design and fabrication of a novel wideband dng ...4 advancesincondensedmatterphysics 8 8.5 9 9.5 10...

Research ArticleDesign and Fabrication of a Novel Wideband DNG Metamaterialwith the Absorber Application in Microwave X-Band

AhmedMahmood12 Goumllge Oumlguumlcuuml Yetkin2 and Cumali Sabah34

1Department of Electrical Engineering Salahaddin University Erbil Iraq2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering University of Gaziantep 27310 Gaziantep Turkey3Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Middle East Technical University-Northern Cyprus Campus (METU-NCC)Kalkanli 99738 Guzelyurt TRNC Mersin 10 Turkey4Kalkanli Technology Valley Middle East Technical University-Northern Cyprus Campus (METU-NCC) Kalkanli 99738 GuzelyurtTRNC Mersin 10 Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to Golge Ogucu Yetkin golgeogucugmailcom

Received 22 November 2016 Accepted 1 March 2017 Published 26 March 2017

Academic Editor Gary Wysin

Copyright copy 2017 Ahmed Mahmood et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

A novel metamaterial which exhibits a wideband double negative behavior in X-band is proposed designed and investigated inthis paper The metamaterial is composed of modified S-shaped split-ring resonators (S-SRR) The periodic structure is designedand simulated using CST MWs Next the experiments are carried out and it is shown that the simulation and the experimentalresults agree well and the designed structure has a wide bandwidth in X-band An absorber application of this metamaterial is alsoprovided and the structure can be used as an absorber with absorption rate of over 80 for the polarization angles between 0∘ and40∘

1 Introduction

Metamaterials are based on periodic or nonperiodic artificialengineered structures that exhibit unusual characteristicbehaviors like negative permeability 120576 and negative permit-tivity 120583 simultaneously over a common resonance frequencyband [1 2] From the first realization of the metamaterialsby periodic wire and split-ring resonator (SRR) structures[3 4] there are various modified shapes and geometries suchas square triangle Λ- Ω- L- S- and P-shaped resonators[5ndash11] utilized in the designs in order to meet certainspecifications in the applicationsThese geometries can be setin one- two- or three-dimensional arrangements to controlthe electromagnetic wave propagation behavior through themedium

The wideband metamaterials in X-band have beendesigned in [10 11] S-shaped SRRs were printed on oppositeside of the host material and transmitted power was providedto show the DNG characteristics of the designed configu-ration in [10] The double P-shaped resonators in [11] wereprinted on single side unlike that in [10] The 119878-parameters

were presented however there were no possiblemetamaterialapplications found

In this paper a novel wideband metamaterial comprisingamodified S-shaped SRR is proposed for X-band frequenciesThe entire periodic structure is placed on one side of thesubstrate which simplifies the manufacturing process andcan be considered as an advantage of the designed structureThe retrieved constitutive parameters and the 119878-parametersobtained via simulations and experiments demonstrate thatthe proposed structure exhibits a wideband left-handedcharacteristic in X-band frequencies An absorption appli-cation is selected and also studied for demonstration of theperformance of the metamaterial The structure can be usedas an absorber with absorption rate of over 80 for thepolarization angles between 0∘ and 40∘

2 Design and Simulation Conditions

A unit cell of the proposed structure is composed of amodified S-shaped SRR printed on the front side of a squaresubstrate of a side length of 16mm and thickness of 16mm as

HindawiAdvances in Condensed Matter PhysicsVolume 2017 Article ID 1279849 8 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520171279849

2 Advances in Condensed Matter Physics

a

d

d

bccc

y

xz

e

(a)

L2

L1

L2

L3

L3

L4

L4

C12 C12

C12 C12

CG

CG

CP2CP2

CP2CP2

C㰀2C㰀2

C㰀2 C㰀2

(b)

Figure 1 (a) The proposed unit cell with 119886 = 969mm 119887 = 878mm 119888 = 051mm 119889 = 093mm and 119890 = 825mm (b) Equivalent circuitmodel of proposed unit cell

shown in Figure 1(a) The two ends of the S-shaped SRR areelongated in such a way that they take the form of C-shapedSRRs In the design FR-4 Epoxy of permittivity 120576119903 = 43and loss tangent 120575 = 0025 is chosen as the substrate andthe copper of electrical conductivity 120590 = 58 times 107 Sm withcoating thickness of 0017mm is chosen for printing the SRRsThe simulations are carried out by using the commercialprogram CST Microwave Studio 2016 Figure 1(b) showsthe 119871119862 parameters that represent the electric topology of amodified S-SRR unit cell with the (119871 1198711 1198712 1198713) inductorsand (1198621015840 1198621 119862119901 119862119866) capacitors Explicit expressions for 119871 and119862 can be found in [12ndash14]

A unit cell of the proposed structure together with theports applied in the simulations is shown in Figure 2 In thesimulations the unit cell is placed between two waveguideports which are perpendicular to the direction of the wavepropagation which is along negative 119911-direction To imitatethe infinite structure perfect electric boundary (PEB) con-ditions are set at the boundary surfaces perpendicular to theE-field while perfect magnetic boundary (PMB) conditionsare at the boundary surfaces perpendicular to theH-field (seeFigure 2)The frequency band is chosen as the X-band region(8ndash12GHz)

3 Electric Field Magnetic Fieldand Surface Current Distributions

Basically the nonhomogenous metamaterial structures pro-vide a resonant RLC circuit behavior in some certain fre-quency bands For the particular geometry in this paper themodified S-shaped SRRs behave like inductors and the gapsas capacitors To illustrate how the structure works whenplaced in an electromagnetic field region the surface currentdistribution is presented in Figure 3 and the magnetic andelectric field densities in Figure 4 at the operation frequencyof 1075GHz atwhich the structure behaves like a left-handed

PMB

PEBx

y

z

Port 1

Port 2

Figure 2 The boundary conditions of the proposed unit cell usedin the simulations

material It can be observed from Figure 3 that the current ishighly concentrated around the central wire and the coppershape structureThemagnetic field shows similar distributionas the current as shown in Figure 4(a) which supports thatthe resonance obtained is of magnetic type and the modifiedS-shaped elements are strongly coupled to this magneticresonance Moreover a close examination of the currentdistribution in Figure 3 leads to the observation of somevirtual gaps in addition to the actual gaps These virtualgaps occur at current minimum points and this providesan additional capacitance-like response by being the voltagemaxima points at the same time The electric field is highlylocalized around these actual and virtual gaps as seen inFigure 4(b) The reason of high concentration around theactual gaps is the capacitive effect at these regions [13 14]

Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 3

Max

Min

Figure 3 The surface current distribution at 1075GHz

(a) (b)

Figure 4 (a) Magnetic field and (b) electric field distributions for the proposed unit cell at 1075GHz

(a) (b)

Figure 5 (a) Vector network analyzer two horn antennas with coaxial cables (b) Manufactured sample

4 Simulated and Experimental Results

Before presenting the comparison of the simulated and theexperimental results it would be better to give some infor-mation about the experimental set-up Experiment layout isprepared by placing the designed sample between two hornantennas which are connected to a vector network analyzer(VNA) through coaxial cables as in Figure 5(a) By this waythe surface of the sample which is shown in Figure 5(b)is guaranteed to be perpendicular to the direction of wavepropagation The metamaterial prototype is manufactured at

in-house facilities using a circuit plotterwith standardmillingtool sets

The incident electromagnetic wave propagates along neg-ative 119911-axis to excite the combined materials of the sampleThe electric field vector and magnetic field vector are in the119910-axis and negative 119909-axis respectively (see Figure 2) Forcalibration purposes a measurement is conducted withoutthe sample After that the sample is placed between the twohorn antennas and the 119878-parameters are measured via VNA

The simulated and the measured 119878-parameter resultswhich are between 8 and 12GHz are presented in Figure 6


8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5S-

para

met

ers (

mag

nitu

de in

dB)

S11 simS21 sim

S11 expS21 exp

(a)

S11 simS21 sim

S11 expS21 exp

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

minus180

minus150

minus100

minus50

0

50

100

150

180

S-pa

ram

eter

s (ph

ase i

n de

gree

s)(b)

Figure 6 Simulated and measured 119878-parameters (a) the magnitude (dB) and (b) the phase (degrees)

There are some small differences between the two typesof obtained data which may be due to the manufacturetolerances related to the dielectric dispersion and the etchingprocess

The effective permittivity and permeability values areobtained from the 119878-parameters given in Figure 6 by theuse of the Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) retrieval method [615ndash17] Using this method the effective permittivity andpermeability can be written as 120576 = (1198961198960)((1 minus Γ)(1 + Γ))and 120583 = (1198961198960)((1 + Γ)(1 minus Γ)) respectively where 1198960 is thepropagation constant of free space Here Γ = [(119878211 + 119878221 +1)2119878211]plusmnradic[(119878211 + 119878221 + 1)2119878211]2 minus 1 and the sign is chosensuch that |Γ| lt 1 Furthermore 119896 = [log(1|119879|)] + 119895(2119898120587 minusphase(119879))119889 where 119879 = [11987811 + 11987821 minus Γ][1 minus Γ(11987811 + 11987821)]119898 = 0 plusmn1 plusmn2 plusmn3 and 119889 is the thickness of the slabIt clarifies that the integer 119898 has multiple choices and itis not straightforward to assign the exact solution for thepermittivity and permeability To find the exact value of theinteger 119898 the group delay is calculated at each frequencyand then by taking the difference in phase of the 11987821 data atadjacent frequency points and comparing it with the groupdelay caused with the assumed value of 119898 the convergenceon the correct value of 119898 is achieved Thus NRW methodcan be applied with justification

Figure 7 presents the simulated and the experimentalresults for the real parts of the effective permittivity andpermeability together with the real part of the refractiveindex of the structure As can be observed the resultscompare well and the structure has negative real parts inthe frequency bands sim8ndash1045GHz and sim1065ndash1175GHzfor the permittivity and in the frequency band sim85ndash12GHz

for the permeability Thus the proposed structure exhibits awideband metamaterial behavior

5 Absorber Application

To investigate the performance of the proposed S-shapedSRR the absorption characteristics of the structure arestudied both experimentally and through simulations Theabsorption of a material is function of frequency and can beformulated by 119860(120596) = 1 minus 119877(120596) minus 119879(120596) where 119877(120596) = |11987811|2and 119879(120596) = |11987821|2 represent the reflection and the transmis-sion characteristics respectively [18] In order to maximizethe absorption both the reflection and the transmission canbe minimized at the resonance frequency In this study acopper layer on the backside of the substrate material isadded so that the absorption expression is reduced to119860(120596) asymp1 minus 119877(120596) and it almost depends only on reflection now [18ndash20]

Figure 8(a) shows theVNAand the experiment alignmentsetting After the calibration test without the testing samplehorn antenna is used to illuminate the sample in the X-band frequency regime which is connected with VNA by acoaxial cable As can be seen in Figure 8(b) themeasurementresults show good agreement with the simulation results Amaximum in the absorption ratio is about 9999at 894GHzexperimentally Both the experimental and the simulationresults suggest that the proposed structure can be used forperfect absorption applications Note that the discrepanciesbetween the experimental and simulation data are imputedto fabrication tolerances and dielectric dispersion of thesubstrate The misalignment during the experiment may alsobe considered as another source of error

Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 5Pe

rmitt

ivity

(rea

l par

t)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)휀 sim휀 exp

minus8

minus7

minus6

minus5

minus4

minus3

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

3

(a)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

minus120

minus100

minus80

minus60

minus40

minus20

0

20

40

60

80

휇 sim휇 exp

Perm

eabi

lity

(rea

l par

t)(b)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

n simn exp

minus20

minus18

minus16

minus14

minus12

minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

Refr

activ

e ind

exn

(rea

l par

t)

(c)

Figure 7 The simulated and experimental results for the real parts of (a) permittivity (b) permeability and (c) refractive index

Furthermore the 119878-parameter and the absorption char-acteristics are simulated for different polarization angles in875ndash905GHz frequency band In Figure 9 11987811 is presentedfor normal and oblique incidences It is observed that reflec-tion achieves its lowest value in normal incidence case andthe resonance occurs around 8912GHz As the polarizationvaries from normal to oblique incidence the reflection alsovaries and a stable frequency response can be obtained for120579 lt 40∘ when 120601 = 0∘

In Figure 10 the absorption characteristics are providedin the frequency band of 875ndash905GHz for the polarizationangle 120579 between 0∘ and 40∘ It can be deduced that the pro-posed metamaterial can be used as a narrow band 175MHzperfect absorber with absorption over 90 in 8825ndash90GHzAt the resonance frequency around 8912GHz 11987811 is 00039Correspondingly the absorption rate is 9999 at the reso-nance and the device can be used as a perfect absorber at thementioned frequency


(a)

8 9 10 11 12Frequency (GHz)

0

02

04

06

08

1

Refle

ctio

n an

d ab

sorp

tion

S11 (exp)A (exp)

S11 (sim)A (sim)

(b)

Figure 8 (a) Absorption experiment setting (b) Simulated and measured results of reflection and absorption ratio

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0휙 = 10 휃 = 0

휙 = 20 휃 = 0

휙 = 30 휃 = 0

(a)

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0

휙 = 0 휃 = 10

휙 = 0 휃 = 20

휙 = 0 휃 = 30

휙 = 0 휃 = 40휙 = 0 휃 = 60휙 = 0 휃 = 80

(b)

Figure 9 Frequency response of 11987811 for different polarization angles (a) 120579 = 0∘ and 120601 varies and (b) 120579 varies and 120601 = 0∘

6 Conclusion

In this work a modified S-shape ring resonator in periodicarrangement is introduced and investigated both numeri-cally and experimentally Based on the experiment results

obtained it has been demonstrated that the proposed struc-ture exhibits wideband DNG characteristics in the frequencyband of interest In other words the experimented novelmetamaterial is well designed and successfully operatesaround the resonance frequency to provide simultaneously


휙 = 0 휃 = 0

휙 = 0 휃 = 10

휙 = 0 휃 = 20

휙 = 0 휃 = 30

휙 = 0 휃 = 40

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

08

082

084

086

088

09

092

094

096

098

1

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

(a)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

Abso

rat

io

08

085

09

095

1

(b)

Figure 10 Absorption for different polarization angles (a) 120579 varies and 120601 = 0∘and (b) 120579 = 0∘ and 120601 = 0∘

double negative permittivity and permeability in X-bandAdditionally simple fabrication of this novel metamaterial isanother design advantage

An absorber application has also been studied and mea-sured The measurement results show good agreement withthe simulation results Additionally the simulated results for119878-parameters and the absorption rate are obtained at differentpolarization angles It has been shown that high absorptioncan be achieved for oblique incidences up to 40∘ and withabsorption peak more than 90 between 8825 and 9GHz Aperfect absorber can be obtained at the resonance frequencyaround 8912GHz

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] V G Veselago ldquoThe electrodynamics of substances with simul-taneously negative values of 120576 and 120583rdquo Soviet Physics Uspekhi vol10 no 4 pp 509ndash514 1968

[2] J B Pendry A J Holden W J Stewart and I YoungsldquoExtremely low frequency plasmons in metallic mesostruc-turesrdquo Physical Review Letters vol 76 no 25 pp 4773ndash47761996

[3] D R Smith W J Padilla D C Vier S C Nemat-Nasser andS Schultz ldquoComposite medium with simultaneously negativepermeability and permittivityrdquo Physical Review Letters vol 84no 18 pp 4184ndash4187 2000

[4] R A Shelby D R Smith and S Schultz ldquoExperimentalverification of a negative index of refractionrdquo Science vol 292no 5514 pp 77ndash79 2001

[5] P Markos and C M Soukoulis ldquoNumerical studies of left-handed materials and arrays of split ring resonatorsrdquo PhysicalReview E vol 65 no 3 Article ID 036622 2002

[6] C Sabah ldquoElectric and magnetic excitations in anisotropicbroadside-coupled triangular-split-ring resonatorsrdquo AppliedPhysics A Materials Science and Processing vol 108 no 2 pp457ndash463 2012

[7] C Sabah and F Urbani ldquoExperimental analysis of Λ-shapedmagnetic resonator for mu-negative metamaterialsrdquo OpticsCommunications vol 294 pp 409ndash413 2013

[8] J H Lv X W Hu M H Liu B R Yan and L H Kong ldquoNega-tive refraction of a double L-shaped metamaterialrdquo Journal ofOptics A Pure and Applied Optics vol 11 no 8 Article ID085101 2009

[9] J Huangfu L Ran H Chen et al ldquoExperimental confirmationof negative refractive index of a metamaterial composed of Ω-like metallic patternsrdquo Applied Physics Letters vol 84 no 9 pp1537ndash1539 2004

[10] H Chen L Ran J Huangfu et al ldquoLeft-handed materialscomposed of only S-shaped resonatorsrdquo Physical Review E vol70 no 5 Article ID 57605 2004

[11] D-L Jin J-S Hong and H Xiong ldquoA novel single-sided wide-band metamaterialrdquo Applied Computational ElectromagneticsSociety Journal vol 27 no 12 pp 971ndash976 2012

[12] J Naqui J Coromina A Karami-Horestani C Fumeaux andF Martın ldquoAngular displacement and velocity sensors based oncoplanar waveguides (CPWs) loaded with S-shaped split ringresonators (S-SRR)rdquo Sensors vol 15 no 5 pp 9628ndash9650 2015


[13] H S Chen L X Ran J T Huangfu et al ldquoMagnetic propertiesof S-shaped split-ring resonatorsrdquo Progress in ElectromagneticsResearch vol 51 pp 231ndash247 2005

[14] A K Horestani M Duran-Sindreu J Naqui C Fumeauxand F Martin ldquoCoplanar waveguides loaded with s-shapedsplit-ring resonators modeling and application to compactmicrowave filtersrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless PropagationLetters vol 13 pp 1349ndash1352 2014

[15] A M Nicolson and G F Ross ldquoMeasurement of the intrinsicproperties of materials by time-domain techniquesrdquo IEEETransactions on Instrumentation and Measurement vol 19 no4 pp 377ndash382 1970

[16] W BWeir ldquoAutomatic measurement of complex dielectric con-stant andpermeability atmicrowave frequenciesrdquoProceedings ofthe IEEE vol 62 no 1 pp 33ndash36 1974

[17] V Milosevic B Jokanovic and R Bojanic ldquoEffective electro-magnetic parameters of metamaterial transmission line loadedwith asymmetric unit cellsrdquo IEEE Transactions on MicrowaveTheory and Techniques vol 61 no 8 pp 2761ndash2772 2013

[18] N I Landy S Sajuyigbe J J Mock D R Smith and WJ Padilla ldquoPerfect metamaterial absorberrdquo Physical ReviewLetters vol 100 no 20 Article ID 207402 2008

[19] F Dincer M Karaaslan and C Sabah ldquoDesign and analysis ofperfect metamaterial absorber in GHz and THz frequenciesrdquoJournal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications vol 29 no18 pp 2492ndash2500 2015

[20] F Dincer O AkgolM Karaaslan E Unal andC Sabah ldquoPolar-ization angle independent perfect metamaterial absorbers forsolar cell applications in the microwave infrared and visibleregimerdquo Progress in Electromagnetics Research vol 144 pp 93ndash101 2014

Submit your manuscripts athttpswwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

High Energy PhysicsAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


FluidsJournal of

Atomic and Molecular Physics

Journal of



Advances in Condensed Matter Physics

OpticsInternational Journal of



AstronomyAdvances in

International Journal of


Superconductivity


Statistical MechanicsInternational Journal of


GravityJournal of


AstrophysicsJournal of


Physics Research International


Solid State PhysicsJournal of

Computational Methods in Physics

Journal of



Soft MatterJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

AerodynamicsJournal of

Volume 2014


PhotonicsJournal of


Journal of

Biophysics


ThermodynamicsJournal of


a

d

d

bccc

y

xz

e

(a)

L2

L1

L2

L3

L3

L4

L4

C12 C12

C12 C12

CG

CG

CP2CP2

CP2CP2

C㰀2C㰀2

C㰀2 C㰀2

(b)

Figure 1 (a) The proposed unit cell with 119886 = 969mm 119887 = 878mm 119888 = 051mm 119889 = 093mm and 119890 = 825mm (b) Equivalent circuitmodel of proposed unit cell

shown in Figure 1(a) The two ends of the S-shaped SRR areelongated in such a way that they take the form of C-shapedSRRs In the design FR-4 Epoxy of permittivity 120576119903 = 43and loss tangent 120575 = 0025 is chosen as the substrate andthe copper of electrical conductivity 120590 = 58 times 107 Sm withcoating thickness of 0017mm is chosen for printing the SRRsThe simulations are carried out by using the commercialprogram CST Microwave Studio 2016 Figure 1(b) showsthe 119871119862 parameters that represent the electric topology of amodified S-SRR unit cell with the (119871 1198711 1198712 1198713) inductorsand (1198621015840 1198621 119862119901 119862119866) capacitors Explicit expressions for 119871 and119862 can be found in [12ndash14]

A unit cell of the proposed structure together with theports applied in the simulations is shown in Figure 2 In thesimulations the unit cell is placed between two waveguideports which are perpendicular to the direction of the wavepropagation which is along negative 119911-direction To imitatethe infinite structure perfect electric boundary (PEB) con-ditions are set at the boundary surfaces perpendicular to theE-field while perfect magnetic boundary (PMB) conditionsare at the boundary surfaces perpendicular to theH-field (seeFigure 2)The frequency band is chosen as the X-band region(8ndash12GHz)

3 Electric Field Magnetic Fieldand Surface Current Distributions

Basically the nonhomogenous metamaterial structures pro-vide a resonant RLC circuit behavior in some certain fre-quency bands For the particular geometry in this paper themodified S-shaped SRRs behave like inductors and the gapsas capacitors To illustrate how the structure works whenplaced in an electromagnetic field region the surface currentdistribution is presented in Figure 3 and the magnetic andelectric field densities in Figure 4 at the operation frequencyof 1075GHz atwhich the structure behaves like a left-handed

PMB

PEBx

y

z

Port 1

Port 2

Figure 2 The boundary conditions of the proposed unit cell usedin the simulations

material It can be observed from Figure 3 that the current ishighly concentrated around the central wire and the coppershape structureThemagnetic field shows similar distributionas the current as shown in Figure 4(a) which supports thatthe resonance obtained is of magnetic type and the modifiedS-shaped elements are strongly coupled to this magneticresonance Moreover a close examination of the currentdistribution in Figure 3 leads to the observation of somevirtual gaps in addition to the actual gaps These virtualgaps occur at current minimum points and this providesan additional capacitance-like response by being the voltagemaxima points at the same time The electric field is highlylocalized around these actual and virtual gaps as seen inFigure 4(b) The reason of high concentration around theactual gaps is the capacitive effect at these regions [13 14]


Max

Min


(a) (b)


(a) (b)








8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5S-

para

met

ers (

mag

nitu

de in

dB)

S11 simS21 sim

S11 expS21 exp

(a)

S11 simS21 sim

S11 expS21 exp

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

minus180

minus150

minus100

minus50

0

50

100

150

180

S-pa

ram

eter

s (ph

ase i

n de

gree

s)(b)










rmitt

ivity

(rea

l par

t)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12


minus8

minus7

minus6

minus5

minus4

minus3

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

3

(a)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

minus120

minus100

minus80

minus60

minus40

minus20

0

20

40

60

80

휇 sim휇 exp

Perm

eabi

lity

(rea

l par

t)(b)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

n simn exp

minus20

minus18

minus16

minus14

minus12

minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

Refr

activ

e ind

exn

(rea

l par

t)

(c)





(a)


0

02

04

06

08

1

Refle

ctio

n an

d ab

sorp

tion

S11 (exp)A (exp)

S11 (sim)A (sim)

(b)


875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0휙 = 10 휃 = 0

휙 = 20 휃 = 0

휙 = 30 휃 = 0

(a)

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0

휙 = 0 휃 = 10

휙 = 0 휃 = 20

휙 = 0 휃 = 30

휙 = 0 휃 = 40휙 = 0 휃 = 60휙 = 0 휃 = 80

(b)


6 Conclusion




휙 = 0 휃 = 0

휙 = 0 휃 = 10

휙 = 0 휃 = 20

휙 = 0 휃 = 30

휙 = 0 휃 = 40

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

08

082

084

086

088

09

092

094

096

098

1

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

(a)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

Abso

rat

io

08

085

09

095

1

(b)






References



























FluidsJournal of


Journal of










Superconductivity




GravityJournal of








Journal of






Volume 2014


PhotonicsJournal of


Journal of

Biophysics




Max

Min


(a) (b)


(a) (b)








8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5S-

para

met

ers (

mag

nitu

de in

dB)

S11 simS21 sim

S11 expS21 exp

(a)

S11 simS21 sim

S11 expS21 exp

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

minus180

minus150

minus100

minus50

0

50

100

150

180

S-pa

ram

eter

s (ph

ase i

n de

gree

s)(b)










rmitt

ivity

(rea

l par

t)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12


minus8

minus7

minus6

minus5

minus4

minus3

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

3

(a)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

minus120

minus100

minus80

minus60

minus40

minus20

0

20

40

60

80

휇 sim휇 exp

Perm

eabi

lity

(rea

l par

t)(b)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

n simn exp

minus20

minus18

minus16

minus14

minus12

minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

Refr

activ

e ind

exn

(rea

l par

t)

(c)





(a)


0

02

04

06

08

1

Refle

ctio

n an

d ab

sorp

tion

S11 (exp)A (exp)

S11 (sim)A (sim)

(b)


875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0휙 = 10 휃 = 0

휙 = 20 휃 = 0

휙 = 30 휃 = 0

(a)

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0

휙 = 0 휃 = 10

휙 = 0 휃 = 20

휙 = 0 휃 = 30

휙 = 0 휃 = 40휙 = 0 휃 = 60휙 = 0 휃 = 80

(b)


6 Conclusion




휙 = 0 휃 = 0

휙 = 0 휃 = 10

휙 = 0 휃 = 20

휙 = 0 휃 = 30

휙 = 0 휃 = 40

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

08

082

084

086

088

09

092

094

096

098

1

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

(a)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

Abso

rat

io

08

085

09

095

1

(b)






References



























FluidsJournal of


Journal of










Superconductivity




GravityJournal of








Journal of






Volume 2014


PhotonicsJournal of


Journal of

Biophysics




8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

5S-

para

met

ers (

mag

nitu

de in

dB)

S11 simS21 sim

S11 expS21 exp

(a)

S11 simS21 sim

S11 expS21 exp

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

minus180

minus150

minus100

minus50

0

50

100

150

180

S-pa

ram

eter

s (ph

ase i

n de

gree

s)(b)










rmitt

ivity

(rea

l par

t)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12


minus8

minus7

minus6

minus5

minus4

minus3

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

3

(a)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

minus120

minus100

minus80

minus60

minus40

minus20

0

20

40

60

80

휇 sim휇 exp

Perm

eabi

lity

(rea

l par

t)(b)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

n simn exp

minus20

minus18

minus16

minus14

minus12

minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

Refr

activ

e ind

exn

(rea

l par

t)

(c)





(a)


0

02

04

06

08

1

Refle

ctio

n an

d ab

sorp

tion

S11 (exp)A (exp)

S11 (sim)A (sim)

(b)


875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0휙 = 10 휃 = 0

휙 = 20 휃 = 0

휙 = 30 휃 = 0

(a)

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0

휙 = 0 휃 = 10

휙 = 0 휃 = 20

휙 = 0 휃 = 30

휙 = 0 휃 = 40휙 = 0 휃 = 60휙 = 0 휃 = 80

(b)


6 Conclusion




휙 = 0 휃 = 0

휙 = 0 휃 = 10

휙 = 0 휃 = 20

휙 = 0 휃 = 30

휙 = 0 휃 = 40

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

08

082

084

086

088

09

092

094

096

098

1

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

(a)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

Abso

rat

io

08

085

09

095

1

(b)






References



























FluidsJournal of


Journal of










Superconductivity




GravityJournal of








Journal of






Volume 2014


PhotonicsJournal of


Journal of

Biophysics




rmitt

ivity

(rea

l par

t)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12


minus8

minus7

minus6

minus5

minus4

minus3

minus2

minus1

0

1

2

3

(a)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

minus120

minus100

minus80

minus60

minus40

minus20

0

20

40

60

80

휇 sim휇 exp

Perm

eabi

lity

(rea

l par

t)(b)

8 85 9 95 10 105 11 115 12

Frequency (GHz)

n simn exp

minus20

minus18

minus16

minus14

minus12

minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

Refr

activ

e ind

exn

(rea

l par

t)

(c)





(a)


0

02

04

06

08

1

Refle

ctio

n an

d ab

sorp

tion

S11 (exp)A (exp)

S11 (sim)A (sim)

(b)


875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0휙 = 10 휃 = 0

휙 = 20 휃 = 0

휙 = 30 휃 = 0

(a)

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0

휙 = 0 휃 = 10

휙 = 0 휃 = 20

휙 = 0 휃 = 30

휙 = 0 휃 = 40휙 = 0 휃 = 60휙 = 0 휃 = 80

(b)


6 Conclusion




휙 = 0 휃 = 0

휙 = 0 휃 = 10

휙 = 0 휃 = 20

휙 = 0 휃 = 30

휙 = 0 휃 = 40

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

08

082

084

086

088

09

092

094

096

098

1

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

(a)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

Abso

rat

io

08

085

09

095

1

(b)






References



























FluidsJournal of


Journal of










Superconductivity




GravityJournal of








Journal of






Volume 2014


PhotonicsJournal of


Journal of

Biophysics




(a)


0

02

04

06

08

1

Refle

ctio

n an

d ab

sorp

tion

S11 (exp)A (exp)

S11 (sim)A (sim)

(b)


875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0휙 = 10 휃 = 0

휙 = 20 휃 = 0

휙 = 30 휃 = 0

(a)

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

minus50

minus45

minus40

minus35

minus30

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus5

0

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0

휙 = 0 휃 = 10

휙 = 0 휃 = 20

휙 = 0 휃 = 30

휙 = 0 휃 = 40휙 = 0 휃 = 60휙 = 0 휃 = 80

(b)


6 Conclusion




휙 = 0 휃 = 0

휙 = 0 휃 = 10

휙 = 0 휃 = 20

휙 = 0 휃 = 30

휙 = 0 휃 = 40

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

08

082

084

086

088

09

092

094

096

098

1

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

(a)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

Abso

rat

io

08

085

09

095

1

(b)






References



























FluidsJournal of


Journal of










Superconductivity




GravityJournal of








Journal of






Volume 2014


PhotonicsJournal of


Journal of

Biophysics




휙 = 0 휃 = 0

휙 = 0 휃 = 10

휙 = 0 휃 = 20

휙 = 0 휃 = 30

휙 = 0 휃 = 40

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

08

082

084

086

088

09

092

094

096

098

1

S-pa

ram

eter

s (m

agni

tude

in d

B)

(a)

휙 = 0 휃 = 0

875 88 885 89 895 9 905

Frequency (GHz)

Abso

rat

io

08

085

09

095

1

(b)






References



























FluidsJournal of


Journal of










Superconductivity




GravityJournal of








Journal of






Volume 2014


PhotonicsJournal of


Journal of

Biophysics

















FluidsJournal of


Journal of










Superconductivity




GravityJournal of








Journal of






Volume 2014


PhotonicsJournal of


Journal of

Biophysics



design and fabrication of a novel wideband dng ...4 advancesincondensedmatterphysics 8 8.5 9 9.5 10...

Documents