the sixties: a decade of protest and change. agenda 4/10 1. notes: the 1960s 2. test
TRANSCRIPT
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THE SIXTIES: A DECADE OF PROTEST AND CHANGE
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Agenda 4/10
• 1. Notes: the 1960s • 2. Test
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The Kennedy Presidency, 1960-1963
• Election of 1960– JFK defeated Nixon thanks to TV– Youngest pres. elected
• Domestic policy under JFK: New Frontier– Peace Corps– Space Race: John Glenn orbits earth, Armstrong &
Aldrin are first on the moon
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Foreign Policy Under JFK• Soviets build Berlin Wall in 1961• Cuba– Leader Fidel Castro had Soviet
support– Bay of Pigs Invasion= failed US
attempt to invade Cuba– Cuban Missile Crisis= Kennedy
successfully convinced the Soviets to remove their missiles from Cuba• Closest the world ever came to
nuclear war**
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JFK Assassination
• Nov. 22, 1963• Dallas, TX
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The Johnson Presidency, 1963-1968
• The Great Society “War on Poverty”– CRA of 1964– VRA of 1965– Medicare– Job Corps– Economic Opp. Act
• Immigration Act of 1965= identical quotas (limits) for the number of immigrants each country can send to the US
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Agenda 4/10
• 1. Notes• 2. Court Cases jigsaw activity
• **Review TOMORROW 9-12
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The Women’s Liberation Movement
• Aka Feminist Movement• Reasons:– Dissatisfaction– CRM influence– “Sexual Revolution”
• Betty Friedan– wrote The Feminine Mystique– Housewives are unhappy– Helped for the National Organization of Women
(NOW)
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The Women’s Liberation Movement• Achievements:– Better educational
opportunities (affirmative action)
– Equal Pay Act= same pay for same work
– Roe v. Wade (1973)- legalized abortion within the first 3 months of pregnancy
– Title IX- guarantees girls the same opportunities as boys in school
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The Expanding Struggle for Equal Rights:Increasing African-American Militancy
• Black Power= blacks should be economically, culturally, and politically independent from whites
• Other militant groups– Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)– Black Muslims
• Malcolm X– Muslim leader who questions MLK’s nonviolent approach. Blacks should
achieve rights “by any means necessary”.
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The Expanding Struggle for Equal Rights:Increasing African-American Militancy
• Many blacks in the north lived in ghettos• Riots erupted following the assassination of
MLK
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The Expanding Struggle for Equal Rights:The Chicano Movement
• Hector Perez Garcia– Texan who was first Mexican American to serve on Commission on Civil Rights
• Cesar Chavez– organized successful grape boycott for improved wages/conditions for farm workers
• Dolores Huerta– helped Chavez form the United Farm Workers
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The American Indian Movement (AIM)
• Slogan: “Red Power”• Indians sought greater respect for their
heritage• Temporary occupied gov. monument at
Wounded Knee
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The “Youth Culture” of the Sixties
• Aka counterculture• Influenced by rock
music• Hippies• 26th Amendment–
lowered voting age to 18
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The Vietnam War, 1954-1973• Background:– Ho Chi Minh- Vietnamese
nationalist leader– Geneva Conference • Divided Vietnam (N was
communist, S wasn’t)– Planned to reunite after elections
• Vietcong (Southern Commies) & North Vietnamese attacked SV government
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The War under JFK, 1960-1963
• Domino theory= if a nation becomes communist, then the surrounding nations will too, and on and on…
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The War under LBJ, 1963-1968
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- LBJ could send troops to war (escalation) w/o a declaration from Congress
• New weapons: napalm (gas jelly) and Agent Orange (herbicide)– Destroyed the jungle
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The War under LBJ, 1963-1968• Tet Offensive- Vietcong
launched attack against SV, capturing major cities including Saigon– Turning point: Americans
realize victory is far away• Roy Benavidez- Texan
who won medal of honor for efforts in Vietnam
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The War under LBJ, 1963-1968• Increasing difficulties for
the US:– $25B/year– Ho Chi Minh= “father” of
Vietnam– Vietcong guerilla warfare– Growing discontent: the
Anti-War Movement• Media shaped public
opinion (1st war on TV)• “credibility gap”– difference
between what Pres. LBJ said & what journalists reported
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Agenda 4/14
• 1. finish Vietnam notes• 2. court case flashcard activity
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The War under Nixon, 1969-1973• LBJ chose not to run for
reelection• Nixon promised “peace
w/honor” during campaign• Henry Kissinger- Nixon’s
Sec. of State– Vietnamization= US troops
gradually withdraw as SV takes over fighting
– Secret bombing of Laos & Cambodia
– Nixon negotiated w/NV’s allies (China & USSR)
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The War under Nixon, 1969-1973• Anti-war demonstration
at Kent State University leaves 4 students dead
• “silent majority”= Nixon’s supporters who quietly still supported the war
• Pentagon Papers- leaked documents that showed that several presidents before Nixon lied to the public about Vietnam
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The War under Nixon, 1969-1973• The fall of Saigon marked the end of
the war (1975)– US troops withdrew in 1973
• Legacy of the Vietnam War– Over 58,000 Americans killed (1m +
Vietnamese)– Economic: ended some Great Society
programs; led to inflation– War Powers Resolution (1973): Pres.
must inform Congress within 48 hours of sending troops to fight overseas. If Congress doesn’t approve within 60 days, the Pres. must withdraw the troops.
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Post-war Literature, Art, and Music
• Beat Generation writers– Care-free, reckless, fresh approach– Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac
• Music:– Rock and roll: Elvis, Little Richard– Motown
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Post-war Literature, Art, and Music
• Art– Jackson Pollock– Andy Warhol
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• Mendez v. Westminster ISD– segregation of children of a group was illegal w/o a special state law requiring it
• Delgado v. Bastrop ISD– segregated Mexican American children in Texas is illegal
• Hernandez v. Texas–Mexican Americans, though not a separate race, are entitled to class protection under the 14th Amendment
• White v. Regester– allowed single-member districts to elect their own representatives
• Edgewood ISD v. Kirby– required changes in school finance to increase funding for schools in poorer school districts