that the right to privacy applies to a woman’s body. applies to a woman’s body.

Opponents argued that even during the Opponents argued that even during the first six months of pregnancy, the fetus is first six months of pregnancy, the fetus is a person who has a right to life equal to a person who has a right to life equal to that of any person after birth.that of any person after birth.

Hispanics were the ethnic Hispanics were the ethnic group representing the “brown group representing the “brown power” movement.power” movement.

Haitian and Cuban immigrants Haitian and Cuban immigrants were the two groups that were were the two groups that were immigrating heavily to Florida.immigrating heavily to Florida.

During the 1960s there was a During the 1960s there was a rise of Hispanics who were rise of Hispanics who were getting involved in the political getting involved in the political process.process.

The Native Americans represented The Native Americans represented “red power” “red power”

The occupation at Alcatraz Island to The occupation at Alcatraz Island to highlight the injustices towards highlight the injustices towards Native Americans and Wounded Native Americans and Wounded Knee where the American Indian Knee where the American Indian Movement took up arms and gained Movement took up arms and gained control of the village of Wounded control of the village of Wounded Knee demanding that old treaty Knee demanding that old treaty rights be granted.rights be granted.

Baker v, Carr (1962)Baker v, Carr (1962)

The constitutional issue was apportionment and The constitutional issue was apportionment and equal legislative representation for urban and equal legislative representation for urban and minority voters.minority voters.

The Court ruled that lower federal courts could The Court ruled that lower federal courts could review representation in the state legislatures to review representation in the state legislatures to guarantee that each election district contained guarantee that each election district contained about the same number of voters. The effect of about the same number of voters. The effect of this decision was to increase the number of this decision was to increase the number of representatives from urban and minority representatives from urban and minority districts.districts.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

The constitutional issue was the appointment of The constitutional issue was the appointment of public defenders for accused persons in non-public defenders for accused persons in non-capital cases (those in which the defendant did capital cases (those in which the defendant did not face the death penalty.)not face the death penalty.)

The Supreme Court ruled that the right to due The Supreme Court ruled that the right to due process of law (found in the Fifth and Fourteenth process of law (found in the Fifth and Fourteenth amendments) requires that legal counsel be amendments) requires that legal counsel be provided for defendants too poor to afford it. provided for defendants too poor to afford it. The court found that accused persons would not The court found that accused persons would not receive a fair trial (denying them their due receive a fair trial (denying them their due process rights) if they were forced to defend process rights) if they were forced to defend themselves.themselves.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

The constitutional issues were the The constitutional issues were the protection of the right to remain silent protection of the right to remain silent during police questioning, and a suspect’s during police questioning, and a suspect’s right to have a lawyer present when right to have a lawyer present when questioned by the police.questioned by the police.

The Supreme Court ruled that the police The Supreme Court ruled that the police must warn a suspect of the constitutional must warn a suspect of the constitutional right to remain silent, and the right to legal right to remain silent, and the right to legal counsel before he/she may be questioned. counsel before he/she may be questioned. These warnings are now commonly known These warnings are now commonly known as “Miranda rights.”as “Miranda rights.”