dermatoglyphic profile and somatotype of ana paula …

Sousa, A.P., Ferreira, H.R., Novaes, J.d.S, & Filho, J.F.(2018). Dermatoglyphic profile and somatotype of Brazilian athletes of speed canoeing. Sportlogia, 14(1), 78-90. doi:10.5550/sgia.181401.en.sfn

DERMATOGLYPHIC PROFILE

AND SOMATOTYPE OF BRAZILIAN ATHLETES OF

SPEED CANOEING

DERMATOGLIFSKI PROFIL I SOMATOTIP BRAZILSKIH

KANUISTA

Abstract The focus of this study was analyze dermatoglyphic profile and somatotype of Brazilian athletes of speed canoeing. This study is descriptive comparative and involved a sample of n = 60 male athletes of canoeing speed, divided into four groups according by the proof and yield classification: ka= high performance of kayak, Ki=intermediate performance of kayak, Ca=high performance of canoe and Ci=intermediate performance of canoe. For dermatoglyphic was used the protocol of Cummins and Midlo, and to somatotype protocol of Heath & Carter. Statistical analyzes were performed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Bonferroni test. Regarding the dermatoglyphic sample showed a predominance of "L" and the digital formula "L > W", featuring athletes of speed and strength, power and coordination as well as is necessary in canoeing. No significant differences in D10, SQTL, MESQTL and MDSQTL between groups. The mean of somatotype was the mesomorph, featuring athletes with extremely strong structure and low levels of body fat. It showed statistically significant differences between the groups when it came somatotype index. Studies such as this aims to optimize strategies for selection and guidance training of Brazilian elite athletes. Key words: genetics, sport, performance

Ana Paula Soares de Sousa1, Heros Ribeiro Ferreira1,

Jefferson da Silva Novaes1 & Jose Fernandes Filho1

1Univercidade Federal do Rio de

Janeiro, Laboratório de Biociência do Movimento Humano. Rio de Janeiro,

RJ.

Original scientific paper doi:10.5550/sgia.181401.en.sfn

UDC: 797.112.012.1(81)

Received: 03.11.2017. Accepted: 21.06.2018.

Correspondence:

Ana Paula Soares de Sousa, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

[email protected]

Sportlogia 2018, 14 (1), 78-90. E-ISSN 1986-6119

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INTRODUCTION

The canoe is the oldest means of transport. Six thousand years ago it was used by North

American Indians, Eskimos and others populations as a means of locomotion by rivers and

lakes (Marchi & Mezzadri, 2003). The first canoeing competitions were in the Berlin

Olympics in 1936, through speed mode, since then remained on the Olympic stage. Practice

the speed canoeing in lakes (calm waters) with canoes (C) and kayaks (K).

It is worth mentioning, although this sport is not considered popular in the country,

Brazilian speed canoeing has achieved unpublished results in recent years, among them gold

medal in the world championship of Germany

To increase the qualification of the sport, coaches seek possible explanations for

scientific rationale for the relationship between sport, physical type, athletic performance and

genetic, morphological, physiological, psychological, environmental factors, among others

(Fernandes Filho, Dantas Moreira, & Roquetti Fernandes, 2006).

According to Fernandes Filho et al. (2006), the development of a talented sportsman is

mutual result of genetic endowment and the environment. In other words, Borin, Padovani,

Aragon, and Gonçalves (2012) points out that the performance of an athlete is determined by

the capabilities of complex, innate and acquired. Medina and Fernandes Filho (2002)

concludes that the finding of these features can benefit the athlete's performance and help

select appropriate training methods and targeted to motor skills inherent to sport.

Regarding high yield, Zary (2008) and Sousa, Ferreira, and Fernandes Filho (2016)

observed that athletes of this level could serve as a standard to be followed by those who

practice this sport, determining model parameters and characteristics, since successful athletes

must submit a favorable genetic profile to the specificities of each modality. Stands out

among these genetic markers, the dermatoglyphic, consisting of a tool to assessment and

interpretation of fingerprints of 10 fingers and identification of intrinsic physical qualities to

the individual and the sport (Abramova, Nikitina, Izaak, & Kochetkova, 2000). Most authors

distinguish three groups of drawings: Arch, Loop and Whorl.

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Figure 1- Drawing types of Fingerprints

Arch (A) Loop (L) Whorl (W)

Source: Fernandes Filho (2009)

The researchers established an association of fingerprints with physical qualities:

- Speed and explosive power: loops increased (> 7), decreased whorls. (<3), and

increased presence of the arches.

- Aerobic capacity, endurance and combination of complex motor activities: lower

arches (to 0) and loops (<6), increased whorls (> 4).

Many studies were conducted to trace the dermatoglyphic and somatotypic profile

Brazilian high-level athletes in various modalities in an attempt to get them to maximum

performance with a genetic profile and adequacy of the guidance according by the

requirements inherent in each modality training. (Abad-Colil, Hernández-Mosqueira, &

Fernandes Filho, 2017; Aitken & Jenkins, 1998; Castanhede, Dantas, & Fernandes Filho,

2003; Dantas & Fernandes Filho, 2004; Fernandes Filho, Carvalho, & Novaes, 2005;

Fernandes Filho, Silva Dantas, Albergaria, & Fernandes, 2004; Ferreira, Barbosa, &

Fernandes Filho, 2008; Fonseca, Silva Dantas, & Fernandes, 2008; Gobbo et al., 2002;

Medina & Fernandes Filho, 2002; Paz et al., 2013; Takehara, 2016).

The morphological configuration becomes very important for the improvement of these

motor skills and characterization of a high performance athlete. According Heath and Carter,

somatotype is the method as a sequence of three numerals, always in the same order, where

each represents a physical component, describing the variations of the individual with respect

to morphology and composition (Castanhede et al., 2003; Rocha, Fernandes, & Filho, 2013).

Tubino and DaCosta (2006) emphasizes the importance of the correlation between body

structure and performance capabilities.

Gobbo et al. (2002) highlights the lack of research on canoeing in Brazil. Thus, due the

dearth of information about this sport, justifies the need for scientific research to assist in the

selection and planning training of athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the

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dermatoglyphic profile and somatotype of Brazilian athletes of speed canoeing, of canoe and

of kayak. This analysis will allow a better exploitation of the sport, allowing guide the

training methodology for the development of the athlete's performance in both the initiation

and with high yield.

METHODS

This study involved a comparative descriptive character sample of n = 60 male

athletes in speed canoeing, and of these n = 31 athletes vying for evidence in canoe (C) and n

= 29 in kayaks (K). Of the total, n = 26 (n = 15 Ca and Ka n = 11) subjects were classified

high yield medalists, champions of Pan American, world championships and / or Olympics

and n = 34 (C = 16 and K n = 18) intermediate athletes with medals in national

championships. Both levels with over 5 years of training experience.

The gather of fingerprints was performed using a Verifier 320 LC Cross Match®

scanner used according to the protocol dermatoglyphic described by Cummins and Midlo

(Fernandes Filho, 2009). The distal phalanges of the fingers were pressed on the digital player

performing a rotational motion and then identified the following Dermatoglyphic Drawings:

Arch (A), Loop (L) and Whorl (W) and the following dermatoglyphic indices:

-Type of drawings of each finger of each hand (MET and MDT);

-The amount of these types of drawings in 10 fingers (D10),

-The sum of total number of lines of 10 fingers (SQTL).

The analysis of the dermatoglyphic characteristics was held for three (3) researches

trained in Bioscience Laboratory of Human Movement of Federal University of Rio de

Janeiro.

Somatotype indices were obtained from the protocol Heath & Carter. It was used a

measure of Subscapular, triceps, supraspinatus and medial calf bone diameters, weight,

height, circumference of right arm contracted corrected, corrected perimeter of the right leg,

and bone diameter of femoral and humeral (Fernandes Filho, 2010). The following

instruments were used: bioimpedance scale InBody R-20, a stadiometer, a caliper, an

anthropometric tape and a caliper of Sanny brand. After registration of the data of each

component was calculated.

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Data collection was approved by the Brazilian Canoe Confederation (CBCa, in

Portuguese) and his current president. Written free and informed consent forms were obtained

from all the athletes.

In conducting the statistical analysis, we used the Statistical Package for the Social

Sciences (SPSS 16.0) .The descriptive analyzes were performed considering the mean and

standard deviation statistical parameters.

Data normality was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test, which identified that the results

were nonparametric for all variables. To carry out the comparisons between groups, we used

the Kruskal-Wallis test, which verified if hypotheses of averages of group presented

differences statistically significant. Then, was held the Bonferroni test, which corrected the

value of "p" avoiding the tendency of the error type I. All these procedures were treated with

significance level (p <0.05).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

By observing the results described in Table 1, it can be seen in relation to the Age of

group athletes intermediate performance of canoe (Ci) has a lower mean than everyone else,

but when making the comparison was identified a significant difference only between this

group and the intermediate performance of kayak (Ki) (sig. = 0.004).

The results concern the Body Mass demonstrate again that the Ci group had a lower

mean, but this time the comparison showed significant differences with all other groups,

High performance of kayak (Ka) and intermediate performance of kayak (Ki), High

performance of canoe (Ca) : Ci x Ka (p = 0.023) Ci x Ki (p = 0.007) and CixCa (p = 0.005).

As for height, it was found that the Ci group showed a lower mean than all other

groups, but was not identified significant differences (p = 0.318).

Table 1- Descriptive results relating to Age, Height and Body Mass of Brazilian

athletes speed canoeing.

μ= mean; s= standard deviation; * significant difference between groups

Variable Groups ( μ± s) Ka(n=16) K i(n=18) Ca(n=15) Ci(n=11)

Age (years)* 22,4±6,5 21±8,5 22,6±4,5 18,2±34

Body Mass (kg)* 75,5±11,3 76,7±9,8 77,6±8,1 63,8±9,9

Height (cm) 178,2±7,1 175,5±3,8 176,6±5,5 172,7±6,8

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The study Gobbo et al. (2002) the mean age of male Brazilian athletes of speed

canoeing of 2002 was 19.5 ± 2.5 years, mean body mass was 79.9 ± 5.7 kg and the height was

of 182.6 ± 4.8 cm.

The descriptive results of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of

dermatoglyphic profile of Brazilian athletes in speed canoeing, of canoe and kayak, and of

high and intermediate, are showed in Tables 2, 3 and 4.

It was assigned a value to each type of drawing of each finger: Arch=0, Loop=1,

Whorl=2:The type of drawing of a particular group is classified based on mean values: lower

than 0,5 will be considered as arch(A), between 0,51 and 1,49 loops (L) and upper and equal

to 1,5 whorls (W).

Table 2 – Type classification of fingerprints of each finger of Brazilian athletes speed

canoeing.

Table 2 – Type classification of fingerprints of each finger of Brazilian athletes speed canoeing.

MET= Type of design of each finger of the left hand (1st to 5th finger).); MED= Type of design of each finger of the right hand (1st to 5th finger).; L=loop; W=whorl.

The sample showed similar types compared the five fingers of one hand with the other

when it comes groups of high yield, Ca and Ka. According to Fernandes Filho (2009) in high

yield there is a tendency that the results show a complete overlap of the drawings, setting up

of the "mirror".

Table 3 shows the low occurrence of arcs (A) and a predominance of loop (L). As

explained Del Vecchio and Gonçalves (2011) and Santos, Moreira Silva Dantas, and

Fernandes Filho (2008), in high yield there is a tendency to decrease the arches (A) and

increase of complex drawings.

MET1 MET2 MET3 MET4 MET5 MDT1 MDT2 MDT3 MDT4 MDT5

Ka μ± s 1,50±0,5 1,25±0,4 1,13±0,3 1,38±0,5 1,13±0,3 1,50±0,5 1,49±0,5 1,19±0,4 1,38±0,5 1,27±0,5

DRAWING W L L L L W L L L L

K i μ± s 1,38±0,5 1,11±0,6 1,11±0,5 1,33±0,5 1,0±0,0 1,44±0,5 1,38±0,5 1,33±0,5 1,50±0,5 1,00±0,0

DRAWING L L L L L L L L W L

Ca μ± s 1,27±0,5 1,36±0,5 1,29±0,5 1,43±0,5 1,0±0,0 1,33±0,5 1,40±0,5 1,29±0,5 1,47±0,5 1,13±0,4

DRAWING L L L L L L L L L L

Ci μ± s 1,45±0,5 1,00±0,6 1,18±0,4 1,45±0,5 1,18±0,4 1,45±0,5 1,18±0,4 1,18±0,4 1,45±0,5 1,45±0,5

DRAWING L L L L L L L L L L

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Table 3 – Frequency distribution of types of design and digital formulas of Brazilian

athletes in speed canoeing

A=arch; L= loop; W=whorl; AL= presence of Arcs and Loops; AW= Presence of Arcs and Whorls; ALW= Presence of Arcs, Loops and Whorls; 10W= Presence of 10 Whorls; L>W= Presence of Loop and Whorl with predominant than Loop; W>L= Presence of Whorl and Loop with predominant than Whorl; 10L= Presence of 10 Whorls; L=W Equal amount of Loops e Whorls.

Despite the differences presented in the Table above, there was no statistical

significance when comparing the mean values of Groups of drawings dermatoglyphic A (p =

0.93), L (p = 0.899) and W (p = 0.996).

Table 4– Mean values and comparing the D10, SQTL, MESQTL MDSQTL and

Brazilian athletes in speed canoeing.

VARIABLES Ka Ki Ca Ci Kruskal -Wallis μ ± s μ ± s μ ± s μ ± s Sig.

D 10 12,8±2,8 12,6±2,5 12,6±3,4 13±3,6 0,934 SQTL 139,2±26,9 141,3±39,6 144,8±45,8 128,7±4,6 0,708

MESQTL 69,7±12,9 69,6±20,5 70,9±24,8 62,3±23,3 0,576 MDSQTL 66,5±16,1 71,8±19,6 73,9±21,5 66,4±22,9 0,794 D10 = number of drawings of the ten fingers of the hands; SQTL = Sum of the Total Number of Lines ; MESQTL = Sum of the Total Number of Lines Left Hand MDSQTL = Sum of the Total Number of Lines right Hand; μ = Mean; s =standard deviation;.

Groups Drawing (%)

Digital Formulas (%)

A L W AL AW ALW 10W L>W W>L 10L L=W

Ka 1,8 66,4 31,8

18,2 0 0 0 36,4 18,2 18,2 9,1

K i 5,6 68,3 26,1

0 0 38,9 0 16,7 5,6 16,7 22

Ca 2,7 68,7 28,7

13,3 0 0 0 40 20 20 6,7

Ci 0,6 71,3 28,1 0 0 6,2 0 50 12,5 25 6,2

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It is possible to observe in Table 3 and 4, which athletes of both modalities, kayak and

canoe, showed high values in the indices of D10 and LQTS. Abramova, Nikitina, and Ozolin

(1995) reported that in high performance, high number of D10, the absence of arcs (A), the

greater amount of complex drawing (L and W) and a high value for SQTL featuring sports of

speed and strength, power and coordination as well as canoeing.

It also indicated a predominance of digital formula “L> W” in all groups, and can say

that they have a predisposition to prolonged speed activities, corroborating the study of

Nakamura (2004), who also found this ratio in results in speed canoeing. However, this

difference was not statistically significant.

Table 5- Mean values and comparison of somatotype indices of Brazilian athletes in

speed canoeing

ÍNDex Ka Ki Ca Ci Kruskal - μ ± s μ ± s μ ± s μ ± s Sig. ENDOMORPH* 2,44±1,87 2,51±1,10** 1,86±0,67 1,66±0,44** 0,027 MESOMORPH* 5,59±1,13 5,73±1,09 6,35±1,03** 5,01±0,65** 0,019 ECTOMORPH* 2,42±1,04 1,91±1,24 1,74±0,62** 3,19±0,98** 0,007 μ = Mean; s = standard deviation; ; * significant difference between Groups: ** significant differences among themselves by the Bonferroni test (α = 5%)

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Table 6- Frequency distribution of the somatotype classification of Brazilian athletes

in speed canoeing

GROUPS SOMATOTYPE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Ka

Ecto-Mesomorph 1 6,2 Endo-Mesomorph 1 6,2 Meso-Endomorph 2 12,5 Balanced Mesomorph 3 18,8 Meso-Ectomorph 9 56,2

Total 16 100%

Balanced Mesomorph 1 5,6

Ki

Ecto-Mesomorph 2 11,1 Mesomorph Endomorph 2 11,1 Meso-Ectomorph 3 16,7 Meso-Endomorph 10 55,6

Total 18 100%

Ca Meso-Endomorp 4 26,7 Meso-Ectomorph 5 33,3 Balanced Mesomorph 6 40

Total 15 100,0%

Ci Meso-Endomorph 2 18,2 Balanced Mesomorph 2 18,2 Mesomorph Ectomorph 3 27,3 Meso-Ectomorph 4 36,4

Total 11 100,0%

It can be seen in Table 6, that groups of Ka and Ci had a mean somatotype Meso-

Ectomorph, showing a relative musculoskeletal development and greater volume of muscle

and bone. The group Ca presented balanced mesomorph that also represents high muscle-

skeletal development, large bone diameters, large muscle volume and large joints. In turn, the

group Ki had a mean of meso-endomorphic somatotype, which represents a moderate

musculoskeletal development.

Thus, corroborating with the study of Machado (2010) and Lima, Sigwalt, Rech, and

Petroski (2008) who find Mesomorph as the mean of somatotype of elite athlete’s modality

requiring efforts predominantly in muscle strength and power.

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CONCLUSION

Although this modality, speed boating, can be practiced in calm waters requires an

extremely fatiguing effort of strength and muscle power, developing the processes of muscle

hypertrophy, as evidenced in the classification of somatotype, with the predominance of the

mesomorph component, an extremely strong structure and low levels of body fat.

The results of this study also showed dermatoglyphic characteristics of speed kayaking

athletes of different vessels, kayaks and canoes. Knowing the profile of these high-

performance athletes determined parameters and model characteristics, and enables the

aggregation of dermatoglyphics as markers of genetic potential, plus an assessment protocol

and parameters for orientation training for sports according to their specificities.

Worth noting, that Brazil has achieved impressive results, but set up a profile for this

sporty is a necessity, since in many variables the results were not homogeneous. It is pertinent

to emphasize a thought researcher Fernandes Filho "[...] is not the athlete who chooses the

sport, and yes, the sport who chooses the athlete." (Fonseca, Dantas, Roquetti Fernandes, &

Fernandes Filho, 2008).

Can conclude that research like this, to collaborate as references for future research.

Nevertheless, future studies on the identification of the genetic profile of this modality are

still necessary to provide a greater potential of success in this sport.

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Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento, 15(1), 53-60.

SAŽETAK

U fokusu ovog istraživanja bio je analizirati dermatoglifski profil i somatotip brazilskih kanuista. Ova studija je opisno komparativnog karaktera i uključivala je uzorak od 60 kanuista u disciplini sprint, koji su bili podijeljeni u četiri grupe u skladu klasifikacije prema: ka = visokih performansi kajaka, Ki = srednjeg učinka, Ca = visokih performansi kanua i Ci = srednji učinak kanua. Za utvrđivanje dermatoglifskog profila je korišten protokol prema Cummins i Midlo, a za utvrđivanje somatotipa protokol prema Heath i Carter. Statističke analize izvršene su testom Kruskal-Wallis i Bonferroni testom. Što se tiče dermatoglifskog uzorka pokazala se dominantnost "L" i digitalna formula "L> W", a sportista mora posjedovati brzinu i snagu, moć i koordinaciju, jer su presudne za uspjeh kanuista u disciplini sprint. Nisu utvrđene značajne razlike u D10, SQTL, MESQTL i MDSQTL između grupa. Utvrđeno je da je kod kanuista izražen somatotip mezomorf, što upućuje na izuzetno jaku tjelesnu strukturu i nizak nivo tjelesne masti. Ali, pokazale su se statistički značajne razlike između grupa kada je reč o indeksu somatotipa. Studije kao što je ova imaju za cilj optimizaciju strategije za selekciju i vođenje trenažnog procesa brazilskih elitnih sportista. Klju čne reči: genetski, sportski, performansi

Received: 03.11.2017. Accepted: 21.06.2018.

Correspondence:

Ana Paula Soares de Sousa, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

[email protected]

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