delivering clean cold & power -...

Delivering Clean Cold & Powerat the heart of the cold economy

www.dearman.co.uk

+44(0)203 829 0035 www.dearman.co.uk @DearmanLtd DearmanEngineCompanyLtd

ةمدقم

FOREWORD

Katherine Priestley, Chair, Dearman

Professor Toby Peters, Founder of Dearman, Visiting Professor, University of Birmingham

ءاوهلا فييكَتف ؛هتميقو ديربتلا ىنعم فرعت يتلا ةليلقلا لودلا فاصم نيب رطق يتأت

نم ربكألا ءزجلا جيلثتلا كلهتسي امنيب ،جيلخلا ةقطنم يف ةدّلوُملا ءابرهكلا فصن كلهتسي

فاعضأ ةثالث عقاوب رطق يف ديربتلا ةقاط ىلع بلطلا ديزي نأ عقوتُي هنأ ريغ .رخآلا فصنلا

مل اذإ هنأ تاساردلا ىدحإ تَتبثأ دقل .يخانملا رّيغتلاو يداصتقالا ومنلا لعفب كلذو 2030 ماع لولحب

يناعُت فوس ةحودلا نإف ،يملاعلا ىوتسملا ىلع نوبركلا ديسكأ يناث تاثاعبنا قالطإ يدافت متي

،ةليوط ةرتفب كلذ لبقو .يلاحلا نرقلا نم يناثلا فصنلا يف «ناسنإلا اهلّمحتي ال» ةرارح تاجوم نم

ءابرهكلا ةكبش ىلع قوبسم ريغ اًطغض لّكشُي امب ةقاطلا نم ةلئاه تايمك ديربتلا كلهتسي فوس

.رطق يف ةيسيئرلا

رطق ةيؤر تعضو دقو ،يخانملا رّيغتلا راثآل ةضرُع ملاعلا قطانم رثكأ ىدحإ يف عقت اهنأ رطق كردُت

ديربتلا تاينقت نأ دْيب .ةلودلا يف ءاوهلا ةدوج نيسحت يف لّثمتي اًحومط اًفده 2030 ةينطولا

ديسكأ يناث نم ةيلاع تايوتسم قلطُي اهنم ريثكلاو ةقاطلا نم ةلئاه تايمك كلهتست ةيديلقتلا

،نادلبلا نم ريثكلا لاح كلذ يف اهلاحو ،يلاتلابو .ةيئيزُجلا داوملاو نيجورتينلا ديسكأو نوبركلا

ديربتلا ةقاط ىلع ديازتملا بلطلا نيب نزاوتلا قيقحتل ام ةقيرط راكتبال ةّسام ةجاح يف رطق نإف

.ةيئيبلا اهفادهأو

50 زهانُي ام ةقطنملا يف ةيلاحلا ديربتلا ةردق بيكرت فّلكتي ،يبرعلا جيلخلا ةقطنم ءاجرأ يفو

نأ عّقوتُيو .رالود رايلم 20 زهاني ام اًيونس دوقولاب ةموظنملا هذه ليغشت ةفلك رّدقُتو رالود رايلم

زهانُي ام ىلإ يبرعلا جيلخلا نادلب يف ديربتلا ىلع بلطلل عقوتملا ومنلا ةيبلت ةفلكت لصت

يف ترمتسا اذإ ةموظنملا هذه ليغشتل ةقاطلا ةفلكت رالود رايلم 120 ىلع وبري امو رالود رايلم 100

.ايجولونكتلا سفن مادختسا يف يلاحلا اهجهن

ديربتلا ايجولونكت ريوطت يف ةدئارلا ةيناطيربلا تاكرشلا نم (Dearman) نامريد ةكرش ربتعُت

قالطإ يدافتو دراوملا كالهتسا ةءافك يف ةلئاه تانيسحت قيقحتل فدهت يتلاو ةفيظنلا

نم ةعومجم ريوطتب ةكرشلا علطضتو .ديربتلا ءاوه ثّولت نم دحلاو ةئيفدلا تازاغ تاثاعبنا

ريفوت متي ثيح ،تامولعملا ايجولونكت عاطقو ةئزجتلاو ةقاطلاو لقنلا تاعاطقل تاقيبطتلا

زيربسنيس رجاتم ةلسلس ىلوتتو ،قالطالا ىلع تاثاعبنا الب لقنلا لئاسو يف ديربتلا

(Sainsbury’s) يف اهئاكرش عم اهنواعت لضفبو .ةدحتملا ةكلمملا يف اًيلاح ةينقتلا هذه رابتخا

،ديدجلا «ديربتلا داصتقا» بلق يف ةزّيمتُم ةناكم نامريد ةكرش أوبتت ،تاعماجلاو ةعانصلاو ةموكحلا

رداصم نم ةدافتسالا لالخ نم ديربتلل ةيداصتقالاو ةيئيبلا تايدحتلا ةهجاومل فدهي يذلاو

تاساردلا يف يمظنلا ريكفتلا لالخ نمو «ةيناجملا» ةقاطلا دراوم وأ تايافنلاو ةددجتملا ةقاطلا

.لاجملا اذه يف ةيلبقتسملا

ةرخاز ةلود اهنأب نمؤن اننإف ،هيلعو ،ديربتلل ةيئانثتسا تايجولونكت ىلإ رطق ةلود جاتحت

،رامثتسالاو لامعألا ىقتلم يف ةيرطقلا دوفولاب بّحرُن نأ انل بيطيو .ةحومطلاو ةيقيقحلا صرفلاب

ةئيبلا ىلع ةظفاحملا ديربتلا تاينقت نم ةدافتسالل اًعم ةكارش ةماقإ لُبُس ةشقانم انّرسي امك

داصتقا ريوطت نم ةدافتسالاو نيمثت ىلإ ةفاضإلاب ،2030 ةينطولا رطق ةيؤر قيقحت نمضي امب

.يملاعلا ىوتسملا ىلعو جيلخلا يف ديربتلا

نامريد ةكرش سسؤم ،زرتيب يبوت روسيفوربلانامريد ةكرش ةسيئر ،يلتسيرب نيرثاكماهجنمريب ةعماج ،رئاز روسيفورب


There can be few countries that appreciate the value of cooling better than Qatar; half the Gulf region’s electricity goes on air conditioning, and much of the rest on refrigeration. Yet Qatar’s cooling energy demand is forecast to triple by 2030, driven by economic growth and climate change. One study has shown that unless global CO2 emissions are curbed, Doha will suffer heat waves “beyond the limit of human survival” in the second half of the century. Long before that cooling will consume huge amounts of energy and put unprecedented strain on the country’s electricity grid.

Qatar is well aware that the Middle East is one of the regions most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, and the Qatar National Vision 2030 established a goal to improve the country’s air quality. Yet conventional cooling technologies are energy intensive and many emit high levels of CO2, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Like many countries, Qatar urgently needs to find a way to reconcile its fast-growing cooling energy demand and its environmental goals.

Across the Gulf region, current cooling capacity has cost around US$50 billion to install and consumes roughly US$20 billion in fuel each year. Meeting projected cooling demand growth will require US$100 billion in new cooling capacity and over US$120 billion in new power capacity - if the Gulf sticks to conventional technologies.

Dearman is a British company pioneering the development of clean cold technology to achieve major improvements in resource efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution of cooling. Dearman is developing a suite of applications for the transport, energy, retailing and data sectors, the first of which is the zero-emission transport refrigeration currently being trialled by Sainsbury’s in the UK. With its partners in government, industry and the universities, Dearman is at the heart of the new ‘cold economy’, which seeks to solve the environmental and economic challenges of cooling through harnessing renewables and waste or ‘free’ energy resources and the associated system-level thinking.

Qatar is a country with prodigious cooling needs, but we believe this also presents the country with major opportunities. We welcome Qatari delegates to the Business & Investment Forum, and would be delighted to discuss how we could work in partnership to harness clean cold technologies to support the Qatar National Vison 2030, and capitalise on the development of a cold economy in the Gulf and worldwide.


Foreword

FOREWORD





Doing Cold Smarter

DOING COLD SMARTER

Cold is a vital foundation of modern society: without it the supply of food, data and medicine would break down. But keeping things cold is also highly polluting. Cooling emits 7% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions today and is projected to double by 2030. It can also emit grossly disproportionate amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). A standard transport refrigeration unit, for example, consumes up to 20% of a refrigerated vehicle’s diesel but can emit up to six times as much NOx and 29 times as much particulate matter as the modern diesel engine driving the vehicle.

Cooling demand is growing at a furious pace, driven by population growth, rising incomes and changing lifestyles in developing countries and the impact of climate change. To create economic growth, eliminate waste, enable development and improve living standards, countries and companies need to significantly increase their cold infrastructure. Whether it’s putting more refrigerated trucks onto the road to avoid food loss or building major new cooled data centres, the world must invest in cooling.

For example, energy consumption by data centres, half of which goes on cooling, has grown to about 3%

of the global electricity supply over the past decade, and is expected to triple in the next. In Europe, cooling in buildings is expected to grow 70% over the next 15 years, while cold chain for food logistics is growing apace, driven by home shopping. And on current trends, by 2100 the electricity needed for global air-conditioning alone will equate to around half the power generated for all purposes today.

If we use traditional technologies to meet the urgent need for cold infrastructure, the environmental impact would be ruinous. ‘Greening’ cold is essential to meeting growth in demand sustainably and cleanly.

World forecast energy demand for space heating and space cooling World energy demand, exajoules

1971 2000 20 40 60 80 2100

50

40

30

20

10

0

Heating

Air conditioning


DearmanDearman is a technology company delivering clean ‘cold and power’.

Dearman’s cutting-edge technology uniquely harnesses liquid air to deliver zero-emission power and cooling. It is developing and demonstrating with its partners and customers a portfolio of proprietary technologies, products and services, which deliver outstanding performance, while reducing operating costs, fuel usage and emissions.

Dearman has gained an international reputation for innovation, engineering excellence and pioneering the concepts of clean cold and the ‘cold economy’. With significant private and government support

to date, it has built the world’s first dedicated Clean Cold Technology Centre based close to Gatwick Airport in South London, where its team of 80 engineers and product development staff are developing several applications of the Dearman engine to reduce the environmental and financial costs of cooling.

Dearman has built relationships with major industrial partners including Air Products, the industrial gas producer, and Hubbard Products, the refrigeration equipment OEM now part of the global Daikin group. It has also created a network of links with British and overseas universities, including the University of Birmingham,

Leeds University, Imperial College, Loughborough University, Heriot Watt University as well as Universities in Malaysia, Singapore and India.

Dearman has pioneered the development of the new clean cold economy, including recycling the waste cold of LNG to provide zero-emission distributed cold and power. The UK Government has provided substantial financial support to both Dearman and to the wider clean cold sector through major commitments including the Birmingham Centre for Cryogenic Energy Storage and the UK Thermal Energy Research Accelerator (t-ERA).

DEARMAN


When people talk about energy storage they usually mean electro-chemical batteries. But when the service required is cooling, and especially when ambient temperatures are high, it is often more effective to store energy as cold. Liquid air is a powerful new energy vector to provide distributed clean cold and power in vehicles and buildings.

Liquid air is not yet produced commercially, but liquid nitrogen, which can be used in the same way, is produced throughout the industrialised economies. Historically nitrogen has been used simply as an industrial gas, but now it is being re-purposed as a means of converting renewable and off-peak energy into storable, transportable cold and power. Liquid air or nitrogen can be kept safely in insulated but unpressurised tanks, and when exposed to heat will instantly re-gasify and expand 700-fold in volume. When channelled through a Dearman engine, this process generates both

cooling and mechanical power for a wide range of applications.

Because liquid air is simply air that has been cooled to -196C, it also provides a convenient and effective way to capture and recycle the huge amounts of cold energy that are typically wasted during the re-gasification of LNG at import terminals. This waste cold can be used to produce liquid air or nitrogen for distributed cooling, increasing the value of each tonne of LNG exported.

Recycling waste cold in this way could increase the value of each tonne of LNG by more than 10% (UK analysis) and deliver additional environmental gains. At a projected global trade of 500 million tonnes per annum these combined benefits would equate to a global market worth more than $25 billion. It would also open up further commercial opportunities, further embed LNG in the energy infrastructure, and help achieve all 17 of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.

LIQUID AIR

Liquid air - a novel energy vector storing cold and power

710 litres of air

710 litres of air & lots of cold

1 litre of liquid air stored at atmospheric

pressure

Wrongtime Energy

PowerOut

Cold Out

LIQUIFICATION

CHARGING STORAGE DISCHARGING

-196

EXPANSION

Harnessing Liquid AirLiquid air is about storing cold and power


Dearman engine - the enabling technologyDearman is developing liquid air technologies in partnership with academics, industry leaders and experts in energy and cryogenics. At the heart of its technology portfolio is the Dearman engine, a novel piston engine powered by liquid nitrogen - that generates both cold and power from a single tank of ‘fuel’. It is efficient, low carbon, zero-emission, quiet and cost-effective, and reconciles the conflicting economic and environmental challenges posed by soaring global demand for cooling. It is also the key to unlocking the potential of LNG waste cold.

The first application of the Dearman engine - a zero-emission transport refrigeration unit (TRU) to displace the highly polluting secondary diesel engines used currently on refrigerated trucks and trailers – is already in commercial trials with Sainsbury’s in the UK. It is far more efficient and cost effective than all other refrigeration systems. The Dearman TRU’s performance will not be affected in extremely hot countries such as Qatar, unlike conventional diesel TRUs which struggle to expel enough heat to keep their cargoes cool. This is especially important with temperature

sensitive goods such as medicines and vaccines and certain foods.

Further applications of the Dearman engine being developed include a bus air conditioning unit, a static emergency cold-and-power generator for supermarkets and data centres, and a diesel-liquid air ‘heat hybrid’ propulsion engine for trucks and buses. Future applications will include last-mile delivery vehicles and zero-emission mining vehicles.

The Dearman engine offers comparable power density and refuelling time to an industrial diesel engine but with none of the associated emissions or noise; unlike battery powered applications, it refuels in minutes rather than hours; its fuel supply chain is already established; and since it is based on piston engine technology, manufacturing can be scaled up quickly.

Together the Dearman engine family of applications provides a way not just to provide sustainable and affordable cooling but also to unlock the economic and environmental potential of LNG waste cold, helping to maximise the value of each tonne exported.

THE ENABLING TECHNOLOGY

Dearman technology has a number of benefits, even compared to other low carbon technologies:

Low capital cost & low embedded

carbon

Provides simultaneous

power and cooling

Existing infrastructure

– the industrial gas industry

is established and global

Fast refuelling – liquid air can be refuelled in

minutes not hours

Mature fuel manufacturing

process – liquefaction of air is an established

process


DEARMAN ENGINE APPLICATIONS

Dearman engine applications

Transport Refrigeration Unit

The first application of the Dearman Engine is a high-performance transport refrigeration unit (TRU) which is zero-emission, quiet and cost effective, and currently in trials with Sainsbury’s in the UK.

Most truck and trailer TRUs worldwide are powered by auxiliary diesel engines that are lightly regulated and highly polluting. A modern diesel TRU emits and 6 times more nitrogen oxides (NOx) and up to 29 times more particulate matter (PM) than the (Euro VI) propulsion engine pulling it around. As a result, replacing a diesel TRU with a Dearman system could reduce the truck’s total engine emissions by more than 85% for NOx and more than 95% for PM. The Dearman TRU also significantly reduces lifecycle CO2 emissions.

Although the Dearman TRU is an innovative, high performance and zero-emission technology, it is also designed to be cost competitive and simple to manufacture – meaning it can be scaled-up quickly. The system is already in commercial operation, and several major British and international operators are due to join trials this year. Commercial manufacturing will begin in 2018. The global TRU fleet is forecast to double to 9.6 million vehicles by 2025, and some forecasts range even higher.


DEARMAN ENGINE APPLICATION

Auxiliary cold and power unit – transport

In hot countries, cooling is as important for people as for goods. The Dearman engine is being developed as an auxiliary cold and power unit (APU) to provide air conditioning in buses. This is particularly important in tropical climates, where air conditioning can raise a bus’ fuel consumption by almost half, and severely reduce the range of electric an electric bus. So providing air conditioning through a Dearman APU would at the very least avoid a substantial increase in diesel emissions, and could be the decisive factor allowing a city or country to switch to electric buses.

Diesel-Dearman ‘heat hybrid’

Diesel engines typically lose a third of the energy contained in their fuel as low grade waste heat through the radiator. Because it is powered by the expansion of a cryogenic liquid, the Dearman engine is particularly good at converting low grade waste heat into additional work. As a result, the two engines can be combined as a heat hybrid, in which the Dearman engine helps cool the diesel, and waste heat from the diesel increases the work done by the Dearman. This can increase overall efficiency – and therefore reduce diesel consumption – by 20-25%. Because the Dearman engine is a piston engine, the capital cost of a heat hybrid is far lower than that of an electric hybrid requiring batteries. The heat hybrid is now in on-vehicle trials with MIRA in the UK.

Dearman ‘genset’

The Dearman engine can also replace highly polluting diesel gensets to provide zero-emission back-up power and cooling for cold stores, data centres and commercial buildings. This combination of cold and power is particularly valuable in countries where peak electricity demand is driven by air conditioning, which often causes power cuts. Liquid air is an effective means of storing off-peak energy to supply peak time cooling loads, which could be made even more cost effective by the integration of LNG waste cold.

Dearman last mile delivery vehicle

The Dearman engine could also serve as a stand-alone propulsion engine for smaller last-mile delivery vehicles and urban taxis, which would also benefit from free cooling for cargo or passengers. Cost effective zero-emission delivery vehicles will be increasingly sought after as the mega-cities tackle their high levels of air pollution.

Dearman mining application

A Dearman engine running on liquid air could offer significant advantages for indoor or underground applications such as mining, where an exhaust of clean cold air would provide ‘free’ cooling in hot ambient conditions.


A GUIDE TO THE POTENTIAL OF LIQUID AIR TECHNOLOGIES

Distributed power, cold and energy storage

Each of the Dearman applications could be deployed individually, but since they all run on liquid nitrogen, it could be more efficient to develop them together around a hub, where a single tank of cold provides fuel for passenger and goods vehicle cooling; heat hybrid engines for trucks and buses; zero-emission propulsion engines for last mile delivery vehicles; back-up cold and power for cold stores, supermarkets, data centres; grid support services; and food processing. A single

air liquefier could supply all these services while also providing grid scale electricity storage, and could also be integrated with a biomass or gas-fired tri-generation plant to raise the efficiency of both. If the liquid nitrogen were produced at an LNG import terminal integrating the waste cold of re-gasification, it would further improve the economics and environmental profile of all the applications and increase the value of the LNG. This could be described as the beginnings of a circular ‘cold economy’.

A Tank of Cold

A TANK OF COLD


Clean Cold and UN Sustainable Development GoalsAs a member of the United Nations, Qatar is a signatory to the Sustainable Development Goals (‘Global Goals’). By 2030, the UN aims to banish hunger, poverty and inequality; ensure universal access to safe water, education, healthcare, clean energy and decent work; and secure peace, justice, economic growth and sustainability. Achieving all this within just fifteen years will be a monumental challenge. Only now is it beginning to be recognised that one critical factor will be clean cold chains.

The lack of adequate ‘cold chains’ of refrigerated warehousing and transport in developing countries causes two million vaccine preventable deaths each year, and the waste of 200 million tonnes of food. This both depresses farmers’ income and raises food prices, so worsening both poverty and hunger. These in turn damage health and educational outcomes with impacts that can last for generations. Food wastage also occupies a land area almost twice the size of Australia; consumes 250km3 of water per year, three times the volume of Lake Geneva; and emits 3.3 billion tonnes of CO2, making it the third biggest emitter after the US and China.

But if cooling is vital, it is also dirty. Cooling emits 7%

of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions today and is projected to double by 2030. Refrigerated vehicles also emit grossly disproportionate amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM), the toxic pollutants that contribute to 3.7 million deaths worldwide each year. In Africa, air pollution kills more people prematurely than dirty water or childhood malnutrition.

That’s why clean cold is central to achieving the Global Goals. If food wastage could be halved through the development of clean cold chains and other measures, each year it would: save enough food to feed an additional 1 billion people; reduce emissions by 1.5GtCO2, more than the total emissions of Japan; conserve twice as much water as consumed by all the homes in the US. It would also avoid a massive increase in NOx and PM emissions from refrigerated transport as the global fleet expands.

The additional food would also raise farmers’ incomes while calming food price inflation, reduce hunger and poverty, support rural economies, and ease pressure to migrate to city slums. In fact, a report published by University of Birmingham Energy Institute, Clean Cold and Global Goals, found that clean cold chains could help achieve all 17 of the Global Goals.

CLEAN COLD

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a set of 17 “Global Goals”


Dearman is investing heavily in the development of unique future technologies and applications that will meet society’s needs in the transition to a low-carbon economy.

Dearman’s technology and product development process is driven by the needs of customers and society. It works with both to identify and overcome environmental, economic and social challenges, ultimately by providing access to cleaner and more affordable cold and power.

As the world faces global challenges of food scarcity, climate change, increasing middle class consumption and growing energy demand, how we deliver clean and sustainable cold and power is a major issue. Dearman, with its unique clean cold and power technology, and world class engineering

know-how, is well placed to contribute, helping to make the world a cleaner and cooler place.

Dearman, Unit 5 Stafford Cross Business Park, Stafford Road, Croydon, Greater London, CR0 4TU

delivering clean cold & power -...

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