DECISION MAKINGDECISION MAKINGAnd rescuer’s stressAnd rescuer’s stress

How to avoid a step too far

Sea Tech Week, Brest, the 19 th of october 2006Captain Charles CLADEN, Les Abeilles International

A STEP TOO FAR?

Thoughts on salvage and rescue operations at sea …

Based on a study and with the kind authorisation ofDr Stéphane Oggier,medic-mountain guide, FXB Air-Glaciers - Sion, Switzerland.

- Adapt strategy to each situation- Find solutions, ...

Aims-Build awareness of the risks incurred during operations

Contents- Salvage accidents… fate?- Are the risks justified?- Why take risks?

- What psychology says,- Explanations on hand.

-How to diminish risks?

PROBABILITY PROBABILITY OF ACCIDENTSOF ACCIDENTS

- equation- risk addition- f (quantity of exposure to risks)

- examples:- cold, night, poor material, lack of maintenance, defective radio, Poor training, poor visibilityfatigue, bad weather, bad strategy.- Number of consecutive interventions without rest

An accident is not always fatalAn accident is not always fatal

Rescuers are humansRescuers are humans What the psychology tell us ?

RESCUER’S TRAPS Rescuer’s brain1. Stubborness2. Desire to please3. Expert’s aura4. Social positionning5. Feeling of unusualness

Once the initial decision is taken in an operation, the following decisions are easier to take if they are consistent with the initial one …

Trap n°1: StubbornessTrap n°1: Stubborness

Trap n°2: Desire to pleaseTrap n°2: Desire to please

We engage into an activity because we admire or respect the people already engaged.

We think we too will be admired and respected…It’s our desire to please, seduce…

Trap n°3: The expert’s auraTrap n°3: The expert’s aura

Crew members think that the salvage master’s expertise is infallible, whatever tired and under pressure he may be, and attribute to him capacities which are unrealistic

Trap n°4: Social positionningTrap n°4: Social positionning

When someone or a group feels confident in their abilities, they have a tendency to take greater risks…especially when they think that somebody is watching

When faced with an unusual intervention,

the temptation to take risks is greater, even though cautiousness would be wiser

TRAP N°5: Feeling of unusualnessTRAP N°5: Feeling of unusualness

- The principle of the « hot potato »

- The red-cross sheep, and commercial thinking

- The vicious circle,

- The « Zorro » syndrome

- Bridge over the river Kwaï syndrome

Explanations on hand …

Principle of the « hot potato »Principle of the « hot potato »

Intervention+anxiety = « hot potato »

It’s often simpler and more reassuring to adopt the same behaviour as others

The red-cross sheep(Or return on investment)

The vicious circle:When an operation is requested

- The MRCC thinks that it is urgent

-the salvage master also thinks that it is really urgent

-The crew don’t want to be left out and supports the salvage master

-The on-scene commander get convinced through the people engaged and their feeling of urgency

As soon as an accident is known a rescuer does not react

in the same way as others outside the accident

THE « ZORRO » THE « ZORRO » SYNDROMESYNDROME

Rescuer Non rescuer

« Bridge over the river Kwaï « Bridge over the river Kwaï syndrome »syndrome »

Respect of the procedure Respect of the procedure was more importantwas more important

than finalitythan finality

Building the bridge

well

became the only aim

To summarize,

I have taken risks:

- some for commercial reasons, - more often, through lack of thought,- with verve, through stress or routine,

- and often … not even to save lives

The solutions,or: « What to do to limit those

risks? »- Common sense,

- Remove guilt feelings,

- A phone call, so easy !

- a coffee break,

- The guide line

?

« Common sense »- Common sense: We all think we’ve got bags of it …

-As a consequence, don’t rely too much on common sense …especially in case of emergency !

- Lastly, always beware of yourself !

Putting guilt feelings aside :« we are not those who put them that high on the beach ! »

«    A phone call, it’s easy ! 

Calling again, personally and directly the MRCC, and possibly also the casualty and witnesses:- avoids errors due to middlemen, - allows to judge the actual degree of urgency of the situation.

« The coffee break »-It induces taking time and sitting back to view the event from an appropriate distance- To take a break will help to avoid the traps of the  « hot potato » and the vicious circle-To take a break gives you a chance to study a plan,to listen to others’ pointsof view; but it is somewhat of a « time-eater »

« The Guideline-It’s a tool that helps find out what direction to take (decisional compass)

-Avoids overheating of your grey cells in conditions that are complex and never alike

- It spares energy for impromptu decisions that will always be needed in field action

AS A CONCLUSION- No taking of useless risks as long as lives or coastal populations are not endangered

-Priority to time factors-Set alarms on time that might overrun

PS:

There are2 new messages for you

Message n° 1

Before any rescue operartion at sea, think to :- put guilt feelings aside,- give that so easy phone call- apply the time-measurement principle- take a coffee break.

Total: 5 minutes and 55 seconds

And in case of doubt:call some colleague not in the hot seat !

Message n°2 :Message n°2 :And Keep coolAnd Keep cool … …

Given the complexity

of some situations

No one in the rescue activity is fully sheltered from a misjudgement error