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Design Index :. 16bit. Which is the optimal ADC ?. Incremental Data Converter. Date : 2013.03.30. Reporter : Sihai Chen. TJIC Design Center Battery Management. Introduction. 1. Incremental data converter. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Design Index :16bit
Which is the optimal ADC ?
Incremental Data Converter
Date : 2013.03.30TJIC Design Center Battery Management
Reporter : Sihai Chen
Contents
Introduction1
Incremental data converter2
Extensions of First-order Converter3
Properties of IDC4
Design Example5
Introduction
ADC is extensively used.
ApplicationRequirements
Resolution Bandwidth Power-Consumption
Microcontrollers Low ~ Med Low ~ Med Low ~ Med
LF Measurement High Low ~ Med Low ~ Med
Sensor( - arrays) High Low ~ Med Low
Audio High Med N/A or Low
Control Med ~ High Low ~ Med N/A
Video Med ~ High High N/A
HF, microwave Med High N/ATelecommunication Med High N/A or Low
Table 1.1 A/D converter requirements of different applications
Introduction
• Application requirements : high resolution high speed simple hardware low power- and area-consumption insensitivity of environmental effects
• High resolution limitations analog elements matching switching-noise
Introduction
ApplicationArchitecture
Nyquist-rate Oversampling
Microcontroller Successive approx, Algorithmic/Cyclic N/A
dc, LF Measurement, Biomedical app
Dual-slope, Voltage-to- frequency IDC
Sensor(-arrays) Dual-slope IDCAudio Successive approx Simple oversampling ΣΔ
Control Successive approx, Algorithmic/ Cyclic N/A
Video Flash, Pipelined Low-OSR ΣΔ
HF, microwave Flash, Pipelined Bandpass ΣΔ
Telecommunication Flash, Successive approx ΣΔ
Table 1.2 Classification of different A/D converter architecture
Introduction
• Characteristics of IDC Converter speed to resolution Insensitivity of analog elements matching High resolution Low~Med bandwidth Various architectures to make trade-off Good performance for dc measurements sensitive to offset, linearity, stability
Incremental Data Converter
• 1978, Plassche introduced the structure of first-order incremental data converter for the first time.
• 1985, Robert and Valencic introduced a similar structure with more theoretical details in a low-voltage CMOS environment, naming the converter “incremental A/D converter”.
• 2004, Markus introduced the modified IDC, and clearly explained the theory and applications of IDC, naming “incremental ΔΣ converter”.
Incremental Data Converter
• First-order incremental A/D converterA hybrid between dual-slope converter and ΔΣ one
Figure2.1 Block diagram of the Dual-Slope converter
Incremental Data Converter
• First-order incremental A/D converterA hybrid between dual-slope converter and ΔΣ one
Figure2.2 Block diagram of the first-order ΔΣ converter
ADCu V∫-
DAC
Incremental Data Converter
• First-order incremental A/D converterA hybrid between dual-slope converter and ΔΣ one
Figure2.3 Block diagram of the Dual-Slope converter
Incremental Data Converter
• How dual-slope A/D worksTwo-cycle mode:a) First-cycle
b) Second-cycle
So, there is
0inV V NT
0refV V nT
+in refnV VN N
Note:bit
bit
bit
2
2
2
n
n
n
N
n
error
Question1 : How to enhance the resolution of Dual-slope A/D converter ?( Clue: ε=? )
Incremental Data Converter
• How First-order IDC worksAt the (N+1)th sampling,
Obviously ,After ,
Vin∈(0, Vref), -Vref=0; Vin (-∈ Vref, Vref), -Vref= -Vref To be easily understand, - Vref=0.
[ 1] in out refV N N V N V *[ ] ,ref in refV V N V V N
bit2nN
[ 1] [ 1,1]2 ( ) ,ref
bitnout in ref V N VN V V (*)
Incremental Data Converter
• In an ideal A/D converter,
• Rearranging Eq.(*),
• That is,
( ), ( 0.5,0.5]in lsb outV V D q q
[ 1]( ( ))2 bit
refin outn
ref
V V NV NV
2
[ 1]
bit
reflsb n
out out
ref
VV
D NV Nq
V
Conclusion:bit
bit
2[ 1]
2
n
n
NV Nerror
Question2 : How to enhance the resolution of incremental A/D converter ?
Incremental Data Converter
• For the Bipolar operation, (Vin (-∈ Vref,Vref), -Vref= -Vref)
• after N cycles,
• and ,
1
1 [ 1]N
in i refi
V d V V N NN
1
21
[ 1]
bit
reflsb n
N
out ii
ref
VV
D dN
V NqV
bit
bit
2[ 1]
2
n
n
NV Nerror
Extensions of First-order Converter
• The key requirements of extensions:a) Fastb) High resolution
• Actually, it means:
2 bitnN b 0 1, 0, 0b
(3-1)
Extensions of First-order Converter
• Depending on the Eq.(3-1),a) α=1, β>0,b>0;
Refining the Quantization Noise (or extended counting conversion)
b) 0<α< 1, β=0,b=0;① Different Architecture② High-order Modulators
Extensions of First-order Converter
• Refining the Quantization Noise First-order IDC
Refine the residual signal
1
[ 1]Nref
in ii ref
V V NV dN V
bitbit
[ 1]22
nn
V NN error ,
[ 1] 12 R R Rn
ref
V N N qV
2
12 2 2
nbit
bit bit R bit R
ref ref ref Rin i Rn n n n n
i
V V V qV d N
High nbit bit Low nR bit error
Extensions of First-order Converter
Optimal ArchitectureFirst-order IDC(3~5bit) + Cyclic(8~10bit)
2 IDCncycles
Extensions of First-order Converter
Optimal ArchitectureFirst-order IDC(3~5bit) + Cyclic(8~10bit)
2 IDCncycliccycles n
Extensions of First-order Converter
Other Architecturesa) Multi-bit ADC
Refine the quantization in every cycleb) Two-steps algorithmic conversion
First step: MSB nbit/2Second step: LSB nbit/2Total cycles: 22 2
nbit
Extensions of First-order Converter
• Refine the Quantization NoiseFirst-order IDCCIFF High-order IDCDual-slope converterSingle-slope converterCyclic converter SAR converter Flash(Pipeline) converter
12 2
2
bit R
bit R
in out R Rn n
Rn n
VV D D q
Verror q
Extensions of First-order Converter
• Refine the Quantization Noise
ADC Residue ADC Multiplexing Cycles
IDCFirst-order Cyclic A
M-order Cyclic N/A
Dual-slope Cyclic A
Sing-slope Cyclic A
Cyclic Flash A
2 MSBnLSBn
/2 MSBn mLSBn
2 2 MSBnLSBn
2 MSBnLSBn
2 LSBnMSBn
Extensions of First-order Converter
• Different ArchitectureMASH(multi-stage noise shaping)
1z-1
-U
V
ADC1z-1
2
DAC
1z-1
-ADC1
z-1
2
DAC
1H (z)
2H (z)
Extensions of First-order Converter
• High-order ModulatorTo be easily understand, here is a simple
architecture.Low-distortion CIFF second-order IDC
u dout比较器
Reset
1
11z
z
积分器
Reset
1
11z
z
积分器
Reset
2
1
11 z
滤波器
Reset
1
11 z
滤波器
diV1 V2
Extensions of First-order Converter
• How it worksGiven the reset signal,V1[0]= V2[0]=0.
u比较器
1
11z
z
积分器
Reset
1
11z
z
积分器
Reset
2
diV1 V2
1 1 0 0
1 1 1
10 0 0
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 1
1
2 10
[1] [0] [0] = [0]1 1
[ ] [ ] = ( [ ] )1 1
[1] [0] [0] [0][2] [1] [1] [1] [0]
[ ] [ ] ( [ ] )1
ref refin in
N N Nref ref
in i in ii i i
Nref
in ik i
V VV V V d V d
l l
V VV N V i d V i d
l l
V V V VV V V V V
VV N V k V i d
l
1 1
0 0
N k
k
Time-DomainZ-Domain
Extensions of First-order Converter
• How it works
Vin is a constant,
That is,
u比较器
1
11z
z
积分器
Reset
1
11z
z
积分器
Reset
2
diV1 V21 1
20 0
[ ] ( [ ] )1
N kref
in ik i
VV N V i d
l
1 1
20 0
( 1)[ ]2! 1
N kref
in ik i
VN NV N V dl
1 12
0 0
1
1
2 [ ]=( 1)
N k
in ik i
ref
ref
Vl
Vl
V NV dN N
Extensions of First-order Converter
• How it works
The bondage of Vin is ±Vmax , so the Vlsb:
Rearranging,
1 12
0 0
1
1
2 [ ]=( 1)
N k
in ik i
ref
ref
Vl
Vl
V NV dN N
max2
2 2 ( 1) ( 1)bit
reflsbn
VV Vl N N
/2max
maxmax
2 2 ,( 1)
bitn
ref
VN UVU l
Extensions of First-order Converter
• High-order Modulators
Where La is the order, generally La ≤ 3.max
2 !( 1) 2
bitn
LaLa LaN
U l
max
maxref
VUV
Extensions of First-order Converter
• Depending on the Eq.• nbit=16, Umax=0.5, l=2• N=92
• Actually, Nactual>>N=92
Properties of IDC
a) “Dead-Zones”b) Vmax
c) Stabilityd) Offsete) Line frequency noisef) Decimation filter
Properties of IDC
a) “Dead-Zones”b) Vmax
Properties of IDC
• Stability*
The higher the order is, the more instability the modulator is.
There is few paper discussing about the stability of modulator, especially incremental ΔΣ modulator, which is extremely significant.
Generally, scaling of the coefficients makes sure that the modulator is stable.
[ ] in refV N V V , 1, 1
Properties of IDC
• Offset Extremely sensitive to offset
Voffset remains constant, but Vinj is difficult to evaluate.
Methodsa) Auto-zeroingb) Choppingc) CDSd) Fractal sequencing
int
soffset inj
cV V V
c
offset lsbV V
Properties of IDC
a) Line frequency noise S/H and the error of S/H Periodic noise
b) Decimation filter CoI filter Sinc filter Optimal filter Canceling periodic noise
Properties of IDC
Design Example
• Design index12bitVin [-0.3,5]∈VDD=5VCycles<1000
• Optimal preferencesArchitecture: low-distortion CIFF
second-order 1-bit modulatorBipolar inputSC fully-differential circuitsFractal sequencingVDD=5VVcm=2.5V>13bitVin+ [1.175, 3.825]∈Vref=5, -Vref=0Scaling of coefficients
Design Example
• Depending on the preferences:
• Cycles: N=256• Output swing of OTA: 0.3~4.7V, the key
limitation of stable.
/2 6.5
max
2 2 2 2= =176( 1) 0.53 1
bitn
NU l
maxmax
1.325= =0.532.5ref
VUV
max[ ] 2.2 3.825ref inV N V V
Design Example
• Model of second-order modulator:
Design Example
• Architecture circuits
Design Example
• Simulate results: offset=0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
The Quantization Error of Battery Voltage With Incremental ΣΔADC
error of Vlsberror distribution
Battery Voltage /V
Error of
Vlsb/1
Error Distribution
/mV
Note:Given the data symmetrically dis-tributed at 2.35, the data below 2.35 is calculated from the other side . The -0.1 and -1.15 points are simulated to prove the symme-try.
Vref+=5V,Vref-=0V;offset=0;cycles=256 (ideal bit=14)
Design bit=13,Vlsb=0.75mV
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5The Quantization Error of Battery Voltage With Incremental ΣΔADC
error of Vlsberror distribution
Battery Voltage /V
Error of
Vlsb/1
Error Distribution
/mV
Note:All the points in the illustration are simulated.
Vref+=5V,Vref-=0V;offset=10mV;cycles=256 (ideal bit=14)
Design bit=13,Vlsb=0.75mV
Design Example
• Simulate results: offset=10mV
Thank you for your attentions.
The End