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TRANSCRIPT
SOIL CORRELATION TOUR 1/2010
DISTRICT OF KUALA LIPIS
PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR.
15 – 19 MAC 2010
ORGANISED BY
JABATAN PERTANIAN
SOILS SURVEY SECTION DIVISION OF SOIL MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
TERHAD
ALL RIGHT RESERVED
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means
mechanicals, photocopy, recording or otherwise without the
prior permission of the Department of Agriculture Malaysia
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Organising Committee of the soil correlation 1/2010 wishes to convey its gratitude to Director-General of Agriculture, Malaysia, Dato’ Roseley Bin Hj Khalid and the Director of the Division of Soil Management and Conservation Resources Tn Hj. Mustafa Kamal bin Baharuddin and Assistant Director of Soil Survey Section, Choo Seh Bah for their full support to officers of Unit of Soil Management and Conservation Resources Kuantan, Pahang to organise this soil correlation.
The prompt and efficient support given by the Analytical Section of the Division of Soil Management and Conservation Resources, Department of Agriculture, in analysing the soil sample is greatfull acknowledge. Finally, we extend our sincere thanks to all staff of Unit of Soil Management and Conservation Resources, Kuantan and Temerloh Pahang who have worked tirelessly and given their contribution and cooperation in the preparation field trips and tour bulletin.
ii
TOUR COMMITTEE OF SOIL CORRELATION 1/2010 Chairman : Zulkifli bin Ahmad Members : Profile Preparation : Norhisham Yacob & M. Azemi b. Mahat Documentation : Norhisham Yacob & M. Azemi b. Mahat Logistic and Equipment : Norhisham Yacob Registration and Accommodation: Amiruddin Bin Idris Refreshment : Mohammad Nazrul Hizam Ab Manaf PA Equipment : Suhaimi Bin Husin
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Putrajaya
1. Choo Seh Bah Timbalan Pengarah G52 2. Noranizam bin Mohd Sahil Penolong Pengarah G44 3. Ahmad Fairuz Bin Che Omar Penolong Pengarah G41 4. Azman bin Ab. Rahman Penolong Pengarah G41 5. En Rodzi bin Mashor Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G36 6. Ishak bin Alias Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 7. Abdul Shukor bin Talib Pembantu Pertanian G17
Kuala Lumpur
1. Pegawai Sains C41 2. Shahida Talib Pembantu Makmal
Pulau Gadong, Melaka
1. Mohd Faizal Halmy bin Rosly Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
Telok Chengal, Kedah
1. Mohammad Hatta bin Haron Penolong Pengarah G41 2. En. Mohammad Nor Mat Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 3. Sulaiman Hassan Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
Titi Gantong, Perak
1. Muhamad Zikri bin Kamal Penolong Pengarah G41 2. George Katung Anak Barat Penolong Pengarah G41 3. Mohd Zainuddin bin Mohd Jailani Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 4. Fakharudin bin Abd Hamid Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 5. En Mohd Radzi Othman Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 6. En Akla Mohamad Pembantu Pertanian G17
Shah Alam, Selangor
1. Ahbar bin Ayub Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 2. Ahmad Nazri bin Abdullah Zawawi Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 3. Mohd Yusrizal bin Mat Yusoff Pembantu Pertanian G17
iii
Chembong, Negeri Sembilan
1. Abd Ghani bin Ahmad Pegawai Pertanian G41 2. Ramli bin Abd. Karim Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 3. Shamsudin Aghoose Pembantu Pertanian G17 4. Ahmad Azwan bin Ahmad Anuar Pembantu Pertanian G17
Ayer Hitam, Johor
1. As’ari bin Hassan Kuasa Usaha (K/U) Ayer Hitam G52 2. Mohd Zulkifli bin Abdullah Penolong Pengarah G41 3. Mohammad Khair bin Ramli Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 4. Wan Abdul Aziz bin Wan Abdullah Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 5. Mohd Noor bin Abdul Manan Pembantu Pertanian G17 6. Mohd Nor Hakiki bin Husin Pembantu Pertanian G17
Kuantan & Temerloh, Pahang
1. Zulkifli bin Ahmad Kuasa Usaha (K/U) Kuantan (G48) 2. Norhisham bin Yacob Penolong Pengarah G44 3. M.Azemi Mahat Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 4. Mohd Nazrul Hizam bin Ab. Manaf Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 5. Amiruddin bin Idris Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
1. Norfazali bin Nordin Penolong Pengarah G44 2. Muhamad Zaihani bin Ramli Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 3. A. Rahim bin Ibrahim Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
Lundang, Kelantan
1. Mohd Rusdi bin Lajid Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 2. Mohd Affandy bin Yaacob Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
Sarawak
1. Ngab Dollah Bin Salam Q48 2. Jopen ak Abut Q41
Sarawak
1. Jutom Ongkosing Q41 2. Barry Lohok Q41
TOUR PROGRAMME
Date Time Activities
15.03.2010 2.00 p.m Registration at Pejabat Pertanian Daerah Lipis
16.03.2010 8.00 a.m Soil Survey Section meeting at Pejabat Pertanian Daerah Lipis
17.03.2010 8.00 a.m Depart to examine profile no 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
18.03.2010 8.00 a.m Depart to examine profile no 7, 8, 9, 10
19.03.2010 Disperse
iv
Chairperson, Commentator and Rapporteur of pedon
No Pedon Chairperson Commentator Rapporteur
1 Group 4
2 Group 3
3 Group 2
4 Group 1
5 Group 5
6 Group 5
7 Group 4
8 Group 3
9 Group 2
10 Group 1
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS … … … … … … … … i
TOUR COMMITTEE OF SOIL CORRELATION 1/2010 … … … … … ii
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS … … … … … … … … ii
TOUR PROGRAMME … … … … … … … … … iv
1.0 INTRODUCTION … … … … … … … … 1
2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF REGION … … … … … … 3
2.1 Location of Tour Area … … … … … … … … 3
2.2 Topography … … … … … … … … … 4
2.3 Geology … … … … … … … … … 5
2.5 Climate … … … … … … … … … … 6
2.6 Agricultural Rainfall Index (A.R.I) … … … … … … … 8
2.7 Agro-Ecological Regions … … … … … … … … 9
3.0 PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYTICAL DATA
Pedon 1 … … … … … … … … … 10
Pedon 2 … … … … … … … … … 16
Pedon 3 … … … … … … … … … 22
Pedon 4 … … … … … … … … … 28
Pedon 5 … … … … … … … … … 34
Pedon 6 … … … … … … … … … 39
Pedon 7 … … … … … … … … … 44
Pedon 8 … … … … … … … … … 49
Pedon 9 … … … … … … … … … 55
4.0 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Location of Soil profile … … … … … … 2
Figure 2 Location of Kuala Lipis District … … … … … 3
Figure 3 Class of terrain for Lipis District ... ... ... … … 4
Figure 4 Geology of Kuala Lipis District … … … … … 5
Figure 5 The rainfall and evapotranspiration of Merapoh … … … 6
Figure 6 The Monthly temperature of Merapoh … … … … 7
Figure 7 The monthly relative of Merapoh … … … … … 8
Figure 8 Agriculture Rainfall Index (ARI) of Lipis District … … … 8
5.0 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Summary of climatic data for Merapoh area … … … 6
vi
Table 2 Main characteristics of agroecological Regions 23 … … … 9
Table 3 Crop suitability - Agroecological Regions … … … 9
6.0 APPENDICES
Guide to the use of the tables to the identification of soils in peninsular Malaysia App-1
Some criteria to determine the soil series in Peninsular Malaysia App-2
Guide to calculate analytical data App-2
Table 1: Identification of soils developed on igneous and high grade metamorphic rocks App-3
Table 2: Identification of soils developed on sedimentary and low grade metamorphic rocks App-4
Table 3a: Soils on older alluvium with no quartz stoneline or a quartz stoneline < 25cm
within 100cm of the soil surface App-5
Table 3b: Soils on older alluvium with a quartz stoneline or a quartz stoneline > 25cm
within 100cm of the soil surface App-6
Table 4: Identification of soil with a reworked lateritic layer App-7
Table 5: Identification of recent(T1) alluvial soils App-8
Table 6 : Identification of sub-recent (T2) alluvial and related reworked soils App-9
Table 7 : Identification of soils developed on Beach Ridges and related deposits App-10
Table 8 : Identification of soils with sulfidic and sulphuric horizons App-11
Table 9 : Identification of non acid sulphate marine alluvial soils App-12
Table 10 : Identification of shallow organic soils App-13
Table11 : Identification of moderately deep and deep organic soils App-14
Table12a: Identification of soils develop on limestone and calcareous material ( no iron or iron/
manganese band) App-15
Table12b: Identification of soils develop on limestone and calcareous material ( with iron or iron/
manganese band) App-16
1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Department of Agriculture is the main agency involved in soil mapping and classification in
Malaysia. One of its main responsibilities is to ensure that there is uniformity in the mapping and
classification of soil among the officers that carry out soil survey work in the country In its efforts to
standardise soil mapping and classification in the country, the Department of Agriculture has embarked
on a programme that will provide soil correlation on a regular basis to soil scientists, agriculturalists,
landuse planners etc. for the purpose of disseminating up-to-date information on soil mapping and
classification, and land utilisation and management.
The soil correlation in the district of Kuala Lipis is a series of soil correlations that organised by
the Department of Agriculture towards fulfilling its role in the soil informations dissemination and
agrotechnology transfer. Soil correlations also act as a forum for soil scientists, agriculturalists, landuse
planners, land users and others to interact and to share their experience on soil classification, utilisation
and management.
The soils to be examined in the district of Kuala Lipis are developed from a wide range of parent
materials that are derived from igneous and sedimentary rocks. However, unlike soils that are developed
on similar materials in other parts of country, those in Kuala Lipis District are influenced by sedimentary
rocks dominated by sandstone, shale, siltstone , conglomerate and limestone.
For the purpose of this soil correlation, a total of 9 profiles (Figure 1) have been prepared, and
hopes to achieve the following objectives:
I. To disseminate information on recent developments on the mapping and classification of soils.
II. To stimulate and encourage a lively exchange of knowledge and experience among soil scientists on
the classification and utilisation of soils.
III. To promote judicious use of land in tandem with a concerted effort to protect and preserve the
environment.
2
Figure 1: Location of Soil Profile
3
2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF REGION
2.1 LOCATION OF TOUR AREA
The District of Kuala Lipis lies to the north of Pahang occupying an area of 536 903.816
hectares (5369 km square). It is situated within latitudes 3o 57’ N to d 4
o 48" N and longitudes 101
o 25’ to
102o 25’E Its northern border lies the State of Kelantan. Meanwhile districts of Jerantut located on the
North. To the south are the districts of Raub . The district of Cameron Highlands and State of Perak
forms its western border (Figure 2).
Accessibility into the area is by the Bentong-Raub-Kuala Lipis road and also accessible by
Jerantut-Kuala Lipis road and by railway from Gemas to Kuala Lipis - Gua Musang. In addition to the
primary means of transport via roads and railway, the rivers also provide an important means of
communication for rural dwellers.
Figure 2: Location Of Kuala Lipis District
4
2 TOPOGRAPHY
The District of Kuala Lipis lies between 60 m.a.s.l (198 ft.) to 1199 m.a.s.l (3956 ft.). The District
of Kuala Lipis occupying an area of 536 903.816 hectares (5369 km square. 170 957.15 hectares of the
area is steepland (31.84 %), especially in the areas to the north and east of the district. Otherwise
78549.10 hectares are Forest Reserves that recorded as 14.63 % of the area. Although between the hills
and the rivers, the relief is largely rolling to hilly with flat to undulating terrain in the valleys.
The major rivers flowing through the district are Lipis and Jelai River. River of Tenggelam,
Telang, Koyan, Tanum and Tui were distribute the water for Jelai River. Meanwhile Sungai Lipis were
continuously drain from Rengai, Dong, Gali, Semantan and Tersang river.
Figure 3: Class of Terain for Lipis District
5
2.3 GEOLOGY
The stratigraphy of Kuala Lipis District is largely dominated by Triassic and Permian period.
Others include Devonian and Silurian –Ordovician the west of the area and carboniferous at middle.
Most of the lithology of the area consist of sedimentary rocks dominated by sandstone, shale, siltstone,
conglomerate and limestone. Some extrusive igneous rock s occur at the boundary of Kelantan (acid to
intermediate) and middle of the area (intermediate to basic). Extrusive igneous rocks are scattered in
north, middle and southern parts of the area.
Figure 4: Geology of Kuala Lipis
6
CLIMATE
Peninsular Malaysia is characterized by uniformly high temperatures and rainfall throughout the year.
The climate in the District of Lipis is hot and humid with small temperature variations not exceeding 50C
throughout the year. The climatic data for Merapoh are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 : Summary of climatic data for Merapoh (1966-1990)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mac
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Rainfall 95 81 105 179 268 205 173 190 298 329 315 302 2540
Temperature (ºC)
Maximum 30.8 32.8 33.0 33.4 33.6 33.3 32.4 33.0 32.2 32.2 31.2 30.0 32.4
Minimum 21.3 21.9 22.4 22.4 22.8 21.1 21.9 21.7 22.0 22.1 25.9 22.1 22.7
Mean 26.1 27.3 27.9 27.9 28.2 27.7 27.4 27.4 27.1 27.5 26.4 25.8 27.0
Relative Humidity 82.0 84.0 81.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 85.0 82.0 84.0
Evapotranspiration
(mm)
113 112 133 130 129 122 127 131 129 129 115 101 1471
a. Rainfall
The average annual rainfall is 2540mm with the lowest mean monthly precipitation in the month of
February (80mm) and the highest mean monthly precipitation in the month of October (329 mm) The
area experiences a dry spell from January to March. The rainfall data of the area shown in the Table 1
and Figure 5.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Jan Feb Mac Apr Mei Jun Jul Ogs Sep Okt Nov Dis
Month
mm
Rainfall (mm) Evapotranspiration
Figure 5: The rainfall and evapotranspiration of Merapoh
7
b. Evapotranspiration
The mean annual evapo-transpiration is 1471 mm with the highest occurring in March (133mm) and the
lowest in December at 101mm (Table 1 and Figure 5) The evapotranspiration in the month in the
months of January to March exceeds the precipitation, indicatings moisture deficit in these months.
c. Temperature
The mean monthly temperature varies from 25.8ºC (December) to 28.2ºC (May) with mean annually
27.0ºC (figure 6) The lowet mean minimum monthly temperature is about 20.2ºC and occurs in the
month of June, while the highest mean maximum monthly is 33.6ºC (May).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Jan Feb Mac Apr Mei Jun Jul Ogs Sep Okt Nov Dis
Month
Tem
pera
ture
(º
C)
Maximum Minimum Mean
d. Relative humidity
The relative humidity of the area is shown in Table 1 and Figure 7, the mean annual relative humidity is
84% . The month of November is has highest relative humidity (85 %), while the lowest relative humidity
occurs in March (81 %).
Figure 6: The monthly temperature of Merapoh
8
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Jan Feb Mac Apr Mei Jun Jul Ogs Sep Okt Nov Dis
Month
Rela
tive h
um
idity
(%)
Relative Humidity
2.6 AGRICULTURAL RAINFALL INDEX (ARI)
Figure 7: The monthly relative humidity of Merapoh
Figure 8: Agriculture Rainfall Index of Lipis District
9
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
Based on the Agro-ecological Regions by Nieuwolt et al (1982), the area falls into zone 23.
The main characteristic of this zone are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 : Main characteristics of Agroecological Regions 23
Region Month
Jan Feb Mac Apr May June Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
23 dr D D d - - - - - fr fr R
D -dry month (A.R.I below 40 during 20% of years on record)
d -frequent moisture stress days (probability over 40%)
f -flash floods possible (R80 over 200 mm).
F -flash floods likely (R90 over 200 mm).
r -sunshine less than 40% of possible hours.
( ) -only in some parts of region
Table 3: Crop suitability - Agroecological Regions
Region Suitable Crops Marginal Crops
23 Coffee(Rob), Citrus, Durian, Rubber Cocoa, Mango, O/Palm.
10
Pedon 1
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet 3961
2. RSO Coordinates : 454563 mE, 462056 mN
3. Location : Kg Kuala Lanar, Kuala
Lipis, Pahang
4. Elevation : 76 masl
5. Date : August 20th
, 2009
6. Author : M.Azemi Mahat
7. Land use : Shrub/Orchard
8. Soil Series :
9. Drainage : Moderately well drained
10. Parent Material : Recent Alluvium
11. Landform and Topography : Undulating (2o-6
o)
B. PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Horizonation Depth (cm) Description
Ap 0-22 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); silty clay; strong,
coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; few fine
and medium roots; few charcoal; diffuse smooth
boundary.
Bt1 22-50 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and few brownish yellow
(10YR 6/8); silty clay; strong, coarse sub angular
blocky structure; firm; patchy clay skin on ped faces
and along channel; few fine roots; few charcoal;
diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt2 50-97 Reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and few brownish
yellow (10YR 6/8); silty clay; strong, coarse sub
angular blocky structure; firm; common clay skin on
ped faces; few fine roots; few pores; diffuse smooth
boundary.
Bt3 97-150 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and few brownish yellow
(10YR 6/8); silty clay; strong, coarse sub angular
blocky structure; firm; continues clay skin on ped
faces; few pores.
11
C. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Hor. Depth
(cm)
Ganulometric Composition (%) Gravel
v/v
2 –
7.5mm
Clay
2µm
Fine
silt
2 -
20µm
Coarse
silt
20 -
50µm
V.fine
sand
50 –
100µm
Fine
sand
100 -
250µm
Medium
sand
250 –
500µm
Coarse
sand
500µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -22 54.8 34.8 6.1 2.0 1.3 0.7 0.4 -
Bt1 22-50 62.8 30.9 4.4 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 -
Bt2 50-97 60.4 32.4 4.9 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.3 -
Bt3 97-150 58.9 32.9 5.8 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 -
150-200 66.7 25.9 4.5 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.3 -
Hor.
1N NH4OAc cmol (+)/ kg soil
Base
Saturation
(%)
Exc.
Al
cmol
(+)/Kg
soil
Available
P (ppm) CEC
Exchangeable cation
TEB Ca Mg K Na
Ap 16.8 0.49 0.61 0.30 0.05 1.45 9 2.4 3.8
Bt1 13.0 0.12 0.11 0.07 0.10 0.40 3 4.14 1.9
Bt2 18.8 0.20 0.21 0.17 0.03 0.61 3 3.03 n.d
Bt3 12.4 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.11 0.38 3 2.64 n.d
12.5 0.04 0.15 0.07 0.04 0.30 2 3.51 n.d
Hor. Depth C % N % O. M
%
C/N
ratio H²O KCL
Elec.
Cond.
dS/m
Free
Iron
(%)
Ap 0 -22 1.56 0.05 2.69 31.20 5.3 - 0.0266 1.31
Bt1 22-50 1.08 0.03 1.86 36.00 5.3 - 0.0093 1.02
Bt2 50-97 0.53 0.01 0.91 53.00 5.2 - 0.0125 1.34
Bt3 97-150 0.44 0.01 0.76 44.00 5.2 - 0.0089 1.61
150-200 0.30 0.01 0.52 30.00 5.3 - 0.0072 0.55
12
Calculated value for identification of texture and subdivision of sand fraction
Horizon For P.M’sia Tex. Tri Percentage sand fraction
Clay Silt Sand
V.fine
Sand
Fine
Sand
Medium
Sand
Coarse
Sand Symbol Depth
Thick-
ness
(cm)
2µm 2-
50µm
50µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -22 54.8 40.9 4.4 45.45 29.55 15.91 9.09
Bt1 22-50 62.8 35.3 1.9 52.63 26.32 10.53 10.52
Bt2 50-97 60.4 37.3 2.3 47.83 26.09 13.04 13.04
Bt3 97-150 58.9 38.7 2.5 52.00 28.00 12.00 8.00
150-200 66.7 30.4 2.9 44.83 27.59 17.24 10.34
Weighted Average of Texture
Depth (cm) Clay Silt Sand
Textural Class 2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
13
D. DISCUSSION
1. Horizonation 2. Morphological /Physical Properties
0 cm 2.1 Texture / Particle size
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour
Matrix colour at 50 cm –
Matrix colour 50 -75cm-
50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.5 Pedological Features
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
14
3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
3.1 Local Classification
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
b. Soil Series - P. M’sia : ………………………………………………….
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
3.2 FAO/ UNESCO Legend
a. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
b. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
c. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.3 USDA Soil Taxonomy
a. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
b. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
c. Other Diagnostic Properties -
3.3.1 Order -
3.3.2 Sub-order-
3.3.3 Sub Group
3.3.4 Classification for Family
i. Control section
ii. Texture Class
iii. Mineralogy
iv. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
15
4. SOIL-CROP SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION
a. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity
No Kind Of
Limitation
Degree of Severity
Very Serious Serious Moderate Minor
b. Soil Suitability Class : _______________________________
b. Crop Suitability :
Durian Coconut Oil
Palm Rambutan Jarak Guava Tembikai Vegetables
5. GENERAL DISCUSSION
16
Pedon 2
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet 3961
2. RSO Coordinates : 456031 mE, 463228 mN
3. Location : Kg Kuala Lanar, Kuala
Lipis Pahang
4. Elevation : 91 masl
5. Date : August 20th
, 2009
6. Author : M.Azemi Mahat
7. Land use : Bushes
8. Soil Series :
9. Drainage : Well drained
10. Parent Material : Sub Recent Alluvium
11. Landform and Topography : Undulating (2o-6
o)
B. PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Horizonation Depth (cm) Description
Ap 0-25 Brown (10YR 5/3); fine sandy loam; moderate,
medium sub angular blocky structure; friable;
common fine roots, few coarse roots; few pores; clear
smooth boundary.
Bt1 25-57 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); fine sand clay loam;
moderate, medium sub angular blocky structure;
friable; patchy clay skin on ped faces; few fine roots;
many pores; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt2 57-85 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8); fine sandy clay loam;
moderate, medium sub angular blocky structure;
slightly firm; patchy clay skin on ped faces; few
insect channel; few charchoal; few pores; diffuse
smooth boundary.
Bt3 85-105 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8); fine sandy clay loam;
strong, medium sub angular blocky structure; firm;
few patchy clay skin on ped faces; few medium
roots; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt4 105-121 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8); fine sandy clay;
strong, coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm;
17
common patchy clay skin on ped faces; few medium
roots; few pores; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt5 121-140 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8); few faint strong brown
(7.5YR 5/8) mottle; fine sandy clay; strong, coarse
sub angular blocky structure; firm; few patchy clay
skin on ped faces; few pores.
C. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Hor. Depth
(cm)
Ganulometric Composition (%) Gravel
v/v
2 –
7.5mm
Clay
2µm
Fine
silt
2 -
20µm
Coarse
silt
20 -
50µm
V.fine
sand
50 –
100µm
Fine
sand
100 -
250µm
Medium
sand
250 –
500µm
Coarse
sand
500µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -25 15.2 12.0 11.1 14.4 28.1 14.4 4.9 -
Bt1 25-57 21.0 11.9 9.8 14.2 25.8 11.9 5.4 -
Bt2 57-85 29.2 11.5 9.6 12.9 22.7 10.4 3.6 -
Bt3 85-105 32.5 11.9 9.5 12.4 21.3 8.3 4.0 -
Bt4 105-121 36.1 12.2 7.8 12.5 18.8 8.8 3.8 -
Bt5 121-140 38.5 11.3 9.4 12.3 17.7 7.6 3.3 -
140-200 40.0 12.9 11.2 14.9 15.3 4.2 1.5 -
Hor.
1N NH4OAc cmol (+)/ kg soil
Base
Saturation
Exc.
Al
cmol
(+)/Kg
soil
Available
P (ppm) CEC
Exchangeable cation
TEB Ca Mg K Na
Ap 5.0 0.07 0.04 0.16 0.11 0.38 8 0.70 3
Bt1 4.8 0.05 0.02 0.10 0.03 0.2 4 0.50 1
Bt2 4.7 0.04 0.01 0.11 0.10 0.26 6 0.82 0.5
Bt3 6.8 0.03 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.16 2 0.72 0.4
Bt4 6.6 0.05 0.01 0.10 0.11 0.27 4 0.71 0.3
Bt5 10.9 0.04 0.01 0.10 0.03 0.18 2 1.00 n.d
7.2 0.04 0.02 0.11 0.09 0.26 4 0.52 n.d
18
Hor. Depth C % N % O. M
%
C/N
ratio H²O KCL
Elec.
Cond.
dS/m
Free
Iron
(%)
Ap 0 -25 1.23 0.28 2.12 4.39 5.2 - 0.0288 0.34
Bt1 25-57 0.45 0.12 0.78 3.75 5.2 - 0.0125 0.59
Bt2 57-85 0.53 0.12 0.91 4.42 5.0 - 0.0127 1.05
Bt3 85-105 0.34 0.11 0.59 3.09 5.0 - 0.0126 0.70
Bt4 105-121 0.36 0.11 0.62 3.27 5.1 - 0.0142 0.73
Bt5 121-140 0.26 0.09 0.45 2.89 5.0 - 0.0135 0.76
140-200 0.35 0.09 0.60 3.89 5.0 - 0.0137 0.55
Calculated value for identification of texture and subdivision of sand fraction
Horizon For P.M’sia Tex. Tri Percentage sand fraction
Clay Silt Sand
V.fine
Sand
Fine
Sand
Medium
Sand
Coarse
Sand Symbol Depth
Thick-
ness
(cm)
2µm 2-
50µm
50µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -25 15.2 23.1 61.8 23.30 45.47 23.30 7.93
Bt1 25-57 21.0 21.7 57.3 24.78 45.03 20.77 9.42
Bt2 57-85 29.2 21.1 49.6 26.01 45.77 20.97 7.26
Bt3 85-105 32.5 21.4 46.0 26.96 46.30 18.04 8.70
Bt4 105-121 36.1 20.0 43.9 28.47 42.82 20.05 8.66
Bt5 121-140 38.5 20.7 47.0 26.17 37.66 16.17 7.02
140-200 40.0 24.1 35.9 41.50 42.62 11.70 4.18
Weighted Average of Texture
Depth (cm) Clay Silt Sand
Textural Class 2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
19
D. DISCUSSION
1. Horizonation 2. Morphological /Physical Properties
0 cm 2.1 Texture / Particle size
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour
Matrix colour at 50 cm –
Matrix colour 50 -75cm-
50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.5 Pedological Features
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
3.4 Local Classification
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
b. Soil Series - P. M’sia : ………………………………………………….
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
20
3.5 FAO/ UNESCO Legend
d. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
e. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
f. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.6 USDA Soil Taxonomy
a. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
b. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
c. Other Diagnostic Properties -
3.6.1 Order -
3.6.2 Sub-order-
3.6.3 Sub Group
3.6.4 Classification for Family
v. Control section
vi. Texture Class
vii. Mineralogy
viii. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
21
4. SOIL-CROP SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION
c. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity
No Kind Of
Limitation
Degree of Severity
Very Serious Serious Moderate Minor
b. Soil Suitability Class : _______________________________
d. Crop Suitability :
Durian Coconut Oil
Palm Rambutan Jarak Guava Tembikai Vegetables
5. GENERAL DISCUSSION
22
Pedon 3
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet 3961
2. RSO Coordinates : 457168mE, 461311 mN
3. Location : Ladang Kurnia Setia, Kuala
Lanar,
Kuala Lipis, Pahang
4. Elevation : 98 masl
5. Date : August 20th
, 2009
6. Author : Norhisham Yacob, Amiruddin
Idris, Abd Karim Dolah
7. Land use : Palm Oil
8. Soil Series :
9. Drainage : Well drained
10. Parent Material : Shale
11. Landform and Topography : Rolling (6o-12
o)
B. PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Horizonation Depth (cm) Description
Ap 0-18 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4); silty clay; firm; very
strong, coarse sub angular blocky structure; friable;
many fine and medium roots; few charchoal; few
termite nest; common pores; diffuse smooth
boundary.
Bt1 18-48 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); silty clay; very strong,
coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; common
clay skin on ped faces; common medium roots, few
fine roots; few pores; few termite nest; diffuse
smooth boundary.
Bt2 48-91 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); heavy clay; strong,
coarse sub angular blocky structure; very firm;
common clay skin on ped faces; few fine and
medium roots; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt3 91-125 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); heavy clay; very
strong, course sub angular blocky structure; very
firm; few fine and medium roots; few charchoal;
diffuse smooth boundary.
23
Bt4 125-145 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); silty clay; strong,
medium sub angular blocky structure , very firm; few
fine roots, presents weatherable, rock fragments
about 15%
C. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Hor. Depth
(cm)
Ganulometric Composition (%) Gravel
v/v
2 –
7.5mm
Clay
2µm
Fine
silt
2 -
20µm
Coarse
silt
20 -
50µm
V.fine
sand
50 –
100µm
Fine
sand
100 -
250µm
Medium
sand
250 –
500µm
Coarse
sand
500µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -18 49.7 36.0 6.4 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.6 -
Bt1 18-48 55.1 33.7 5.3 1.8 1.8 1.2 1.1 -
Bt2 48-91 62.7 27.7 4.6 1.8 1.6 0.7 0.9 -
Bt3 91-125 62.7 28.7 4.1 1.7 1.3 0.5 1.0 -
Bt4 125-145 48.1 36.1 6.5 4.3 3.6 0.9 0.4 -
145-200 34.5 30.6 7.4 5.8 9.7 6.3 5.8 -
Hor.
1N NH4OAc cmol (+)/ kg soil
Base
Saturation
Exc.
Al
cmol
(+)/Kg
soil
Available
P (ppm) CEC
Exchangeable cation
TEB Ca Mg K Na
Ap 13.2 1.14 0.39 0.11 0.05 1.69 13 0.39 1.5
Bt1 9.5 0.35 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.56 6 1.58 4.0
Bt2 10.5 0.50 0.22 0.07 0.07 0.86 8 1.28 0.3
Bt3 10.7 0.81 0.31 0.05 0.12 1.29 12 0.71 0.5
Bt4 9.9 0.34 0.11 0.06 0.06 0.57 6 0.89 n.d
6.3 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.12 0.24 4 1.81 n.d
Hor. Depth C % N % O. M
%
C/N
ratio H²O KCL
Elec.
Cond.
dS/m
Free
Iron
(%)
Ap 0 -18 2.16 0.16 3.72 13.50 5.2 - 0.040 13.5
Bt1 18-48 1.11 0.11 1.91 10.09 4.9 - 0.030 10.09
Bt2 48-91 1.19 0.11 2.05 10.82 5.1 - 0.0258 10.82
Bt3 91-125 1.23 0.11 2.12 11.18 5.2 - 0.0234 11.18
Bt4 125-145 0.53 0.05 0.91 10.60 4.7 - 0.0416 10.60
145-200 0.24 0.03 0.41 8.00 4.9 - 0.0173 8.00
24
Calculated value for identification of texture and subdivision of sand fraction
Horizon For P.M’sia Tex. Tri Percentage sand fraction
Clay Silt Sand
V.fine
Sand
Fine
Sand
Medium
Sand
Coarse
Sand Symbol Depth
Thick-
ness
(cm)
2µm 2-
50µm
50µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -18 49.7 8.8 8.0 30.00 30.00 20.00 20.00
Bt1 18-48 55.1 7.1 5.9 30.51 30.51 20.34 18.64
Bt2 48-91 62.7 6.4 5.0 36.00 32.00 14.00 18.00
Bt3 91-125 62.7 5.8 4.5 37.78 28.89 11.11 22.22
Bt4 125-
145
48.1 10.8 9.2 46.74 39.13 9.78 4.35
34.5 13.2 27.6 21.01 35.14 22.83 21.01
Weighted Average of Texture
Depth (cm) Clay Silt Sand
Textural Class 2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
25
D. DISCUSSION
1. Horizonation 2. Morphological /Physical Properties
0 cm 2.1 Texture / Particle size
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour
Matrix colour at 50 cm –
Matrix colour 50 -75cm-
50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.5 Pedological Features
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
26
3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
3.7 Local Classification
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
b. Soil Series - P. M’sia : ………………………………………………….
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
3.8 FAO/ UNESCO Legend
g. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
h. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
i. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.9 USDA Soil Taxonomy
a. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
b. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
c. Other Diagnostic Properties -
3.9.1 Order -
3.9.2 Sub-order-
3.9.3 Sub Group
3.9.4 Classification for Family
ix. Control section
x. Texture Class
xi. Mineralogy
xii. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
27
4. SOIL-CROP SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION
e. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity
No Kind Of
Limitation
Degree of Severity
Very Serious Serious Moderate Minor
b. Soil Suitability Class : _______________________________
f. Crop Suitability :
Durian Coconut Oil
Palm Rambutan Jarak Guava Tembikai Vegetables
5. GENERAL DISCUSSION
28
Pedon 4
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet 3961
2. RSO Coordinates : 453895 mE, 461990 mN
3. Location : Kg Kuala Lanar, Kuala
Lipis
Pahang.
4. Elevation : 103 masl
5. Date : August 20th
, 2009
6. Author : M.Azemi Mahat, Abdul
Karim Dolah, Amiruddin Idris
7. Land use : Rubber / Bushes
8. Soil Series :
9. Drainage : Well drained
10. Parent Material : Shale
11. Landform and Topography : Rolling (6o-12
o)
B. PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Horizonation Depth (cm) Description
Ap 0-10 Dark brown (10YR 3/3); clay; moderate, fine sub
sub angular blocky structure, slightly firm; many fine
roots, few medium roots; few pores; clear smooth
boundary.
Bt1 10-50 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8); heavy clay; strong ,
coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; continous
clay skin on ped faces; common fine roots; diffuse
smooth boundary.
Bt2 50-105 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8); heavy clay; strong,
coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; common
clayskin on ped faces; few fine and medium roots;
few charchoal; many pores; diffuse smooth
boundary.
Bt3 105-125 Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/8); heavy clay ; strong,
course sub angular blocky structure; firm; patchy
clayskin on ped faces; few fine roots; few pores;
diffuse smooth boundary.
29
Bt4 125-135 Reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) few brownish yellow
(10YR 6/8); heavy clay; moderate, medium sub
angular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots.
C. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Hor. Depth
(cm)
Ganulometric Composition (%) Gravel
v/v
2 –
7.5mm
Clay
2µm
Fine
silt
2 -
20µm
Coarse
silt
20 -
50µm
V.fine
sand
50 –
100µm
Fine
sand
100 -
250µm
Medium
sand
250 –
500µm
Coarse
sand
500µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -10 47.7 22.0 7.5 4.6 6.7 5.8 5.8 -
Bt1 10-50 66.7 15.5 5.6 3.1 4.5 2.6 2.0 -
Bt2 50-105 72.5 14.5 4.5 2.5 2.7 1.6 1.7 -
Bt3 105-125 74.1 14.7 4.0 2.0 2.2 1.3 1.7 -
Bt4 125- 135 73.9 14.9 4.0 2.1 2.0 1.2 1.9 -
135-200 69.6 15.9 4.2 2.4 2.7 1.8 3.4 -
Hor.
1N NH4OAc cmol (+)/ kg soil
Base
Saturation
Exc.
Al
cmol
(+)/Kg
soil
Available
P (ppm) CEC
Exchangeable cation
TEB Ca Mg K Na
Ap 18.0 2.18 0.84 0.20 0.04 3.26 18 0.27 10.6
Bt1 11.0 1.09 0.60 0.06 0.08 1.83 17 0.56 0.7
Bt2 11.2 0.26 0.30 0.05 0.05 0.66 6 0.67 0.03
Bt3 9.0 0.25 0.13 0.05 0.08 0.51 6 0.21 n.d
Bt4 10.8 0.20 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.36 3 0.19 n.d
10.4 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.24 2 0.20 n.d
Hor. Depth C % N % O. M
%
C/N
ratio H²O KCL
Elec.
Cond.
dS/m
Free
Iron
(%)
Ap 0 -10 3.66 0.27 6.31 13.56 5.9 - 0.0645 0.54
Bt1 10-50 1.15 0.09 1.98 12.78 5.8 - 0.0372 0.66
Bt2 50-105 0.97 0.09 1.67 10.78 5.2 - 0.0169 1.65
Bt3 105-125 0.58 0.05 1.00 11.60 5.4 - 0.0077 1.20
Bt4 125- 135 0.46 0.04 0.79 11.50 5.5 - 0.0063 0.76
135-200 0.34 0.03 0.59 11.33 5.4 - 0.0061 0.76
30
Calculated value for identification of texture and subdivision of sand fraction
Horizon For P.M’sia Tex. Tri Percentage sand fraction
Clay Silt Sand
V.fine
Sand
Fine
Sand
Medium
Sand
Coarse
Sand Symbol Depth
Thick-
ness
(cm)
2µm 2-
50µm
50µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -10 47.7 29.5 22.9 20.09 29.26 25.33 25.33
Bt1 10-50 66.7 21.1 12.2 25.41 36.89 21.31 16.39
Bt2 50-105 72.5 19.0 8.5 29.41 31.76 18.82 20.00
Bt3 105-125 74.1 18.7 7.2 27.78 30.56 18.06 23.61
Bt4 125- 135 73.9 18.9 7.2 29.17 27.78 16.67 26.39
135-200 69.6 20.1 10.3 23.30 26.21 17.48 33.00
Weighted Average of Texture
Depth (cm) Clay Silt Sand
Textural Class 2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
31
D. DISCUSSION
1. Horizonation 2. Morphological /Physical Properties
0 cm 2.1 Texture / Particle size
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour
Matrix colour at 50 cm –
Matrix colour 50 -75cm-
50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.5 Pedological Features
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
32
3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
3.10 Local Classification
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
b. Soil Series - P. M’sia : ………………………………………………….
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
3.11 FAO/ UNESCO Legend
j. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
k. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
l. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.12 USDA Soil Taxonomy
a. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
b. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
c. Other Diagnostic Properties -
3.12.1 Order -
3.12.2 Sub-order-
3.12.3 Sub Group
3.12.4 Classification for Family
xiii. Control section
xiv. Texture Class
xv. Mineralogy
xvi. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
33
4. SOIL-CROP SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION
g. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity
No Kind Of
Limitation
Degree of Severity
Very Serious Serious Moderate Minor
b. Soil Suitability Class : _______________________________
h. Crop Suitability :
Durian Coconut Oil
Palm Rambutan Jarak Guava Tembikai Vegetables
5. GENERAL DISCUSSION
34
Pedon 5
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet
3861
2. RSO Coordinates : 442183 mE, 463172mN
3. Location : Kg Bapong, Kuala
Lipis, Pahang
4. Elevation : 110 masl
5. Date : August 20th
, 2009
6. Author : M. Azemi Mahat,
Norhisham Yacob, Abdul Karim Dollah, Amiruddin
Idris
7. Land use : Bushes
8. Soil Series :
9. Drainage : Well drained
10. Parent Material : Shale
11. Landform and Topography : Hilly (12o-20
o)
B. PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Horizonation Depth (cm) Description
Ap 0-15 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4); clay loam; moderate,
medium sub angular blocky structure; friable;
common fine roots, few course roots; few insect
channel; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt 15-35 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); silty clay; moderate,
medium sub angular blocky structure; slightly firm;
patchy clay skin on ped faces; few fine and medium
roots; common insect channel; many pores; clear
boundary.
2CB1 35-70 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8); silty clay; moderate; fine
sub angular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;
common insect channel; present of course rock
fragment about 80 %; diffuse smooth boundary
2CB2 70-110 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8); silty clay; moderate,
medium sub angular blocky structure; few fine roots;
present of boulder rock fragment about 80%; diffuse
smooth boundary.
35
R 110-210 Shale bed rock
C. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Hor. Depth
(cm)
Ganulometric Composition (%) Gravel
v/v
2 –
7.5mm
Clay
2µm
Fine
silt
2 -
20µm
Coarse
silt
20 -
50µm
V.fine
sand
50 –
100µm
Fine
sand
100 -
250µm
Medium
sand
250 –
500µm
Coarse
sand
500µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -15 32.9 45.0 5.1 2.3 5.6 5.4 3.6 -
Bt 15-35 41.0 45.2 4.0 1.5 2.6 2.4 3.3 -
2CB1 35-70 43.9 41.4 4.6 2.1 2.8 2.3 3.0 -
2CB2 70-110 46.1 35.8 7.9 4.4 2.8 1.2 1.7 -
Hor.
1N NH4OAc cmol (+)/ kg soil
Base
Saturation
Exc.
Al
cmol
(+)/Kg
soil
Available
P (ppm) CEC
Exchangeable cation
TEB Ca Mg K Na
Ap 14.0 0.07 0.07 0.28 0.04 0.46 3 3.86 7.3
Bt 9.8 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.26 3 3.78 2.9
2CB1 10.7 0.01 0.02 0.15 0.03 0.21 2 4.62 1.3
2CB2 10.3 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.09 0.21 2 4.70 0.5
Hor. Depth C % N % O. M
%
C/N
ratio H²O KCL
Elec.
Cond.
dS/m
Free
Iron
(%)
Ap 0 -15 2.33 0.18 4.02 12.94 4.3 - 0.0615 0.79
Bt 15-35 1.07 0.11 1.84 9.73 4.3 - 0.0417 0.84
2CB1 35-70 0.67 0.10 1.16 6.70 4.5 - 0.0283 1.45
2CB2 70-110 0.44 0.08 0.76 5.50 4.8 - 0.0154 1.17
Calculated value for identification of texture and subdivision of sand fraction
Horizon For P.M’sia Tex. Tri Percentage sand fraction
Clay Silt Sand
V.fine
Sand
Fine
Sand
Medium
Sand
Coarse
Sand Symbol Depth
Thick-
ness
(cm)
2µm 2-
50µm
50µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -15 32.9 50.1 16.9 13.61 33.14 31.95 21.30
Bt 15-35 41.0 49.2 9.8 15.31 26.53 24.49 33.67
2CB1 35-70 43.9 46.0 10.2 20.59 27.45 22.55 29.41
2CB2 70-110 46.1 43.7 10.1 43.56 27.72 11.88 16.83
36
Weighted Average of Texture
Depth (cm) Clay Silt Sand
Textural Class 2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
D. DISCUSSION
1. Horizonation 2. Morphological /Physical Properties
0 cm 2.1 Texture / Particle size
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour
Matrix colour at 50 cm –
Matrix colour 50 -75cm-
50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.5 Pedological Features
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
37
3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
3.13 Local Classification
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
b. Soil Series - P. M’sia : ………………………………………………….
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
3.14 FAO/ UNESCO Legend
m. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
n. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
o. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.15 USDA Soil Taxonomy
a. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
b. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
c. Other Diagnostic Properties -
3.15.1 Order -
3.15.2 Sub-order-
3.15.3 Sub Group
3.15.4 Classification for Family
xvii. Control section
xviii. Texture Class
xix. Mineralogy
xx. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy -
38
4. SOIL-CROP SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION
i. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity
No Kind Of
Limitation
Degree of Severity
Very Serious Serious Moderate Minor
b. Soil Suitability Class : _______________________________
j. Crop Suitability :
Durian Coconut Oil
Palm Rambutan Jarak Guava Tembikai Vegetables
5. GENERAL DISCUSSION
39
Pedon 6
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet 3861
2. RSO Coordinates : 442170 mE, 462839 mN
3. Location : Kg Bapong, Kuala Lipis,
Pahang
4. Elevation : 95 masl
5. Date : August 20th
, 2009
6. Author : M. Azemi Mahat
7. Land use : Bushes
8. Soil Series :
9. Drainage : Somewhat poorly drained
10. Parent Material : Limestone
11. Landform and Topography : Flat (0o-2
o)
B. PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Horizonation Depth (cm) Description
Ap 0-14 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); fine sandy clay loam;
moderate, medium sub angular blocky structure;
slightly firm; few fine roots; few pores; few insect
channel; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt1 14-41 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few yellowish
brown (10YR 5/8); fine sandy clay loam; strong,
coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; continous
clay skin on ped faces; few medium roots; many
pores; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt2 41-50 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few dark brown
(7.5YR 3/2); clay loam; strong, coarse sub angular
blocky structure; firm; continous clay skin on ped
faces; few fine roots; few pores; present of
manganese nodules around 20%; clear boundary.
Btcn 70-110 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8); clay; present of
manganese nodules around 80 %.
40
C. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Hor. Depth
(cm)
Ganulometric Composition (%) Gravel
v/v
2 –
7.5mm
Clay
2µm
Fine
silt
2 -
20µm
Coarse
silt
20 -
50µm
V.fine
sand
50 –
100µm
Fine
sand
100 -
250µm
Medium
sand
250 –
500µm
Coarse
sand
500µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -14 20.9 26.3 12.9 5.4 12.6 14.3 7.7 -
Bt1 14-41 26.0 26.6 11.5 4.9 10.1 11.7 9.2 -
Bt2 41-50 33.0 24.3 9.5 4.4 8.2 8.5 12.0 -
Bcn 50-105 46.5 15.3 7.2 3.9 4.8 5.5 16.7 -
Hor.
1N NH4OAc cmol (+)/ kg soil
Base
Saturation
Exc.
Al
cmol
(+)/Kg
soil
Available
P (ppm) CEC
Exchangeable cation
TEB Ca Mg K Na
Ap 7.3 0.34 0.07 0.11 0.03 0.55 8 1.22 1.3
Bt1 6.3 1.13 0.03 0.03 0.08 1.27 20 0.04 2.9
Bt2 9.4 2.02 0.05 0.04 0.03 2.14 23 0.23 0.7
Bcn 14.6 2.50 0.10 0.04 0.09 2.73 19 0.19 0.2
Hor. Depth C % N % O. M
%
C/N
ratio H²O KCL
Elec.
Cond.
dS/m
Free
Iron
(%)
Ap 0 -14 0.43 0.07 0.74 6.14 5.0 - 0.0189 0.72
Bt1 14-41 0.92 0.11 1.59 8.36 5.7 - 0.0112 1.07
Bt2 41-50 0.48 0.09 0.83 5.33 6.6 - 0.0268 0.74
Bcn 50-105 0.50 0.09 0.86 5.56 7.3 - 0.0429 1.14
Calculated value for identification of texture and subdivision of sand fraction
Horizon For P.M’sia Tex. Tri Percentage sand fraction
Clay Silt Sand
V.fine
Sand
Fine
Sand
Medium
Sand
Coarse
Sand Symbol Depth
Thick-
ness
(cm)
2µm 2-
50µm
50µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -14 20.9 39.2 40.0 13.50 31.50 35.75 19.25
Bt1 14-41 26.0 38.1 35.9 13.65 28.13 32.59 25.63
Bt2 41-50 33.0 33.8 33.1 13.29 24.77 25.68 36.25
Bcn 50-105 46.5 22.5 30.9 12.62 15.53 17.80 54.05
41
Weighted Average of Texture
Depth (cm) Clay Silt Sand
Textural Class 2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
D. DISCUSSION
1. Horizonation 2. Morphological /Physical Properties
0 cm 2.1 Texture / Particle size
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour
Matrix colour at 50 cm –
Matrix colour 50 -75cm-
50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.5 Pedological Features
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
42
3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
3.16 Local Classification
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
b. Soil Series - P. M’sia : ………………………………………………….
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
3.17 FAO/ UNESCO Legend
p. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
q. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
r. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.18 USDA Soil Taxonomy
a. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
b. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
c. Other Diagnostic Properties -
3.18.1 Order -
3.18.2 Sub-order-
3.18.3 Sub Group
3.18.4 Classification for Family
xxi. Control section
xxii. Texture Class
xxiii. Mineralogy
xxiv. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
43
4. SOIL-CROP SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION
k. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity
No Kind Of
Limitation
Degree of Severity
Very Serious Serious Moderate Minor
b. Soil Suitability Class : _______________________________
l. Crop Suitability :
Durian Coconut Oil
Palm Rambutan Jarak Guava Tembikai Vegetables
5. GENERAL DISCUSSION
44
Pedon 7
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet 3861
2. RSO Coordinates : 440714 mE, 465377 mN
3. Location : Kg Kerbau Jatuh, Kuala
Lipis, Pahang
4. Elevation : 89 masl
5. Date : August 21st, 2009
6. Author : Amiruddin Idris, Abdul
Karim Dolah
7. Land use : Orchad
8. Soil Series :
9. Drainage : Well drained
10. Parent Material : Reworked Lateritic
11. Landform and Topography : Undulating (2o-6
o)
B. PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Horizonation Depth (cm) Description
Ap 0-5 Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4); clay; moderate, fine sub
angular blocky structure; friable; many fine and
medium roots; few insect channel; few pores; clear
boundary.
Btcn1 5-40 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); clay; moderate, medium
subangular blocky; few medium roots; many fine
roots; few pores; present laterite gravel about 85 %,
size medium, sub rounded and rounded shape;
diffuse smooth boundary.
Btcn2 40-140 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); heavy clay; moderate,
medium subangular blocky; few fine and medium
roots; few insect channel; present laterite gravel and
boulder about 90 %, sub rounded and sub angular
shape.
45
C. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Hor. Depth
(cm)
Ganulometric Composition (%) Gravel
v/v
2 –
7.5mm
Clay
2µm
Fine
silt
2 -
20µm
Coarse
silt
20 -
50µm
V.fine
sand
50 –
100µm
Fine
sand
100 -
250µm
Medium
sand
250 –
500µm
Coarse
sand
500µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -5 50.2 16.9 5.7 4.4 6.5 6.4 9.9
Btcn1 5-40 58.6 11.1 5.1 3.1 5.0 4.8 12.3
Btcn2 40-140 65.0 14.5 4.6 3.0 3.4 2.8 6.6
Hor.
1N NH4OAc cmol (+)/ kg soil
Base
Saturation
Exc.
Al
cmol
(+)/Kg
soil
Available
P (ppm) CEC
Exchangeable cation
TEB Ca Mg K Na
Ap 13.7 1.39 0.89 0.34 0.05 2.67 19 0.03 15.6
Btcn1 12.0 0.31 0.08 0.14 0.09 0.62 5 1.97 7.8
Btcn2 12.6 0.85 0.11 0.10 0.03 1.09 9 1.10 1.5
Hor. Depth C % N % O. M
%
C/N
ratio H²O KCL
Elec.
Cond.
dS/m
Free
Iron
(%)
Ap 0 -5 0.87 0.14 1.50 6.21 5.2 - 0.122 0.90
Btcn1 5-40 1.40 0.18 2.41 7.78 4.9 - 0.029 1.11
Btcn2 40-140 3.70 0.36 6.38 10.28 5.2 - 0.0168 1.13
Calculated value for identification of texture and subdivision of sand fraction
Horizon For P.M’sia Tex. Tri Percentage sand fraction
Clay Silt Sand
V.fine
Sand
Fine
Sand
Medium
Sand
Coarse
Sand Symbol Depth
Thick-
ness
(cm)
2µm 2-
50µm
50µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -5 50.2 22.6 27.2 16.18 23.90 23.53 36.40
Btcn1 5-40 58.6 16.2 25.2 12.30 19.84 19.05 48.81
Btcn2 40-140 65.0 19.1 15.8 18.99 21.52 17.72 41.77
46
Weighted Average of Texture
Depth (cm) Clay Silt Sand
Textural Class 2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
D. DISCUSSION
1. Horizonation 2. Morphological /Physical Properties
0 cm 2.1 Texture / Particle size
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour
Matrix colour at 50 cm –
Matrix colour 50 -75cm-
50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.5 Pedological Features
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
47
3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
3.19 Local Classification
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
b. Soil Series - P. M’sia : ………………………………………………….
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
3.20 FAO/ UNESCO Legend
s. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
t. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
u. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.21 USDA Soil Taxonomy
a. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
b. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
c. Other Diagnostic Properties -
3.21.1 Order -
3.21.2 Sub-order-
3.21.3 Sub Group
3.21.4 Classification for Family
xxv. Control section
xxvi. Texture Class
xxvii. Mineralogy
xxviii. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
48
4. SOIL-CROP SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION
m. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity
No Kind Of
Limitation
Degree of Severity
Very Serious Serious Moderate Minor
b. Soil Suitability Class : _______________________________
c. Crop Suitability :
Durian Coconut Oil
Palm Rambutan Jarak Guava Tembikai Vegetables
5. GENERAL DISCUSSION
49
Pedon 8
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet 3860
2. RSO Coordinates : 442732 mE , 446213 mN
3. Location : Benta Estate, Kuala Lipis –
Benta Road, Benta, Pahang
4. Elevation : 95 masl
5. Date : August 21st, 2009
6. Author : Norhisham Yacob, Abd
Karim Dolah, Amiruddin
Idris
7. Land use : Oil Palm (abundant)
8. Soil Series :
9. Drainage : Well drained
10. Parent Material : Older Alluvium
11. Landform and Topography : Rolling (6o-12
o)
B. PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Horizonation Depth (cm) Description
Ap 0-10 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4); coarse sandy clay
loam; weak, fine sub angular blocky structure;
friable; many fine roots; few pores; clear boundary.
Bt1 10-33 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8); clay loam; strong,
coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; common
clayskin on ped faces; many medium roots, few fine
roots; few pores; few termite nest; diffuse smooth
boundary.
Bt2 33-90 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8); clay; strong, coarse sub
angular blocky structure; firm; common clayskin on
pedfaces; few medium roots; few pores; diffuse
smooth boundary
Bt3 90-130 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), few yellowish red
(5YR 5/8) mottle; clay; strong, coarse sub angular
blocky structure; firm; patchy clayskin on pedfaces;
few fine roots; few pores; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt4 130-150 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), few yellowish red
(5YR 5/8) mottle; clay; strong, coarse sub angular
50
blocky structure; firm; patchy clayskin on pedfaces;
few medium roots.
C. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Hor. Depth
(cm)
Ganulometric Composition (%) Gravel
v/v
2 –
7.5mm
Clay
2µm
Fine
silt
2 -
20µm
Coarse
silt
20 -
50µm
V.fine
sand
50 –
100µm
Fine
sand
100 -
250µm
Medium
sand
250 –
500µm
Coarse
sand
500µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -10 24.8 17.4 10.0 8.5 12.4 12.1 14.8 -
Bt1 10-33 36.7 25.0 5.9 5.9 9.2 7.2 10.1 -
Bt2 33-90 40.7 24.1 5.6 5.5 7.5 5.7 10.9 -
Bt3 90-130 47.4 17.9 6.5 5.5 8.4 6.0 8.3 -
Bt4 130-150 56.1 17.9 5.5 4.4 5.5 3.6 7.1 -
Hor.
1N NH4OAc cmol (+)/ kg soil
Base
Saturation
Exc.
Al
cmol
(+)/Kg
soil
Available
P (ppm) CEC
Exchangeable cation
TEB Ca Mg K Na
Ap 8.0 0.30 0.13 0.28 0.07 0.78 10 1.92 5.0
Bt1 7.8 0.01 0.04 0.19 0.02 0.26 3 5.18 1.8
Bt2 9.7 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.09 0.20 2 6.5 0.7
Bt3 9.5 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.10 1 5.76 n.d
Bt4 10.6 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.10 0.11 2 6.65 n.d
Hor. Depth C % N % O. M
%
C/N
ratio H²O KCL
Elec.
Cond.
dS/m
Free
Iron
(%)
Ap 0 -10 1.75 0.17 3.02 10.29 4.6 - 0.0677 0.49
Bt1 10-33 0.81 0.03 1.40 27.00 4.2 - 0.0705 0.86
Bt2 33-90 0.62 0.02 1.07 28.18 4.1 - 0.069 0.88
Bt3 90-130 0.41 0.01 0.71 41.00 4.3 - 0.0370 1.01
Bt4 130-150 0.45 0.01 0.78 45.00 4.3 - 0.0427 0.97
51
Calculated value for identification of texture and subdivision of sand fraction
Horizon For P.M’sia Tex. Tri Percentage sand fraction
Clay Silt Sand
V.fine
Sand
Fine
Sand
Medium
Sand
Coarse
Sand Symbol Depth
Thick-
ness
(cm)
2µm 2-
50µm
50µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -10 24.8 27.4 47.8 17.78 25.94 25.31 30.96
Bt1 10-33 36.7 30.9 32.4 18.21 28.40 22.22 31.17
Bt2 33-90 40.7 29.7 29.6 18.58 25.34 19.26 36.82
Bt3 90-130 47.4 24.4 28.2 19.50 29.79 21.28 29.43
Bt4 130-150 56.1 23.4 20.6 21.36 26.70 17.48 34.47
Weighted Average of Texture
Depth (cm) Clay Silt Sand
Textural Class 2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
52
D. DISCUSSION
1. Horizonation 2. Morphological /Physical Properties
0 cm 2.1 Texture / Particle size
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour
Matrix colour at 50 cm –
Matrix colour 50 -75cm-
50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.5 Pedological Features
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
3.22 Local Classification
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
b. Soil Series - P. M’sia : ………………………………………………….
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
53
3.23 FAO/ UNESCO Legend
v. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
w. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
x. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.24 USDA Soil Taxonomy
a. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
b. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
c. Other Diagnostic Properties -
3.24.1 Order -
3.24.2 Sub-order-
3.24.3 Sub Group
3.24.4 Classification for Family
xxix. Control section
xxx. Texture Class
xxxi. Mineralogy
xxxii. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
4. SOIL-CROP SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION
a. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity
No Kind Of
Limitation
Degree of Severity
Very Serious Serious Moderate Minor
54
b. Soil Suitability Class : _______________________________
c. Crop Suitability :
Durian Coconut Oil
Palm Rambutan Jarak Guava Tembikai Vegetables
5. GENERAL DISCUSSION
55
Pedon 9
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet 3860
2. RSO Coordinates : 441091 mE, 443679 mN
3. Location : Benta – Raub Road, Benta
4. Elevation : 123 masl
5. Date : August 21st, 2009
6. Author : M.Azemi Mahat
7. Land use : Bushes
8. Soil Series :
9. Drainage : Moderately well drained
10. Parent Material : Mixed Parent Materials
11. Landform and Topography : Hilly (12o-20
o)
B. PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Horizonation Depth (cm) Description
Ap 0-18 Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4); fine sandy loam;
weak, fine sub angular blocky structure; friable;
many fine roots; few medium roots; few coarse roots;
diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt 18-45 Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4); fine sandy clay
loam; moderate, medium sub angular blocky
structure; friable; continues clayskin on ped faces;
few fine roots; medium fine roots; few insect
channel; clear boundary.
BC 45-73 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8); fine sandy clay loam;
weak, medium sub angular blocky structure; slightly
firm; continue clayskin on pedfaces; few fine roots;
weatherable parent material.
R 73-120 Bedrock
56
C. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Hor. Depth
(cm)
Ganulometric Composition (%) Gravel
v/v
2 –
7.5mm
Clay
2µm
Fine
silt
2 -
20µm
Coarse
silt
20 -
50µm
V.fine
sand
50 –
100µm
Fine
sand
100 -
250µm
Medium
sand
250 –
500µm
Coarse
sand
500µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -18 19.1 14.5 10.8 7.5 14.4 18.2 15.4 -
Bt 18-45 23.7 12.7 10.5 7.2 12.2 15.1 18.6 -
BC 45-73 27.9 13.8 9.9 6.8 10.7 12.5 18.4 -
Hor.
1N NH4OAc cmol (+)/ kg soil
Base
Saturation
Exc.
Al
cmol
(+)/Kg
soil
Available
P (ppm) CEC
Exchangeable cation
TEB Ca Mg K Na
Ap 13.1 1.25 1.76 0.25 0.02 3.28 25 1.00 8.7
Bt 13.2 0.71 0.82 0.22 0.11 1.86 14 1.00 1.5
BC 17.0 0.78 1.97 0.11 0.40 3.26 19 1.16 17.1
Hor. Depth C % N % O. M
%
C/N
ratio H²O KCL
Elec.
Cond.
dS/m
Free
Iron
(%)
Ap 0 -18 1.63 0.11 2.81 14.82 5.7 - 0.0584 0.69
Bt 18-45 1.09 0.06 1.88 17.30 5.3 - 0.0269 1.65
BC 45-73 0.92 0.06 1.59 15.33 5.5 - 0.0221 0.56
Calculated value for identification of texture and subdivision of sand fraction
Horizon For P.M’sia Tex. Tri Percentage sand fraction
Clay Silt Sand
V.fine
Sand
Fine
Sand
Medium
Sand
Coarse
Sand Symbo
l Depth
Thick-
ness
(cm)
2µm 2-
50µm
50µm
-2mm
Ap 0 -18 19.1 25.30 55.5 13.51 25.95 32.80 55.5
Bt 18-45 23.7 23.2 53.1 13.56 22.98 28.44 35.03
BC 45-73 27.9 23.7 48.4 14.05 22.11 25.83 38.02
57
Weighted Average of Texture
Depth (cm) Clay Silt Sand
Textural Class 2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
D. DISCUSSION
1. Horizonation 2. Morphological /Physical Properties
0 cm 2.1 Texture / Particle size
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour
Matrix colour at 50 cm –
Matrix colour 50 -75cm-
50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.5 Pedological Features
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
58
3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
3.25 Local Classification
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
b. Soil Series - P. M’sia : ………………………………………………….
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
3.26 FAO/ UNESCO Legend
b. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
c. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
d. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.27 USDA Soil Taxonomy
a. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
b. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
c. Other Diagnostic Properties -
3.27.1 Order -
3.27.2 Sub-order-
3.27.3 Sub Group
3.27.4 Classification for Family
xxxiii. Control section
xxxiv. Texture Class
xxxv. Mineralogy
xxxvi. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
59
4. SOIL-CROP SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION
d. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity
No Kind Of
Limitation
Degree of Severity
Very Serious Serious Moderate Minor
b. Soil Suitability Class : _______________________________
e. Crop Suitability :
Durian Coconut Oil
Palm Rambutan Jarak Guava Tembikai Vegetables
5. GENERAL DISCUSSION
60
GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE TABLES
TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS
IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
Tables 1 : These two tables are used to identify upland soils that are developed in-
situ over
and 2 weathering parent materials or rocks which are either igneous
(Table 1) or sedimentary (Table 2) in origin. They are often found on
rolling (6 - 120) or steeper terrain and only occasionally, on undulating
terrain (2-60). They are well-drained soils which are characterised mainly
by oxic, argillic, kandic and occasionally, cambic horizons. Textures of
the soils are highly variable due to major differences in the nature of the
parent materials. Although the colour of these soils is also variable, it is
important to pay attention to the value/chroma especially the use of the
4/4 criterion which is used to separate the soils into 2 major groups,
namely, those with low value/chroma (<4/4) and those with high
value/chroma (>4/4).
Table 3a: This table contains soils developed on reworked materials which are often
referred as Older Alluvium. These soils are influenced mainly by
pedimentation. The reworked materials are moved around the landscape
and redeposited on truncated saprolite of various parent materials. In a soil
profile, a lithological discontinuity is identified whereby the overl ying
soil can differ distinctly from the saprolite below.
A stoneline consisting of quartz gravels, stones and pebbles is
either absent or is less than 25 cm thick within 100 cm of the soil surface.
Table 3b: This table also contains reworked soils. The soils in this table have a
stoneline of quartz gravels, stones and pebbles which is > 25 cm thick
within 100 cm of the soil surface.
Table 4: The soils in this table must have a reworked lateritic band that is at least
25 cm thick within the top 100 cm of the soil profile. These are an
important group of soils in Peninsular Malaysia which is formed by
pedimentation, a common geomorphologic process which shapes the
upland landscape of Peninsular Malaysia.
Table 5: The soils in this table are developed on recent alluvial formed on
terraces of present-day rivers terraces. Such terraces are designated as
T1. The soils are frequently found on flat terrain (0-20), and on a limited
scale, unduating terrain (e-60)
.
Table 6: The soils in this table are developed on alluvia of old river terraces or
subrecent terraces which are designated as T2. These soils are found on
flat and undulating terrain.
61
Table 7: This table contains soils that are developed on Beach Ridges
Interspersed with Swales (BRIS) and consist of 2 sets of parallel beach
ridges and swales. In the east coast, especially in Kelantan, these 2 sets of
beach ridges and swales are separated by a large peat swamp. The old
beach ridges and swales are found are characterised by sandy soils with an
A/C profile and which have not undergone podzolization. The soils of
young beach ridges are characterized by sandy textures, excessive
drainage and the presence of spodic horizons. The swales consist of
very heterogeneous soils which are collectively mapped as Rusila
Complex.
Table 8: The soils in this table are characterised by the presence of a sulfuric
horizon and sulfidic materials. The sulfuric horizon is characterised by a
pH-water value of 3.5 or less and a thickness of at least 15 cm thick. There
must be evidence to show that the low pH is due sulfuric acid such the
presence of jarosite, sulfidic materials and water soluble sulfate 0.05% or
more.
Table 9: The soils in this table are developed on non-acid sulphate and non-saline
marine alluvial. They are developed mainly on marine deposits and to a
lesser extent on mixed marine and riverine deposits which are not
influenced by acid sulphate and saline conditions.
Table 10: This table contains shallow organic soils with the thickness of the
organic soil materials 50-100cm thick (as a single layer or
cumulatively) within 100 cm of the soil profile.
Table 11: The table contains moderately deep organic soils (100-300 cm thick)
and deep organic soils (>300 cm thick).
Table 12a: This table contains limestone soils which either do not have a layer of iron
or iron-manganese gravels, or if present, it is less than 25 cm thick within
100 cm of the soil surface. Most of these soils have dull colour (
value/chroma: 5/3, 5/4, 4/6) and low value/chroma ( 4/4).
Table 12b: This table contains limestone soils having a layer of iron and/or iron-
manganese gravels > 25 cm within 100 cm of the soil surface. Most of
these soils have dull colour ( value/chroma: 5/3, 5/4, 4/6) and low
value/chroma ( 4/4).
62
SOME CRITERIA TO DETERMINE THE SOIL SERIES
IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
The soils are first classified using the USDA Soil Taxonomy up the Family level.
At the Series level. the criteria used to name the individual soil series are either locally
selected or based on recommendations of the Soil Taxon omy. Some the common
criteria used are as follows:
1. Control Section : Top 100 cm of the soil profile
2. Texture : Weighted texture between 25 and 100 cm
depth or immediately above the lithic or
paralithic layer
3. Colour : Dominant colour between 25 and 100 cm
4. Parent Materials
5. Thickness of lateritic band : For Series defintion: band 25 cm or thicker.
For Phase definition: band less than 25 cm.
6. Mottle Colour : Red, yellow or brown
GUIDE TO CALCULATE ANALYTICAL DATA
Clay (< 2µm)
Silt (2 -50µm) = fine silt (2-20µm) +coarse silt (20 – 50µm)
Sand (50µm-2mm) = very fine sand (50-100µm) + fine sand (100-250µm)+
Medium sand (250-500µm) +coarse sand(0.5-2mm)
Gravels( > 2mm)
Percentage of sand fractions:
Very fine sand = very fine sand/sand*100
Fine sand = fine sand/ sand *100
Medium sand = medium sand/sand *100
Coarse sand = coarse sand/ sand *100
Total Exchangeable Cation (TEB)
TEB = Total amount of exchangeable cation (Ca, Mg,K, Na) from lab analysis
% Base saturation = Total Exchangeable Bases (TEB)/CEC * 100
% Organic matter = % Carbon *1.724
Carbon / Nitrogen ratio (C/N Ratio) = % of C / % Of N
TABLE 1: IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED FROM IGNEOUS AND HIGH GRADE METAMORPHIC ROCKS
DIAGNOSTIC HORIZON
OXIC / KANDIC ARGILLIC
DEPTH TO ROCK or P.M.
SHALLOW (0-50cm)
MODERATE (50-100cm)
DEEP (>100cm)
SHALLOW (0-50cm)
MODERATE (50-100cm)
DEEP (>100cm)
HUE
TEXTURAL
CLASS
2.5YR-
5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5Y-5Y
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5Y-5Y
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5Y-5Y
VERY FINE > 60% CLAY
lb/JABOR/B
lb/KEPAYANG/B
lb/GOH/B
lb/SG.MAS/S
lb/SEGAMAT/A lb/PRANG/Sh lb/KG. KOLAM/G lb/PATANG/H
lb/KUANTAN/B
lb/SENAI/D lb/KATONG/A lb/JERANGAU/G lb/MUNCHONG/Sh
lb/BUKIT AJIL/G
hb/TAHAN/V
lb/(MAI)/V lb/ULU DONG/Q
lb/LANCHANG/G hb/BANTAL/A (dull colour)
FINE
35-60% CLAY
>30% fine
SILT
lb/(KASAH)/V
lb/PENYABONG/R/f
M/hb/(LEKOK)/V/f lb/HARAD/Gr/Co
lb/CHENIAN/Gr/Co
lb/YONG
PENG/RD/f
hb/JERANTUT/V/f
lb/KULAI/R/f
<30% fine
SILT
lb/TERSAT/Gr/Co
lb/BUKIT TEMIANG/Gr/ Co
lb/PENUBA/Gr/m
lb/BALING/Gr/Co lb/PELEPAH/LPM/c hb/BENTA/M/f
lb/TAMPIN/Gr/ Co
lb/NERING/Gr/Co hb/SALANG/V/f lb(JEMPOL)/V/f hb/(KIOL)/V/f
hb/RENGAM/Gr/Co hb/KENERING/Gr/gr lb/TAI TAK/G/f lb/BATANG MERBAU/Q/m hb/TADA/V/f (dull colour) hb/(RETANG)/V/f
CLAY
SKELETAL (>35%
GRAVELS & >35% CLAY)
lb/(MUKUT)/M/f
lb/LAMBAK/Gr/gr
lb/BESERAH/Gr/gr lb/MASAI/LPM/f lb/PENGARANG/Sh/gr/b
CLAY OVER
CLAY- SKELETAL >35% CLAY
>35% GRAVELS BETWEEN 50-100 cm
FINE LOAMY 18-35% CLAY
lb/GADING/Gr/Co
hb/LALANG/Gr/Co
hb/(KERAK)/V/f
hb/DAMAK/R/f
hb/(SELIMBER)/V/f
hb/MAT DALING/R/f
COARSE LOAMY
<18% CLAY
hb/JAN/R/f
hb(TEKEK)/M/f
Non-existent Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Epipedon/base Saturation/SOIL SERIES NAME/Parent Material/Sand fraction /others Features
Epipedon Base Saturation Value/Chroma Parent Materials (P.M.) Sand Fraction Others Features M=Mollic (indicated when present) lb=low base saturation (<50%NH4OAc) Soil Name in parenthesis ( )= value/chroma (< 4/4) A= Andesite V=Tuffaceous Materials Co = Coarse Sand >30% b = bauxite U=Umbric (indicated when present) hb=high base saturation (>50%NH4OAc) Soil Name without parenthesis( )= value/chroma (>4/4) B=Basalt M=Mixed Parent Materials c = Coarse Sand <30% Soil not indicated with letters ‘M’ or Dull colour = Value/chroma 5/4; 5/3; 4/6 D=Gabbro Q=Quartz Mica Schist m = Medium Sand ‘U’ have on ochric epipedon G=Granodiorite R=Rhyolite gr = gravelly (bauxite) Gr =Granite S= Serpentinite f = fine sand H=Hornsfel Sh=Schist LPM=Laterised Parent Materials
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
KUALA LUMPUR
17/02/2003
TABLE 2 : IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED FROM SEDIMENTARY AND LOW GRADE METAMORPHIC ROCK
DIAGNOSTIC HORIZON
OXIC / KANDIC
ARGILLIC
DEPTH TO ROCK OR P.M.
SHALLOW (0-50 cm)
MODERATE (50-100cm)
DEEP (>100cm)
SHALLOW (0-50cm)
MODERATE (50-100cm)
DEEP (>100cm)
HUE
TEXTURAL CLASS
2.5YR-
5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5Y- 5Y
2.5YR- 5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5Y-5Y
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5Y-5Y
VERY FINE >60% CLAY
lb/PRANG/S lb/PATANG/H hb/SAGU/L lb/TANGGA/L KANGKAR/V
lb/MUNCHONG/S PENGAU/V
lb/(JERAM)/V
lb/KODIANG/L
hb/KOMEL/V
lb/GOL/S TAHAN/V
hb/TERAH/L
lb/ULU DONG/ Q lb/LANGKAWI/L KEMBIR/V
lb/CHAT/S hb/KAKI BUKIT/L hb/TAJENG/S
hb/MERAPOH/L
FINE
35-60% CLAY
>30% FINE
SILT
lb/KUAH/S lb/LOK YANG/S/p
lb/PAGI/S
lb/DURIAN/S lb/BATU ANAM/IS lb/ASAHAN/S/p hb/SAT/S
lb/BEDUP/S/d6 lb/MUSANG/S
lb/KERAIT/IS/d5 lb/LALAT/S
<30% FINE
SILT
lb/SEREMBAN/LS/f
lb/PADANG BESAR/LS/f lb/KUAH/S/f
lb/SENGGORA/V/f
lb/BATU LAPAN/LS/f lb/KUALA BRANG/S/f hb/BERUIT/V/f lb/KETAK/K/c WAU/Co
lb/POHOI/CS/f (Olive yellow) lb/KEMUNING/CS/f (Olive)
BUNGOR(red)/f lb/(JEMPOL)/V/f hb/(KIOL)/V/f lb/KEMASUL/S/P/f
lb/BUNGOR/S/f lb/BATANG MERBAU/Q/m hb/TEMBELING/V/f hb/TADA/V/f(dull colour) hb/(RETANG)/V/f RELOP/V/Co
lb/JAYA/CS/f (deep Pohoi)
CLAYEY SKELETAL
(>35% GRAVELS & >35% CLAY)
CLAYEY OVER CLAYEY-SKELETAL >35% CLAY
>35% GRAVELS BETWEEN 50-100cm
FINE LOAMY 18-35% CLAY
lb/KEDAH/K/c lb/KEKURA/SD/f
KULAI/V
lb/KELEDANG/K/c lb/NAMI/SD/f KULIM/V
lb/APEK/SS/(white) lb/MARANG/SS/f (pale yellow)
lb/LAKA/SD/f hb/JUARA/SD/f
lb/KEMAHANG/K/c lb/SERDANG/SD/f hb/(SELIMBER)/V/f
COARSE LOAMY
<18% CLAY
lb/MALAU/SD/f
Non-existent Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Epipedon/base Saturation/SOIL SERIES NAME/Parent Materials/Sand fraction /Others Features
Epipedon Base Saturation Value/Chroma Parent Materials (P.M.) Sand Fraction Others Features M=Mollic (indicated when present) lb=low base saturation (<50%NH4OAc) Soil Name in parenthesis ( )=soil with low value/chroma (< 4/4) CS=Carbonaceous shale Q=Quartz mica schist Co=Coarse Sand >30% d5=somewhat imperfectly drained U=Umbric (indicated when present) hb=high base saturation (>50%NH4OAc) Soil Name without parenthesis( )=soil with high value chroma (>4/4) H =Hornsfel S= Shale C=Coarse Sand <30% d6=moderately well-drained Soil not indicated with letters ‘M’ or Dull colour = value/chroma 4/6, 5/3, 5/4 IS =Iron poor shale SD=Sandstone f=Fine sand P =plinthite (>50%) ‘U’ have on ochric epipedon Olive colour = hue 5Y and 2.5Y, value/chroma 5/3, 5/4, 4/6, 4/4 K=Conglomerates SS=Iron poor sandy shale m =Medium Sand p =<50% plinthite Olive yellow colour = hue 2.5Y, value/chroma 6/4, 6/3 L=Limestone V=Tuffaceous shale gr=Gravelly White colour = value/chroma 7/1, 7/2, 8/1, 8/2 LS=Laterised shale Pale yellow colour = hue 5Y and 2.5Y, value/chroma 7/3, 7/4, 8/3, 8/4
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
KUALA LUMPUR
17/02/2003
TABLE 3a: SOILS ON OLDER ALLUVIUM WITH NO QUARTZ STONELINE OR A QUARTZ STONELINE <25CM WITHIN 100CM OF THE SOIL SURFACE
DEPTH TO
SAPROLITE OR PARENT MATERIAL
0 – 50 CM
50 – 100 CM
>100 CM
HUE
2.5YR –5 YR
7.5YR – 10 YR
2.5YR –5 YR
7.5YR – 10 YR
2.5YR –5 YR
7.5YR – 10 YR
PLINTHITE
TEXTURE
<5%
5 – 50%
>50%
<5%
5 – 50%
>50%
<5%
5 – 50%
>50%
<5%
5 – 50%
>50%
<5%
5 – 50%
>50%
<5%
5 – 50%
>50%
VERY FINE ( >60% CLAY)
KELAU/gr
FINE (35 – 60% CLAY AND > 30% FINE SILT)
FINE (35 – 60% CLAY AND < 30% FINE SILT)
NAM HENG/Sh/f
BALING/G/C
TAMPOI/f
HARIMAU/c
FINE LOAMY (18-35% CLAY)
CHUKAI/c
CO – LOAMY (10 –18% CLAY)
IBOK/c
Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: SOIL SERIES NAME/Parent materials/sand fraction Parent Materials Sand Fraction Sh = Shale c = Coarse sand Gr = Granite m = Medium sand SD = Sandstone f = Fine sand
Note: 1. This table contains reworked soil with no stoneline consisting of quartz stone and gravels or a stoneline <25cm thick within 100cm of the soil surface. 2. A stoneline (quartz, stone and gravels) <25cm thick should be classified as a phase of a soil without stoneline in this table 3. For soil with a lateritic > 25cm thick overlaying the stoneline of quartz, stone and gravels, refer to Table 4: Identification Of Soils With Reworked Lateritic Stoneline
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR 17/02/2003
TABLE 3b: SOILS ON OLDER ALLUVIUM WITH QUARTZ AND STONELINE > 25CM WITHIN 100CM OF THE SOIL SURFACE
DEPTH TO SAPROLITE
> 1 METER
< 1 METER
TEXTURE
VERY FINE >60% CLAY
FINE
35 – 60% CLAY
FINE LOAMY
18-30%
COARSE LOAMY
10 –18% CLAY
VERY FINE >60% CLAY
FINE
35 – 60% CLAY
FINE LOAMY
18-30%
COARSE LOAMY
10 –18% CLAY
HUE
DEPTH TO STONELINE
2.5YR – 5 YR
7.5YR – 10 YR
2.5YR – 5 YR
7.5YR – 10 YR
2.5YR – 5 YR
7.5YR – 10 YR
2.5YR – 5 YR
7.5YR – 10 YR
2.5YR – 5 YR
7.5YR – 10 YR
2.5YR – 5 YR
7.5YR – 10YR
2.5YR – 5 YR
7.5YR – 10 YR
2.5YR – 5 YR
7.5YR – 10 YR
SHALLOW (0 –50 cm)
TEMERLOH/c
ULU TIRAM
MODERATELY DEEP (50 –100cm)
KENING
KAWANG/c
JERNEH
DEEP (Stoneline below 100cm soil surface)
Mainly moderately well to well drained Somewhat imperfectly or imperfectly drained
Proceed to Table 1 on Soil develop on Igneous or High Grade Metamorphic Rock Table 2 on Soil develop on sedimentary or Low Grade Metamorphic Rock
Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: SOIL SERIES NAME/Sand Fraction
Sand Fraction c = Coarse sand
f = Fine sand
Note : 1. To use this table, the band consisting mainly of quartz, stones and pebbles should be at least 25cm thick within 100cm of the soil surface 2. A soil with a band <25cm within 100cm of the soil surface, should be classified as a phase of a soil in table 3a. 3. A soil with a lateritic band > 25cm thick overlaying the band of quartz stone and pebble or the saprolite should be classified
as lateritic soil (Table 4: Identification Of Soils With A Reworked Lateritic Stoneline) Refer to Table 3a for soils on saprolite at 0 – 50cm or 50 – 100cm on flat and undulating terrain. If the soil is found on rolling terrain or steeper, refer to Table 2
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR 17/02/2003
TABLE 4: IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS WITH A REWORKED LATERITIC STONELINE
DEPTH TO SAPROLITE
> 100cm
> 100cm
WITHIN 100cm
LATERITIC
MATERIALS
MAINLY LARGE
ANGULAR, STONES,
BOULDERS AND GRAVELS
MAINLY MIXED SUBANGULAR AND SUBROUNDED GRAVELS.
MAINLY ROUNDED AND SUBROUNDED GRAVELS
TEXTURAL CLASS
CLAYEY
HEAVY CLAY
CLAYEY
FINE LOAMY
COARSE LOAMY
CLAYEY
FINE LOAMY
COARSE LOAMY
HUE
DEPTH TO
LATERITIC LAYER
2.5YR-10YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5Y -5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
2.5YR-5YR
7.5YR-10YR
SHALLOW (0-50cm)
MALACCA/f
TUNGGAL/f
JITRA/f
GAJAH MATI/f
PEDU/f
NAPAI/f
POKOK SENA/f
CUPING/f
×BERA/f
MODERATE
(50-75cm)
TANDAK/f
TAVY/f
KAWAH/f
TERAP/f
NERANG/f LANAS/c
CHUNGLOON/f SEMBRIN/f ×KABU/f ×TEMBIL/f
×DAMPAR/f
×TEMBAGA/f
DEEP (>100cm)
Lateritic layer below 100 cm of soil surface
Soils on P and P3 surfaces are mostly well-drained soils except the Oxisols which are somewhat excessively drained The P2 soils are mainly somewhat imperfectly drained (drainage class 5) and imperfectly drained (drainage class 4) found on flat ( 0 - 30º) and undulating terrain (2 - 6º) Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: SOIL SERIES NAME/Sand Fraction
Proceed to (i) Table 2 on soils developed on sedimentary and low grade metamorphic rocks or
(ii) Table 3 on soils developed on older Alluvium.
Refer to Table 3a for soils on saprolite at 0 - 25cm or 50 – 100cm on flat and undulating terrain.
If the soil is found on rolling terrain or steeper, refer to Table 2
Sand Fractions c=Coarse sand × =Tentative series f=Fine sand NOTE: All these soils have a low base saturation except for some soil found in the vicinity of limestone country. Characterization of lateritic soils in limestone areas is being undertaken.
To use this table, the minimum thickness of the lateritic layer must be 25 cm within 100 cm of the soil surface. A lateritic layer <25 cm thick within 100 cm of the soil surface is considered a phase of another soil series in Table 2 or Table 6
of a non-lateritic soils
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR 17/02/2003
TABLE 5 : IDENTIFICATION OF RECENT (T1) ALLUVIAL SOILS
TEXTURAL
CLASS DRAINAGE CLASS
CLAY (>35% CLAY)
FINE LOAMY (18-35% CLAY)
COARSE LOAMY (10-18% CLAY)
SANDY (<10% CLAY)
GRAVELLY
VERY FINE
(>60% CLAY)
FINE
(35-60% CLAY)
SILT
(>30% FINE SILT)
FINE SAND
COARSE SAND
FINE SAND
COARSE SAND
FINE SAND
COARSE SAND
CLAY
LOAMY
SAND
0 VERY POOR
LUBOK ITIK/B
BINJAI
KERPAI
1 SOMEWHAT VERY POOR
LUBOK SENDONG
SELINGKAT
2 POOR
JABIL
SETOL
SUNGAI AMIN/r
SEJACOB/b
PASIR PUTEH/r
MAROH/b
3 SOMEWHAT POOR
TEPUS
SEPAYANG
BATU HITAM/m
4 IMPERFECT
LATING
GUGUT
KAYA
U/LEKIR/1 U/KOH/2
TELAGA
BANGGOL
5 SOMEWHAT IMPERFECT
MEDANG
MERANTI
6 MODERATELY WELL
LUNDANG/m
CHEMPAKA
PENAMBANG
7 WELL
TOK YONG
8 SOMEWHAT EXCESSIVE
TELEMONG
TERAS
9 EXCESSIVE
Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Epipedon/SOIL SERIES NAME/Others Features Epipedon Others Features U = Umbric horizon b=Brown mottles The other soils m=Minimum of 10% manganese nodules throughout the profile have an ochric epipedon r=Red mottles 1=Humitropept Great Group 2=Dystropept Great Group B= Buried organic layer
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR 17/02/2003
TABLE 6 : IDENTIFICATION OF SUB-RECENT (T2) ALLUVIAL AND RELATED REWORKED SOILS
TEXTURAL CLASS
DRAINAGE CLASS
VERY FINE
(>60% CLAY)
CLAY (>35-60% CLAY)
FINE LOAMY (18-35% CLAY)
COARSE LOAMY
(10-18% CLAY)
SANDY
(<10% CLAY)
GRAVELLY
<30% FINE SILT
>30% FINE SILT
<30% FINE SILT
>30% FINE SILT
FINE SAND
COARSE SAND
FINE SAND
COARSE SAND
CLAY SKELETAL
FINE
LOAMY SKELETAL
<5%Plinthite
5-50% plinthite
>50%
plinthite
<5%
plinthite
5-50%
plinthite
>50%
plinthite
<5% Plinthite
5-50%
Plinthite
>50%
Plinthite
<5%
Plinthite
5-50%
Plinthite
>50%
Plinthite Fine Sand
Co. Sand
0 VERY POOR
JELUTONG/f
1.SOMEWHAT VERY POOR
2 POOR
SOGOMANA/f
CHERANG HANGUS/f
SIMPAH/f
LUNAS HALU/d
SEGARI
JONG/f
SUBANG
MANIK
BADAK
3 SOMEWHAT POOR
BERTAM/f/p (dull colour)
KG. PUSU/f
HUTAN/f
KILAN/f
4 IMPERFECT
SEROK/f hb/BELADING/f/p
GONG CENAK/f
ALMA/c
LUBOK KIAT/f
TELANG/f/d
PELANDUK/f
BUKIT TUKU
AWANG/gr CERMIN
BEMBAN/f
BANAR
5 SOMEWHAT IMPERFECT 6 MODERATELY WELL
SITIAWAN/f
KECHOR/f
KERAYONG/f/r
KUAU/f
NANGKA
LINTANG
TENANG
7 WELL
TEBOK/f TAWAR/c
RASAU
HOLYROOD
KILIN/f
8 SOMEWHAT EXCESSIVE
SUNGAI
BULOH
9 EXCESSIVE
Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name : Base Saturation/ SOIL SERIES NAME/sand fraction/other features
Base Saturation Sand Fraction Others Features hb = high base saturation f=Fine Sand d=duripan c=Coarse Sand r =Red mottles gr=slightly gravelly of colluvial origin p =compact and prismatic structures with surface gleying dull colour = value/chroma: 5/3,5/4, 4/6
<5% plinthite = Negligible 5-50% plinthite = Plinthic subgroup >50% = Plinthic great group
All soils have low base saturation percentage except those indicated with symbol ‘hb’ The soil in this table are found only on flat terrain (0 - 2º) and undulating terrain (2 - 6º)
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR 17/02/2003
TABLE 7 : IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON BEACH RIDGES AND RELATED DEPOSITS TEXTURE
CLASS DEPTH TO SPODIC/ BURIED HORIZON
DRAINAGE CLASS
VERY POOR
0
SOMEWHAT VERY POOR
1
POOR
2
SOMEWHAT
POOR 3
IMPERFECT
4
SOMEWHAT IMPERFECT
5
MODERATELY
WELL 6
WELL
7
SOMEWHAT EXCESSIVE
8
EXCESSIVE
9
VERY FINE > 60% Clay
S
M
LUBOK ITEK/B
D
FINE 33-60% Clay
S
M
CHENERING/B/gr
NERUS/B
PENAGA/o
D
FINE LOAMY
18-35% Clay
S
M
NIBONG/ /B
D
PERMATANG
SENENG
COARSE LOAMY
<18% Clay
S
M
IBAI/s/f
D
MELAWI/f + RESAM
+ BAKONG
SANDY <10% Clay
S
RHU TAPAI/s
M
MERCHANG/B/o
RUDUA/s CERATING/w ULAR/o
D
KERPAH/f/ (Strong Brown) FIKRI (Brown, med sand)
+BEOH (Light Greyish Brown) + PERMATANG TIMBUL (Brown, co & med
sand)
ROMPIN/r + PAUH BAGING
JAMBU/e
Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Parent Materials (origin deposits) SOIL SERIES NAME/Sand Fraction/Others Features Parent Materials (Origin Deposits) Sand Fraction Others Features
S = Shallow (0-50 cm) + = on old beach ridge f=Fine sand B = buried M = Moderate deep ((50-100 cm) r= riverine influence o = enriched with illuviated humus D = Deep (>100) w = wavy fragmental spodic
All soils are ‘Young Beach Ridge’ unless otherwise specified; soils on old beach ridges s = spodic are indicated by a ‘t’ in front of the soil services name written in italic. Soil influenced e = eluvial by riverine alluvium are indicated by latter ‘r’ after he soil series gr = gravelly All soils consist of medium and coarse sand fraction except those indicating with ‘f’ Note 1. The term "Rusila Complex" is used to describe complicated soil complexes which are found in the swales and which cannot be mapped as individual series even at detailed soil mapping. 2. Hardness of the spodic horizon is considered at phase level i.e either hard (H), soft (S) or a mixture of hard and soft (HS). Example (i) Rudua/s/H (Rudua Series, hard spodic horizon); (ii) Rudua/s/S (Rudua Series, soft spodic horizon); (iii) Rudua/s/HS (Rudua Series with a mixture of hard and soft spodic materials in the same horizon). These of these 3 phases can be upgraded to soil series at a later when their occurrence and distribution become significant.
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR 17/02/2003
TABLE 8 : IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS WITH SULFIDIC AND SULFURIC HORIZON
DIAGNOSTIC HORIZON/MATERIAL
SULFIDIC
SULFURIC HORIZON WITHOUT JAROSITE
SULFURIC HORIZON WITH JAROSITE
CAMBIC
DEPTH TO SULFIDIC/
SULFURIC
0 - 50 cm
50 - 100 cm
0 - 50 cm
50 - 100 cm
0 - 50 cm
50 - 100 cm
Sulfidic/
Sulfuric horizon below 100 cm
HORIZONATION
O / A / C, A / C, A / BC / C O / A / C, A / C,
A / BC / C
A / B / C
A / B / C
A / B / C
A / B / C
A / B / C
A / B / C
A / B / C
DEPTH TO C HORIZON
0 - 50 cm
50-100
cm
50 - 100 cm
0 - 50 cm
50-100cm
50 - 100 cm
0 - 50 cm
50-100 cm
50 - > 100 cm
> 50 - 100 cm
> 100 cm
Below 100 cm
n VALUE
NATURE OF SUBSOIL
> 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
MATRIX : GRAY
MASSIVE TO VERY COARSE ANGULAR
BLOCKY
KRANJI/HC/C
MERBOK/C
KUALA PERLIS/C
MATRIX : GRAY
(INCLUDING GRAYISH BROWN 10YR5/2)
MED. TO CO. ANGULAR AND / OR
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
TIMUN/Sc
PARIT BOTAK/C
TELOK/C
TONGKANG/C
CAREY/L
Example BERNAM
MATRIX : BROWN
ANGULAR BLOCKY AND STICKY
LINAU/C
KEMANG/C
GUAR/C
MATRIX : BROWN
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY AND FRIABLE
x SERKAT ‘A’
JENJARUM
TAMBUN/Mc
TEBUAN/Cc
x SABRANG ‘A’
SEDU/C
JAWA/C
JURU/Cc
JAWA
JURU/Cc
Example SELANGOR
Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: SOIL SERIES NAME/Conductivity/Texture Conductivity Texture HC= High conductivity (>4dS/m) C = Clay to heavy clay Mc= Coarse sandy clay loam x= Tentative Cc = Coarse sandy clay Sc=Coarse sand to loamy sand L = Loamy texture soil
Proceed to table 9 on non-acid sulphate non-saline soils developed on marine clay
Note : 1. To be a Sulfuric Horizon, the following criteria must be satisfied : i) pH ≤3.5
ii) at least 15 cm thick iii) Evidences to show low pH is due to sulfuric acid formation (jarosite; sulphate≥0.05%; sulfide materials).
2. Names of similar soils will be finalised upon completion of further field and laboratory testing. 3. All series have clayey textures unless otherwise specified. 4. All soils have low electrical conductivity reading unless otherwise specified.
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR 17/02/2003
TABLE 9: IDENTIFICATION OF NON-ACID SULPHATE MARINE ALLUVIAL SOILS
N - VALUE
High ( > 1 )
Low ( < 1 )
HORIZONATION
A / BC / C, A / C,
O / A / C
A / BC / C, A / C, O / A / C
A / B / C
A / B / C
A / B / C
DEPTH TO PARENT
MATERIALS
0 - 50 cm
0 - 50 cm
50 - 100 cm
0 - 50 cm
50 - 100 cm
> 100 cm
DOMINANT MOTTLES
COLOUR PROPERTIES OF SUBSOIL
-
-
-
Olive
Brown/ Yellow
Red
Olive
Brown/ Yellow
Red
Olive
Brown/ Yellow
Red
GREENISH GRAY (5GY 6/1 - 5G 5/1)
1/PIANDANG/ HC1 1/BAKAU/ LC
1/KUALA
KEDAH/HC1 2/BANJAR/HC1 1/BALIK
PULAU/LC
TEBENGAU/ v
SERONG
OLIVE GRAY (5Y 6/2)
ROTAN/ v
CHENAAM/HC1
BERNAM/ v (AB) KANGKONG/ (AB)
GRAY (10YR 6/1, 10YR 7/1, 10YR 5/1)
2/SERKAM/ LC
2/KAYAN/ LC
BURONG/ LC
SEDAKA/@
KG. PERLIS MANGKOK/(AB)
KECHAI
IDRIS/ p CHENGAI// r/#
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY (10YR 6/2 / 10YR 5/2 - 2.5Y 6/2 / 2.5Y 5/2)
2/SERKAM/ LC
2/KAYAN/ LC
PEREPAT/np
PEREPAT/np
BRIAH/ y TUALANG/ b
KANGAR/ r/#
DARK GRAY (10YR 4/1)
2/ALOR
SEMAT/LC
2/ALOR
SEMAT/LC
KUNDOR
BROWN (10YR 5/3)
SERKAT/np
SABRANG/np PACHINTAN/ (AB)
SELANGOR/np
\ ____ ________ / Co. to V Co. angular blocky to massive structures in greenish gray to gray soils Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Profile Development/SOIL SERIES NAME/Conductivity/Colours of Mottles/Others Profile Development Conductivity Mottles Colour Others 1 = A/C or O/AC/C profile HC1=high conductivity 2-4 ds/m b= brown mottles v = slickensides 2 = A/BC/C profile HC2=high conductivity > 4 ds/m y = yellow mottles (AB) = Coarse angular blocky structures LC=low conductivity < 2 ds/m r=Red mottles p = Plinthite < 35% @ = manganese concretions # = gypsum np = non padi soils
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR 17/02/2003
TABLE 10 : IDENTIFICATION OF SHALLOW ORGANIC SOILS
DOMINANT ORGANIC SOIL MATERIAL (0-50 CM)
NATURE OF UNDERLAYING
MINERAL SOIL (50-100 CM)
SAPRIC
HEMIC
FIBRIC / WOODY
CLAYEY
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY
GALI
CHANGKAT LOBAK
LOAMY
SANDY
PAK BONG
CLAYEY
LINGGI
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY
NIPIS
MUKAH
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY
PENOR
BAKRI
LOAMY
SANDY
RIV
ER
INE
MA
RIN
E/E
ST
UA
RIN
E/B
RA
CK
ISH
WA
TE
R
BR
OW
N
NO
N S
UL
FID
IC/S
UL
FU
RIC
SU
LF
IDIC
GR
EY
B
RO
WN
G
RE
Y
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR 17/02/2003
G
RE
Y
BR
OW
N
TABLE 11: IDENTIFICATION OF MODERATELY DEEP AND DEEP ORGANIC SOILS
DOMINANT ORGANIC SOIL MATERIAL
0-100cm
NATURE OF MATERIAL >100 cm
SAPRIC
HEMIC
FIBRIC / WOODY
CLAYEY
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY
TASIK
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY
TELUK BULUH
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY
NIPIS
LOAMY
SANDY
SAPRIC
HEMIC
FIBRIC / WOODY
GONDANG
SALLEH
SAPRIC
HEMIC
FIBRIC / WOODY
BAYAS
DE
PT
H O
F P
EA
T
MO
DE
RA
TE
LY
DE
EP
PE
AT
(M
INE
RA
L S
OIL
AT
100
-300 C
M
RIV
ER
INE
M
AR
INE
/ES
TU
AR
INE
/BR
AC
KIS
H
DE
EP
PE
AT
(MIN
ER
AL
SO
IL A
T D
EP
TH
>300 C
M)
BR
OW
N
BR
OW
N
GR
EY
GR
EY
B
RO
WN
G
RE
Y
NO
NS
UL
FU
RIC
/NO
NS
UL
FID
IC
SU
LF
UR
IC/S
UL
FID
IC
RIV
ER
INE
M
AR
INE
/ES
TU
AR
INE
/
BR
AC
KIS
H
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR 17/02/2003
TABLE 12a: IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON LIMESTONE AND CALCAREOUS MATERIALS (SOILS WITH NO IRON OR IRON/MANGANESE BAND OR THE BAND IS LESS THAN 25 CM THICK
WITHIN 100 CM OF THE SOIL SURFACE)
DEPTH TO ROCKS
SHALLOW ( 0 - 50 cm)
MODERATE ( 50 - 100 cm)
DEEP ( > 100 cm)
TEXTURAL
CLASS DRAINAGE CLASS
VERY FINE
> 60% CLAY
CLAY
35 - 60 %
FINE
LOAMY 18 - 35 %
CLAY
VERY FINE
> 60% CLAY
CLAY
35 - 60 %
FINE
LOAMY 18 - 35 %
CLAY
VERY FINE
> 60% CLAY
CLAY
35 - 60 %
FINE
LOAMY 18 - 35 %
CLAY < 30% SILT
> 30% SILT
< 30% SILT
> 30% SILT
<30% SILT
>30% SILT
0 VERY POOR
1 SOMEWHAT VERY POOR
2 POOR
LALOH/C
3 SOMEWHAT POOR
4 IMPERFECT
5 SOMEWHAT IMPERFECT
6 MODERATELY WELL
RAKIT
MERAPOH
NIRAM
TANGGANG
7 WELL
lb/KODIANG
KAKI BUKIT
8 SOMEWHAT EXCESSIVE
lb/TANGGA/O lb/LANGKAWI hb/SAGU/O
9 EXCESSIVE
Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Base Saturation/SOIL SERIES NAME/Sub-Surface Diagnostic Horizon Sub-Surface Diagnostic Horizon Base Saturation O = Oxic horizon lb = low base saturation C = Cambic All the soils have a high base saturation except those abbreviated as ‘lb’. All the soils have an argillic horizon except for those indicated by letters ‘O’ and ‘C’. Note 1. This table is for the identification of soils with no gravel band or the band is less than 25 cm thick. 2. A mixed iron and manganese gravel band less than 25 cm thick within 1 metre of soils surface are considered as depth phases of these soils. 3. For soils with mixed iron and manganese gravel band > 25 cm, refer to table 12b. 4. These soils generally have dull colours (value/ chroma 4/6, 5/3, 5/4) except for Tanggang, Sago, Langkawi and Tangga series(5/6, 5/8).
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR 17/02/2003
TABLE 12b: IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON LIMESTONE AND CALCAREOUS MATERIALS (SOILS WITH MANGANESE OR IRON/MANGANESE BAND MORE THAN 25 CM THICK WITHIN 100CM OF SOIL SURFACE)
DEPTH TO
ROCKS
SHALLOW ( 0 - 50 cm)
MODERATE ( 50 - 100 cm)
DEEP
(> 100 cm)
DEEP
(>100 cm)
DEPTH TO
BAND
0 - 50 cm
0 - 50 cm
50 - 100 cm
0 - 50 cm
50 - 100 cm
> 100 cm
TEXTURAL
CLASS
DRAINAGE CLASS
VERY FINE > 60% CLAY
CLAY
35 - 60 %
FINE
LOAMY 18 - 35 %
CLAY
VERY FINE > 60% CLAY
CLAY
35 - 60 %
FINE
LOAMY 18 - 35 %
CLAY
VERY FINE > 60% CLAY
CLAY
35 - 60 %
FINE
LOAMY 18 - 35 %
CLAY
VERY FINE > 60% CLAY
CLAY
35 - 60 %
FINE
LOAMY 18 - 35 %
CLAY
VERY FINE > 60% CLAY
CLAY
35 - 60 %
FINE
LOAMY 18 - 35 %
CLAY
VERY FINE
> 60% CLAY
CLAY
35 - 60 %
FINE
LOAMY 18 - 35 %
CLAY < 30% SILT
> 30% SILT
< 30% SILT
> 30% SILT
<30% SILT
>30% SILT
<30% SILT
>30% SILT
< 30% SILT
> 30% SILT
< 30%
Silt
> 30%
Silt
0 VERY POOR
1 SOMEWHAT VERY POOR
2 POOR
PERSIT/C
LALOH/C
3 SOMEWHAT POOR 4 IMPERFECT
MENTARA
TEMAU
5 SOMEWHAT IMPERFECT 6 MODERATELY WELL
(LAYANG)
TABAN
TERAH
lb/KODIANG
KUMBANG SELUT
SALAK (MERHAMAH)
MERAPOH KAKI BUKIT
NIRAM
TANGGANG
7 WELL 8 SOMEWHAT EXCESSIVE
lb/TANGGA/O lb/LANGKAWI hb/SAGU/O
9 EXCESSIVE
Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Base Saturation/SOIL SERIES NAME/ Sub-Surface diagnostic horizon
Sub-Surface Diagnostic Horizon Base Saturation Others O = Oxic horizon lb = low base saturation ( ) – low value chroma < 4/4
C = Cambic horizon All the soils have a high base saturation except those abbreviated as ‘lb’. All the soils have an argillic horizon except for those indicated by letters ‘O’ and ‘C’.
Note: 1. The gravel band should at least 25 cm thick occurring within 1 metre of the soil surface. 2. For limestone related soils with no mixed iron-manganese band within 1 meter of soil surface, please refer to Table 12a. 3. Limestone related soils with mixed iron-manganese band less than 25 cm thick should be classified as phases of soils found in Table 12a. 4. Soils with a lateritic band more than 25 cm thick with low base saturation should be classified as lateritic soils in accordance to Table 4 (Identification of Soils with a Reworked Lateritic Stoneline). If the band is less than 25 cm , the soils should be classified as a phase of non-lateritic soils found in Table 2 (Identification of Soils developed on Sedimentary and Low Grade Metamorphic Rocks) or Table 6 [Identification of Sub-recent (T2) Alluvial Soils] 5. These soils generally have dull colour (value/chroma 4/6, 5/3, 5/4) except for Tanggang,Sago, Langkawi, Selut and Tangga series. (value/chroma 5/6 : 5/8)
Soils with a iron/iron-manganese 100cm below the soil surface. Please refer to Table 12a
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR 17/02/2003