description - civil engineering

8/18/2019 Description - Civil Engineering

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II.-OBJECTIVES:

1) To give the students techniques to identify the types of description.

2) To provide the students techniques to identify the parts of an object or

structure considered as a whole.

III.-OVERVIEW:

1.-Definition of Description2.-Types of description

3.-Physical description Parts and the whole!.

".-#ar$ers or connectors of physical description

IV.-DEVELOPMENT:

1.-Description !De"inition)

% technical description rarely stands alone. &t is usually part of a longer docu'ent

such as a for'al report( user)s 'anual( or service 'anual. &n any case( it has a distinct purpose* to help the reader picture the object being described and understand its

functioning in so'e detail.

The reader 'ay need this understanding for various reasons. The description 'ay

help orient the technician before service or repair activity. The description 'ay help the

non-technical reader who needs to use the object. +r it 'ay help a reader understand the

object well enough to judge its practicability( as in the case of an operations 'anager debating whether her,his co'pany should 'anufacture a newly designed device.

% good approach to a for'al technical description is to first provide a definition of the object lin$ed to an eplanation of its function. ut before you begin( decide how 'uch

your audience already $nows.

%fter an introduction to the object and its functions( go on to describe the overall

appearance of the object. /onsider the factors involved in visuali0ing it* shape( si0e(

weight( 'aterials used( spatial relationships( and the li$e.

To develop the reader)s understanding of the object( brea$ it down into a list of

co'ponent parts net. These 'ay be parts that go into actual asse'bly of the object( such

as the engine( trans'ission( and fra'e of a car they 'ay also be 'aterials the object is

co'posed of( such as the inner and outer 'aterials of a resistor or a silicon chip.

ollowing is a suggested general approach for writing the technical description

• Definition in ter's of function!

• +verall description di'ensions and appearance!

• % list of co'ponent parts

• Description of parts

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• elation of parts to the whole

2.-T#PES O$ DESCRIPTION:

There are two types*

a.-Physical description b.-Process description

%.- PSIC%L OR STR'CT'RE DESCRIPTION:

&t eplains the arrange'ent and shape of an object or 'echanis' in space. 4uch a

description 'ay involve 'ove'ent co'ple 'otions are better handled with the process

description.

The 'ain purpose of describing a 'echanis' is to 'a$e the audience see or

visuali0e the object and to give an i'pression of the appearance of the 'echanis'. The

appearance of the object is epressed by describing its shape( si0e( weight( color( tetureand 'aterial fro' which it is 'ade.

&n describing a 'echanis'( the writer should be fa'iliar with 'echanis' itself sothat he can easily convey his 'essage to the reader. 5is can use visual aids to help hi'

co''unicate his 'essage.

Typically( the parts of 'echanis' description answer the following questions in order*

• 6hat is it7

• 6hat is its function7

• 6hat does it loo$ li$e7• 5ow does it wor$7

• 6hat are its principal parts7

M(rers:

- consist of - located within - is disconnected fro'- contain - 'ounted on - is re'oved fro'

is 'ade up of - is divided into - is ta$e out of

- is 'ade of - is co'posed of - is constituted of, by

- is , are attached to - detached fro' - is separated- is, are supported by - 'ade of - is , are the parts in

- attached - is joined to - co'pose

- &nterloc$ - is connected to - constitute- is , are joined together by - are co'ponents of - wound around *

wired to

E*(+p,e %:

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E3ERCISE I: WRITE T&E N%ME $OR E%C& IVEN P%RTS IN $OLLOWIN

$I'RES.

%.-The illustration shown on the right represents the essential ele'ents of a 'odern

uilding.

Parts*

$on/(tions* This is a structure 'ade(

'ainly( of ce'ent( iron and gravel ! that

transfers loads to the earth. The pri'ary designconcerns are settle'ent and bearing capacity

Strctre: This is co'prised of pillars( bea'sand tie-bea's 'ade of reinforced concrete or

iron

$,oors (n/ cei,in4: 5ollow tile are placed

between two tie-bea's( later it is covered by a

layer of concrete. loors are finished with floor

tiles or floorboard.

E*teriors 0(,,s: These are usually 'ade by

two bric$ walls and an insulator layer to avoidthe heat loss!.

Win/o0s: These provide a visual lin$ betweeninternal space and the outside world. They are

very i'portant to the 'ental health of the

people in the house. % s'all tie-bea' is placed

above the window to bear the load of all bric$ssituated over the window fra'e.

Roo". &ts functions are to protect a buildingfro' the weather and to retain the heat

generated inside. &t is co'prised of a wood or

iron structure( a ther'al 'aterial such as

fiberglass and the last layer( the tiles or slates.

Intern(, 0(,,s. The pri'ary function of internal wall is to divide the overall space

within the house into s'aller spaces. They are

'ade of bric$( wood or plaster .

E3ERCISE II: CONCRETE

$R%ME STR'CT'RES


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/oncrete fra'e structures are a very co''on - or perhaps the 'ost co''on- typeof 'odern building. %s the na'e suggests( this type of building consists of a fra'e or

s$eleton of concrete.

5ori0ontal 'e'bers of this fra'e are called beams( and vertical 'e'bers arecalled columns. 5u'ans wal$ on flat planes of concrete called slabs. +f these( the colu'n

is the 'ost i'portant( as it is the pri'ary load-carrying ele'ent of the building. &f you

da'age a bea' in a building( it will usually affect only one floor( but da'age to a colu'ncould bring down the entire building.

The concrete fra'e rests on foundations( which transfer the forces - fro' the building and on the building - to the ground. 4o'e other i'portant co'ponents of concrete

fra'e structures are*

Shear Walls are i'portant structural ele'ents in high-rise buildings. 4hear walls areessentially very large colu'ns - they could easily 'easure "=='' thic$ by 3' long -

'a$ing the' appear li$e walls rather than colu'ns. Their function in a building is to help

ta$e care of horizontal forces on buildings li$e wind and earthqua$e loads. >or'ally( buildings are subject to vertical loads - gravity. 4hear walls also carry vertical loads. &t is

i'portant to understand that they only wor$ for hori0ontal loads in one direction - the ais

of the long di'ension of the wall. These are usually not required in low-rise structures.

Elevator Shafts are vertical boes in which the elevators 'ove up and down - nor'ally

each elevator is enclosed in its own concrete bo. These shafts are also very good structuralele'ents( helping to resist hori0ontal loads( and also carrying vertical loads

E3ERCISE I: Write in te o*es te n(+es o" te /i""erent t5pes o" concrete "r(+e

strctres.

?

http://www.understandconstruction.com/introduction-to-foundations.htmlhttp://www.understandconstruction.com/introduction-to-foundations.html


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A


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O6ecti7e: To i/enti"5 te 0o,e

(n/ its p(rts o" ( strctre.

P%RTS O$ % DOOR

1.->ot all doors are 'ade equally and the parts of a door tell the tale. 2.-&nterior doorsserve a purpose of dividing roo's or providing privacy in so'e cases. 3.-Bntry doors( also

C


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called eterior doors( have a dual purpose. ".-irst( they provide insulation against the

outside ele'ents( and second( they help $eep dust and debris out of the house.


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Te Door P(ne,

2".-+f course( there is the actual door itself. 23.-The door panel has a door $nob hole

already cut into it so installing the door latch 'echanis' is a snap. 2".-The $nob hole is

lined up with the spot in the ja'b where the latch will co'ethrough. 2


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".-ea's are characteri0ed by their profile the shape of their cross-section!( their

length( and their 'aterial.


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MOD%L %'3ILI%RIES

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OBJECTIVES:

1.-To recogni0e the use and applications of #odal %uiliaries through reading

co'prehension.

2. -To write sentences using #odal %uiliaries correctly

CONTENT:

1.-The #odal %uiliaries. &ntroduction 1.1. 9sage

1.2. +ffers,equests with #odal Eerbs

1.3. %lternative or's 2.-Ba'ples and Bercises

DEVELOPMENT:

Mo/(, %*i,i(r5 Vers

#odal verbs are verbs such as can, could, may, might, must, need not, shall!ill, shouldought to. They indicate ability( per'ission( etc. #odal verbs cannot be used in all

the tenses in Bnglish( so we need to $now their alternative for's as well.

#a is 12 years old and wants to beco'e a 'echanic. 5e is going to ta$e over his father)s

garage( so nee/ not worry about his future.

#a)s father tells hi' every day that he +st do what he is told and +st not touch any

dangerous equip'ent.

#a c(n already change tyres( but he has to learn a lot 'ore about cars. 5e so,/ wor$ in

the garage 'ore often if he wants to be a good 'echanic.

1.1. 's(4e

• #odal verbs are generally only used in the present tense

in Bnglish. &n the third person singular( we don)t add

an s.

E"ample#

5e 'ust do what he is told.

not# he 'usts!

• or negation( we don)t need to add a helping verb.

E"ample#

#a need not worry about his future.

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#a 'ust not touch any dangerous equip'ent.

need not F do not have to

'ust not F be not allowed to

•#odal verbs are always used along with a full verb ecept for shortanswers and question tags!. The full verb is added without to.

E"ample#

#a can change tyres. not# #a can to change tyres.!

1.2. O""ers;Reor'al or' Polite or' Ba'ple

can ability! could/an you repair this flat tyre7

/ould you repair this flat tyre7

can per'ission! 'ay/an we co'e in7

#ay we co'e in7

shallG should4hall he pic$ the car up to'orrow7

4hould he pic$ the car up to'orrow7

willG would 6ill the car be ready to'orrow76ould the car be ready to'orrow7

'ay 'ight#ay & as$ how 'uch this costs7

#ight & as$ how 'uch this costs7

=Wi,,;S(,,

6e use !ill to 'a$e requests,as$ so'ebody to do so'ething. 6hen we want to 'a$e a

suggestion using the interrogative for' in the 1st person $%, !e&( we use shall .

E"ample#

•

#a( will you change that tyre7• /hange the tyre( will you7

• 4hall & change that tyre7

1.> %,tern(ti7e $or+s

&f we want to indicate a situation in the past( we have to use the alternative for's instead ofthe regular 'odal verbs.

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Hist I #odal Eerbs and %lternative or's

'odal verb alternative for' ea'ple sentence

'ust to have to#a 'ust do what he is told.5is father also had to do what he was told.

'ust not not to be allowed to

#a 'ust not touch anything dangerous.

5is father was not allowed to touch

anything dangerous.

can ability! to be able to#a can already change tyres.

5is father was not able to change tyres.

canper'ission!

to be allowed to

#a can help in the garage at the age of

12.#a)s father was allowed to help at the

age of 13.

need not not to have to

#a need not worry about his future.

#a)s father did not have to worry about

his future either.

should,

ought to

to be supposed to,to be epected to,to be

to

#a should wor$ in the garage 'ore

often.#a)s father also was supposed to,was

epected to,was to wor$ in the garage

often.

+f course( we can also use the alternative for's in the present tense.

E"ample#

#a can change tyres. F #a is able to change tyres.

PR%CTIC%L CL%SS

E3ERCISE I: $irst in te e*ercise ?SIDE %@ coose te correct +o/(, 7er in te

present tense in or/er to constrct ( te*t t(t +(es sense. Ten rep,(ce te +o/(,

7er in te sentences on te ? SIDE B@ 0it te correct (,tern(ti7e "or+ in te p(st

tense.

#a)s father too$ over the garage fro' his father. 5e /i/ not (7e to worry about his feither. #a)s father also had to learn a lot and (/ to do what he was told. 5e 0(s

(,,o0e/ to touch dangerous equip'ent. 5e 0(s e*pecte/ to wor$ in the garage o

5owever( #a)s father was not as talented as #a and 0(s not (,e to change tyres un

was 1< ears old.

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SIDE ?%@

1.- To' JJJJJJJJJJJ tidy his office today because he JJJJJJJJJ find anything

any'ore.

a.- can a.-cannot b.- need to b.-need to

c.- 'ust c.- 'ustnot

2.-5is boss tells Ton that he JJJJJJJJJJbe tidier.

a.-need to

b.-ought c.-can

3.-+therwide he JJJJJJJJ wor$ in his depart'ent any'ore.

a.-cannot b.-shall

c.-'ust

".-6hen custo'ers want infor'ation( he JJJJJJJJJJ be able to help the' i''ediately.

a.-need not

b.-should c.-can


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3. +therwise( he JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ wor$ in his depart'ent in the future.

". 6hen custo'ers wanted infor'ation( he JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ be able to help the'

i''ediately.


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1.-JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ 2.-JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

3.-JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ ".-JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ


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2.-To identify the steps of a process.

OVERVIEW:

1.-Description of Process Definition!

2.-/onnectors and epressions of process description 'ar$ers!3.-Ba'ple I Bercise.

1.-DESCRIPTION O$ PROCESS:

% 9process /escription9 is /e"ine/ (s ( 4ener(, /escription of how a process

happens( step by step. &t does not tell the reader what to do rather( it describes how

something happens. Ba'ples of process descriptions are any $ind of 'anual( pa'phlet(

or sheet describing how a type of 'achine wor$s( how to conduct an epe ri'en t ( how

to construc t a da'( how to operate a 'achine how a hu'an process wor$s( or how

a type of event wor$s. Process descriptions avoid giving co''ands( avoid using the

pronoun you( and 'a$e use of the present tense.

4o'e $ey questions are*

• 6hat is it7

• 6hat is its function7

• 6here and when does it ta$e place7

• 6ho or what perfor's it7

• 5ow does it wor$7

• 6hat are its principal steps7

Process description includes sequence( instructions and procedure however( only

instruct if you epect your reader to perfor' the process you describe. Try to $eep separate

these two concepts* :how to do so'ething; and :5ow so'ething occurs;. The first calls

for instructions or procedures the second for sequence

E*(+p,e %: M%N'$%CT'RIN PROCESS O$ CEMENT

Hi'estone and clay are first crushed separately. They are then 'ied together in the

required quantities and ground together finely. This grinding can be done either by the dry

or the wet process. 6et process is suitable if li'estone and clay are soft. &f the raw

'aterials are hard( dry process is preferred. Dry process is cost effective because fuelconsu'ption is less when the raw 'aterials are burnt in a rotary $iln.

2=


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Process

• The clay is first washed with water in wash 'ill to re'ove the foreign 'aterials.

• Powdered li'e is added to clay and the 'iture is finely ground and ho'ogeni0ed.

• The clay-li'e slurry "=K water present! or the dry pulveri0ed 'iture in the case

of dry process! is introduced into the upper end of the rotary $iln.

• The rotary $iln is a bric$-lined( inclined( steel rotating cylinder( 1


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The Hafarge 'anufacturing process starts at the quarry 'ining and transporting the roc$ to

a crusher. This crusher brea$s the roc$ into wor$able si0es for 'oving through thesecondary crushers. Properly si0ed 'aterial is separated by screens( while oversi0ed roc$s

ta$e another run through the crusher. This 'aterial can then be shipped to the appropriate

plant for either concrete or asphalt production. eady 'i concrete 'aterial is stored in bins until ready for shipping( then is quic$ly 'ied and loaded into a ce'ent truc$. %sphalt

plants si'ilarly ta$e the 'aterial into te'porary storage( then once ready for shipping 'i

the' and hot pu'p the 'iture into truc$s.

2.-CONNECTORS %ND E3PRESSIONS O$ PROCESS DESCRIPTION

!M%R8ERS).

- efore* antes - lastly* ulti'a'ente - while* 'ientras- first* pri'ero -second* 4egundo - then* luego

- as soon as* tan pronto co'o - during* durante - third* tercero

- finally* final'ente - following* siguiente - when* cuando- as* 'ientras( a 'edida - to conclude* concluir - later* despuLs

- eventually eventual'ente - net* proi'o - after* despuLs

at this stage* en esta etapa - #ar$ the end of - afterwards -

Third place( etc. - secondly - 'eanwhile- subsequently*subsecuente'ente - firstly - at this point

PR%CTIC%L CL%SS

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LIFE CYCLE OF NATURAL WOOD

JJJJJJJJJJJThe rough sawn boards are seasoned( a process whereby a large proportion of

the water content is re'oved. &f the process called Mair seasoning) is used( it can ta$e

'onths before the boards are ready for the net stage. %lternatively( the boards can be M$ilndried). This requires energy and heat and is 'ore epensive( although it ta$es a couple of

days.

JJJJJJJJJJJJThe tree is harvested fro' a sustainable forest. #echani0ation has led to the

develop'ent of equip'ent capable of cutting down hundreds of trees in a day.

JJJJJJJJJJJJ#%>9%/T9B - The seasoned boards( are used by 'anufacturers andfurniture 'a$ers( to construct products. Products range fro' windows and furniture to

electric guitars and boats.

JJJJJJJJJJJJThe Mlogs) are transported to a saw'ill and are Mbro$en down) sawn! into

boards. Bvery effort is 'ade to reduce waste. 4aw dust produced during this process is used

in the 'anufacture of chipboard and #D.

E3ERCISE I: RE%D %ND %RR%NE T&E SEA'ENCE

O$ T&E $OLLOWIN PROCESS T&EN L%BEL E%C&

$I'RE.

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RE%DIN COMPRE&ENSION

RE%DIN NO. 1

OBJECTIVE: To i/enti"5 te /i""erent steps or st(4es o" te process 4i7en in (

p(ss(4e.

&OW TO B'ILD % STR%I&T $ORM $OR CONCRETE

1.-uilding a straight for' for concrete is fairly si'ple as long as the correcttechniques are used. 2.-The depth and width of the concrete place'ent deter'ine the

bracing and for'ing 'aterial required.

3a.-Hay out the corner positions of the slab using sta$es and string lines. ".-%

builderNs level is ideal for establishing the grade of the top of concrete( but an inepensive

line level will give decent results on short spans.

ail the for's to the sta$es level with and al'ost touching thestring line

1"e.-Pac$ the soil around the sta$es to lean the for' in or out if needed to align itwith the string line( and if it is necessary( place a gauge bloc$ to hold the string clear of the

for' and gauge the for' at frequent intervals to assure the for' is straight.

2"

http://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-Straight-Form-for-Concretehttp://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-Straight-Form-for-Concrete


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1)

IN E%C& PICT'RE %CCORDIN TO T&E SEA'ENCE O$ T&E RE%DIN.

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RE%DIN NO. 2

CONCRETE COL'MN

1.-/oncrete colu'ns are used for carrying loads of a building. 2.-They transfer the

sa'e to a suitable soil bearing capacity. 3.-They carry loads hori0ontally( vertically andlaterally. ".-They can be erected as free standing( used for hanging gates.


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E3ERCISE II: $IND IN T&E RE%DIN $O'R DI$$ERENT DESCRIPTION

M%R8ERS O$ PROCESS %ND TR%NSL%TE T&EM INTO

SP%NIS&

M%R8ER TR%NSL%TION

1.- JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

2.- JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

3.- JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

".-JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

E3ERCISE III: %$TER RE%DIN T&E TE3T. COMPLETE T&E C&%RT 'SIN

N'MBER O$ STEP %ND ITS DESCRIPTION. IN SP%NIS&.

STEP DESCRIPTION

2@


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