design of digital circuits lecture 13: multi-cycle microarch

Design of Digital Circuits

Lecture 13: Multi-Cycle Microarch.

Prof. Onur Mutlu ETH Zurich Spring 2017 6 April 2017

Agenda for Today & Next Few Lectures !  Single-cycle Microarchitectures

!  Multi-cycle and Microprogrammed Microarchitectures !  Pipelining

!  Issues in Pipelining: Control & Data Dependence Handling, State Maintenance and Recovery, …

!  Out-of-Order Execution

!  Issues in OoO Execution: Load-Store Handling, …

2

Readings for Today !  P&P, Chapter 4, 5

"  Microarchitecture

!  P&P, Revised Appendix C "  Microarchitecture of the LC-3b "  Appendix A (LC-3b ISA) will be useful in following this

!  H&H, Chapter 7.4 (keep reading)

!  Optional "  Maurice Wilkes, “The Best Way to Design an Automatic

Calculating Machine,” Manchester Univ. Computer Inaugural Conf., 1951.

3

Implementing the ISA: Microarchitecture Basics (Review)

4

How Does a Machine Process Instructions? !  What does processing an instruction mean? !  We will assume the von Neumann model (for now)

AS = Architectural (programmer visible) state before an instruction is processed

Process instruction

AS’ = Architectural (programmer visible) state after an

instruction is processed

!  Processing an instruction: Transforming AS to AS’ according to the ISA specification of the instruction

5

The Von Neumann Model/Architecture !  Also called stored program computer (instructions in

memory). Two key properties:

!  Stored program "  Instructions stored in a linear memory array "  Memory is unified between instructions and data

!  The interpretation of a stored value depends on the control signals

!  Sequential instruction processing "  One instruction processed (fetched, executed, and completed) at a

time "  Program counter (instruction pointer) identifies the current instr. "  Program counter is advanced sequentially except for control transfer

instructions

6

When is a value interpreted as an instruction?

The Von Neumann Model/Architecture !  Recommended reading

"  Burks, Goldstein, von Neumann, “Preliminary discussion of the logical design of an electronic computing instrument,” 1946.

!  Required reading "  Patt and Patel book, Chapter 4, “The von Neumann Model”

!  Stored program

!  Sequential instruction processing

7

The Von Neumann Model (of a Computer)

8

CONTROL UNIT

IP Inst Register

PROCESSING UNIT

ALU TEMP

MEMORY

Mem Addr Reg

Mem Data Reg

INPUT OUTPUT

The Von Neumann Model (of a Computer) !  Q: Is this the only way that a computer can operate?

!  A: No. !  Qualified Answer: But, it has been the dominant way

"  i.e., the dominant paradigm for computing "  for N decades

9

The Dataflow Model (of a Computer) !  Von Neumann model: An instruction is fetched and

executed in control flow order "  As specified by the instruction pointer "  Sequential unless explicit control flow instruction

!  Dataflow model: An instruction is fetched and executed in data flow order "  i.e., when its operands are ready "  i.e., there is no instruction pointer "  Instruction ordering specified by data flow dependence

!  Each instruction specifies “who” should receive the result !  An instruction can “fire” whenever all operands are received

"  Potentially many instructions can execute at the same time !  Inherently more parallel

10

Von Neumann vs Dataflow !  Consider a Von Neumann program

"  What is the significance of the program order? "  What is the significance of the storage locations?

!  Which model is more natural to you as a programmer? 11

v<=a+b;w<=b*2;x<=v-wy<=v+wz<=x*y

+ *2

- +

*

a b

z

Sequential

Dataflow

More on Data Flow !  In a data flow machine, a program consists of data flow

nodes "  A data flow node fires (fetched and executed) when all it

inputs are ready !  i.e. when all inputs have tokens

!  Data flow node and its ISA representation

12

Data Flow Nodes

13

An Example Data Flow Program

14

OUT

ISA-level Tradeoff: Instruction Pointer

!  Do we need an instruction pointer in the ISA? "  Yes: Control-driven, sequential execution

!  An instruction is executed when the IP points to it !  IP automatically changes sequentially (except for control flow

instructions)

"  No: Data-driven, parallel execution !  An instruction is executed when all its operand values are

available (data flow)

!  Tradeoffs: MANY high-level ones "  Ease of programming (for average programmers)? "  Ease of compilation? "  Performance: Extraction of parallelism? "  Hardware complexity?

15

ISA vs. Microarchitecture Level Tradeoff !  A similar tradeoff (control vs. data-driven execution) can be

made at the microarchitecture level

!  ISA: Specifies how the programmer sees instructions to be executed "  Programmer sees a sequential, control-flow execution order vs. "  Programmer sees a data-flow execution order

!  Microarchitecture: How the underlying implementation actually executes instructions "  Microarchitecture can execute instructions in any order as long

as it obeys the semantics specified by the ISA when making the instruction results visible to software !  Programmer should see the order specified by the ISA

16

The “Process Instruction” Step !  ISA specifies abstractly what AS’ should be, given an

instruction and AS "  It defines an abstract finite state machine where

!  State = programmer-visible state !  Next-state logic = instruction execution specification

"  From ISA point of view, there are no “intermediate states” between AS and AS’ during instruction execution !  One state transition per instruction

!  Microarchitecture implements how AS is transformed to AS’ "  There are many choices in implementation "  We can have programmer-invisible state to optimize the speed of

instruction execution: multiple state transitions per instruction !  Choice 1: AS # AS’ (transform AS to AS’ in a single clock cycle) !  Choice 2: AS # AS+MS1 # AS+MS2 # AS+MS3 # AS’ (take multiple

clock cycles to transform AS to AS’) 17

A Very Basic Instruction Processing Engine !  Each instruction takes a single clock cycle to execute !  Only combinational logic is used to implement instruction

execution "  No intermediate, programmer-invisible state updates

AS = Architectural (programmer visible) state at the beginning of a clock cycle

Process instruction in one clock cycle

AS’ = Architectural (programmer visible) state

at the end of a clock cycle

18

A Very Basic Instruction Processing Engine !  Single-cycle machine

!  What is the clock cycle time determined by? !  What is the critical path of the combinational logic

determined by?

19

AS’ AS Sequen.alLogic(State)

Combina.onalLogic

Remember: Programmer Visible (Architectural) State

20

M[0]M[1]M[2]M[3]M[4]

M[N-1]Memoryarrayofstorageloca.onsindexedbyanaddress

ProgramCountermemoryaddressofthecurrentinstruc.on

Registers-givenspecialnamesintheISA(asopposedtoaddresses)-generalvs.specialpurpose

Instruc.ons(andprograms)specifyhowtotransformthevaluesofprogrammervisiblestate

Single-cycle vs. Multi-cycle Machines !  Single-cycle machines

"  Each instruction takes a single clock cycle "  All state updates made at the end of an instruction’s execution "  Big disadvantage: The slowest instruction determines cycle time #

long clock cycle time

!  Multi-cycle machines "  Instruction processing broken into multiple cycles/stages "  State updates can be made during an instruction’s execution "  Architectural state updates made only at the end of an instruction’s

execution "  Advantage over single-cycle: The slowest “stage” determines cycle time

!  Both single-cycle and multi-cycle machines literally follow the von Neumann model at the microarchitecture level

21

Instruction Processing “Cycle” !  Instructions are processed under the direction of a “control

unit” step by step. !  Instruction cycle: Sequence of steps to process an instruction !  Fundamentally, there are six steps:

!  Fetch !  Decode !  Evaluate Address !  Fetch Operands !  Execute !  Store Result

!  Not all instructions require all six steps (see P&P Ch. 4) 22

Instruction Processing “Cycle” vs. Machine Clock Cycle

!  Single-cycle machine: "  All six phases of the instruction processing cycle take a single

machine clock cycle to complete

!  Multi-cycle machine: "  All six phases of the instruction processing cycle can take

multiple machine clock cycles to complete "  In fact, each phase can take multiple clock cycles to complete

23

Instruction Processing Viewed Another Way !  Instructions transform Data (AS) to Data’ (AS’) !  This transformation is done by functional units

"  Units that “operate” on data

!  These units need to be told what to do to the data

!  An instruction processing engine consists of two components "  Datapath: Consists of hardware elements that deal with and

transform data signals !  functional units that operate on data !  hardware structures (e.g. wires and muxes) that enable the flow of

data into the functional units and registers !  storage units that store data (e.g., registers)

"  Control logic: Consists of hardware elements that determine control signals, i.e., signals that specify what the datapath elements should do to the data

24

Single-cycle vs. Multi-cycle: Control & Data !  Single-cycle machine:

"  Control signals are generated in the same clock cycle as the one during which data signals are operated on

"  Everything related to an instruction happens in one clock cycle (serialized processing)

!  Multi-cycle machine: "  Control signals needed in the next cycle can be generated in

the current cycle "  Latency of control processing can be overlapped with latency

of datapath operation (more parallelism)

!  We will see the difference clearly in microprogrammed multi-cycle microarchitectures

25

Many Ways of Datapath and Control Design

!  There are many ways of designing the data path and control logic

!  Single-cycle, multi-cycle, pipelined datapath and control !  Single-bus vs. multi-bus datapaths !  Hardwired/combinational vs. microcoded/microprogrammed

control "  Control signals generated by combinational logic versus "  Control signals stored in a memory structure

!  Control signals and structure depend on the datapath design

26

Performance Analysis !  Execution time of an instruction

"  {CPI} x {clock cycle time}

!  Execution time of a program "  Sum over all instructions [{CPI} x {clock cycle time}] "  {# of instructions} x {Average CPI} x {clock cycle time}

!  Single cycle microarchitecture performance "  CPI = 1 "  Clock cycle time = long

!  Multi-cycle microarchitecture performance "  CPI = different for each instruction

!  Average CPI # hopefully small

"  Clock cycle time = short 27

Now, we have two degrees of freedom to optimize independently

Review: Complete Single-Cycle Processor

SignImm

CLK

A RDInstruction

Memory

+

4

A1

A3WD3

RD2

RD1WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

01

01

A RDData

MemoryWD

WE01

PC01

PC' Instr 25:21

20:16

15:0

5:0

SrcB

20:16

15:11

<<2

+

ALUResult ReadData

WriteData

SrcA

PCPlus4

PCBranch

WriteReg4:0

Result

31:26

RegDst

BranchMemWriteMemtoReg

ALUSrc

RegWrite

OpFunct

ControlUnit

Zero

PCSrc

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

Another Example Single-Cycle Processor

29

Shift left 2

PC

Instruction memory

Read address

Instruction [31– 0]

Data memory

Read data

Write data

RegistersWrite register

Write data

Read data 1

Read data 2

Read register 1

Read register 2




Add

ALU result

Zero


MemtoRegALUOpMemWrite

RegWrite

MemReadBranchJumpRegDst

ALUSrc


4

M u x

Instruction [25– 0] Jump address [31– 0]

PC+4 [31– 28]

Sign extend

16 32Instruction [15– 0]

1

M u x

1

0

M u x

0

1

M u x

0

1

ALU control

Control

Add ALU result

M u x

0

1 0

ALU

Shift left 226 28

Address

PCSrc2=BrTaken

PCSrc1=Jump

ALUopera.on

bcond

**Basedonoriginalfigurefrom[P&HCO&D,COPYRIGHT2004Elsevier.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.] JAL,JR,JALRomiaed

Evaluating the Single-Cycle Microarchitecture

30

A Single-Cycle Microarchitecture !  Is this a good idea/design?

!  When is this a good design?

!  When is this a bad design?

!  How can we design a better microarchitecture?

31

A Single-Cycle Microarchitecture: Analysis !  Every instruction takes 1 cycle to execute

"  CPI (Cycles per instruction) is strictly 1

!  How long each instruction takes is determined by how long the slowest instruction takes to execute "  Even though many instructions do not need that long to

execute

!  Clock cycle time of the microarchitecture is determined by how long it takes to complete the slowest instruction "  Critical path of the design is determined by the processing

time of the slowest instruction

32

What is the Slowest Instruction to Process? !  Let’s go back to the basics

!  All six phases of the instruction processing cycle take a single machine clock cycle to complete

"  Fetch "  Decode "  Evaluate Address "  Fetch Operands "  Execute "  Store Result

!  Do each of the above phases take the same time (latency) for all instructions?

33

1. Instruction fetch (IF) 2. Instruction decode and register operand fetch (ID/RF) 3. Execute/Evaluate memory address (EX/AG) 4. Memory operand fetch (MEM) 5. Store/writeback result (WB)

Example Single-Cycle Datapath Analysis !  Assume (for the design in Slide 29)

"  memory units (read or write): 200 ps "  ALU and adders: 100 ps "  register file (read or write): 50 ps "  other combinational logic: 0 ps

34

steps IF ID EX MEM WBDelay

resources mem RF ALU mem RF

R-type 200 50 100 50 400

I-type 200 50 100 50 400LW 200 50 100 200 50 600SW 200 50 100 200 550

Branch 200 50 100 350Jump 200 200

Let’s Find the Critical Path

35

Shift left 2

PC

Instruction memory

Read address


Data memory

Read data

Write data


Write data

Read data 1

Read data 2

Read register 1

Read register 2




Add

ALU result

Zero



RegWrite


ALUSrc


4

M u x


PC+4 [31– 28]

Sign extend


1

M u x

1

0

M u x

0

1

M u x

0

1

ALU control

Control

Add ALU result

M u x

0

1 0

ALU

Shift left 226 28

Address

PCSrc2=BrTaken

PCSrc1=Jump

ALUopera.on

bcond

[BasedonoriginalfigurefromP&HCO&D,COPYRIGHT2004Elsevier.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.]

R-Type and I-Type ALU

36

Shift left 2

PC

Instruction memory

Read address


Data memory

Read data

Write data


Write data

Read data 1

Read data 2

Read register 1

Read register 2




Add

ALU result

Zero



RegWrite


ALUSrc


4

M u x


PC+4 [31– 28]

Sign extend


1

M u x

1

0

M u x

0

1

M u x

0

1

ALU control

Control

Add ALU result

M u x

0

1 0

ALU

Shift left 226 28

Address

PCSrc2=BrTaken

PCSrc1=Jump

ALUopera.on

bcond


200ps 250ps

350ps400ps

100ps

100ps

LW

37

Shift left 2

PC

Instruction memory

Read address


Data memory

Read data

Write data


Write data

Read data 1

Read data 2

Read register 1

Read register 2




Add

ALU result

Zero



RegWrite


ALUSrc


4

M u x


PC+4 [31– 28]

Sign extend


1

M u x

1

0

M u x

0

1

M u x

0

1

ALU control

Control

Add ALU result

M u x

0

1 0

ALU

Shift left 226 28

Address

PCSrc2=BrTaken

PCSrc1=Jump

ALUopera.on

bcond


200ps 250ps

350ps600ps

100ps

100ps

550ps

SW

38

Shift left 2

PC

Instruction memory

Read address


Data memory

Read data

Write data


Write data

Read data 1

Read data 2

Read register 1

Read register 2




Add

ALU result

Zero



RegWrite


ALUSrc


4

M u x


PC+4 [31– 28]

Sign extend


1

M u x

1

0

M u x

0

1

M u x

0

1

ALU control

Control

Add ALU result

M u x

0

1 0

ALU

Shift left 226 28

Address

PCSrc2=BrTaken

PCSrc1=Jump

ALUopera.on

bcond


200ps 250ps

350ps

100ps

100ps

550ps

Branch Taken

39

Shift left 2

PC

Instruction memory

Read address


Data memory

Read data

Write data


Write data

Read data 1

Read data 2

Read register 1

Read register 2




Add

ALU result

Zero



RegWrite


ALUSrc


4

M u x


PC+4 [31– 28]

Sign extend


1

M u x

1

0

M u x

0

1

M u x

0

1

ALU control

Control

Add ALU result

M u x

0

1 0

ALU

Shift left 226 28

Address

PCSrc2=BrTaken

PCSrc1=Jump

ALUopera.on

bcond


200ps 250ps350ps

100ps

350ps

200ps

Jump

40

Shift left 2

PC

Instruction memory

Read address


Data memory

Read data

Write data


Write data

Read data 1

Read data 2

Read register 1

Read register 2




Add

ALU result

Zero



RegWrite


ALUSrc


4

M u x


PC+4 [31– 28]

Sign extend


1

M u x

1

0

M u x

0

1

M u x

0

1

ALU control

Control

Add ALU result

M u x

0

1 0

ALU

Shift left 226 28

Address

PCSrc2=BrTaken

PCSrc1=Jump

ALUopera.on

bcond


200ps

100ps

200ps

What About Control Logic? !  How does that affect the critical path?

!  Food for thought for you: "  Can control logic be on the critical path? "  A note on CDC 5600: control store access too long…

41

What is the Slowest Instruction to Process? !  Memory is not magic

!  What if memory sometimes takes 100ms to access?

!  Does it make sense to have a simple register to register add or jump to take {100ms+all else to do a memory operation}?

!  And, what if you need to access memory more than once to process an instruction? "  Which instructions need this? "  Do you provide multiple ports to memory?

42

Single Cycle uArch: Complexity !  Contrived

"  All instructions run as slow as the slowest instruction

!  Inefficient "  All instructions run as slow as the slowest instruction "  Must provide worst-case combinational resources in parallel as required

by any instruction "  Need to replicate a resource if it is needed more than once by an

instruction during different parts of the instruction processing cycle

!  Not necessarily the simplest way to implement an ISA "  Single-cycle implementation of REP MOVS (x86) or INDEX (VAX)?

!  Not easy to optimize/improve performance "  Optimizing the common case does not work (e.g. common instructions) "  Need to optimize the worst case all the time

43

(Micro)architecture Design Principles !  Critical path design

"  Find and decrease the maximum combinational logic delay "  Break a path into multiple cycles if it takes too long

!  Bread and butter (common case) design "  Spend time and resources on where it matters most

!  i.e., improve what the machine is really designed to do

"  Common case vs. uncommon case

!  Balanced design "  Balance instruction/data flow through hardware components "  Design to eliminate bottlenecks: balance the hardware for the

work

44

Single-Cycle Design vs. Design Principles !  Critical path design

!  Bread and butter (common case) design

!  Balanced design

How does a single-cycle microarchitecture fare in light of these principles?

45

Aside: System Design Principles !  When designing computer systems/architectures, it is

important to follow good principles

!  Remember: “principled design” from our first lecture "  Frank Lloyd Wright: “architecture […] based upon principle,

and not upon precedent”

46

Aside: From Lecture 1 !  “architecture […] based upon principle, and not upon

precedent”

47

Aside: System Design Principles !  We will continue to cover key principles in this course !  Here are some references where you can learn more

!  Yale Patt, “Requirements, Bottlenecks, and Good Fortune: Agents for Microprocessor Evolution,” Proc. of IEEE, 2001. (Levels of transformation, design point, etc)

!  Mike Flynn, “Very High-Speed Computing Systems,” Proc. of IEEE, 1966. (Flynn’s Bottleneck # Balanced design)

!  Gene M. Amdahl, "Validity of the single processor approach to achieving large scale computing capabilities," AFIPS Conference, April 1967. (Amdahl’s Law # Common-case design)

!  Butler W. Lampson, “Hints for Computer System Design,” ACM Operating Systems Review, 1983. "  http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/68221/acrobat.pdf

48

A Key System Design Principle !  Keep it simple

!  “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler.” "  Albert Einstein

!  And, keep it low cost: “An engineer is a person who can do for a dime what any fool can do for a dollar.”

!  For more, see: "  Butler W. Lampson, “Hints for Computer System Design,” ACM

Operating Systems Review, 1983. "  http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/68221/acrobat.pdf

49

Multi-Cycle Microarchitectures

50

Multi-Cycle Microarchitectures !  Goal: Let each instruction take (close to) only as much time

it really needs

!  Idea "  Determine clock cycle time independently of instruction

processing time "  Each instruction takes as many clock cycles as it needs to take

!  Multiple state transitions per instruction !  The states followed by each instruction is different

51

Remember: The “Process instruction” Step !  ISA specifies abstractly what AS’ should be, given an

instruction and AS "  It defines an abstract finite state machine where

!  State = programmer-visible state !  Next-state logic = instruction execution specification

"  From ISA point of view, there are no “intermediate states” between AS and AS’ during instruction execution !  One state transition per instruction

!  Microarchitecture implements how AS is transformed to AS’ "  There are many choices in implementation "  We can have programmer-invisible state to optimize the speed of

instruction execution: multiple state transitions per instruction !  Choice 1: AS # AS’ (transform AS to AS’ in a single clock cycle) !  Choice 2: AS # AS+MS1 # AS+MS2 # AS+MS3 # AS’ (take multiple

clock cycles to transform AS to AS’) 52

Multi-Cycle Microarchitecture AS = Architectural (programmer visible) state

at the beginning of an instruction

Step 1: Process part of instruction in one clock cycle

Step 2: Process part of instruction in the next clock cycle

…

AS’ = Architectural (programmer visible) state at the end of a clock cycle

53

Benefits of Multi-Cycle Design !  Critical path design

"  Can keep reducing the critical path independently of the worst-case processing time of any instruction

!  Bread and butter (common case) design "  Can optimize the number of states it takes to execute “important”

instructions that make up much of the execution time

!  Balanced design "  No need to provide more capability or resources than really

needed !  An instruction that needs resource X multiple times does not require

multiple X’s to be implemented !  Leads to more efficient hardware: Can reuse hardware components

needed multiple times for an instruction

54

Downsides of Multi-Cycle Design !  Need to store the intermediate results at the end of each

clock cycle "  Hardware overhead for registers "  Register setup/hold overhead paid multiple times for an

instruction

55

Remember: Performance Analysis !  Execution time of an instruction

"  {CPI} x {clock cycle time}

!  Execution time of a program "  Sum over all instructions [{CPI} x {clock cycle time}] "  {# of instructions} x {Average CPI} x {clock cycle time}

!  Single cycle microarchitecture performance "  CPI = 1 "  Clock cycle time = long

!  Multi-cycle microarchitecture performance "  CPI = different for each instruction

!  Average CPI # hopefully small

"  Clock cycle time = short 56

We have two degrees of freedom to optimize independently

Not easy to optimize design

A Multi-Cycle Microarchitecture A Closer Look

57

How Do We Implement This? !  Maurice Wilkes, “The Best Way to Design an Automatic

Calculating Machine,” Manchester Univ. Computer Inaugural Conf., 1951.

!  An elegant implementation: "  The concept of microcoded/microprogrammed machines

58

Multi-Cycle uArch !  Key Idea for Realization

"  One can implement the “process instruction” step as a finite state machine that sequences between states and eventually returns back to the “fetch instruction” state

"  A state is defined by the control signals asserted in it

"  Control signals for the next state determined in current state

59

The Instruction Processing Cycle

"  Fetch "  Decode "  Evaluate Address "  Fetch Operands "  Execute "  Store Result

60

A Basic Multi-Cycle Microarchitecture !  Instruction processing cycle divided into “states”

!  A stage in the instruction processing cycle can take multiple states

!  A multi-cycle microarchitecture sequences from state to state to process an instruction !  The behavior of the machine in a state is completely determined by

control signals in that state

!  The behavior of the entire processor is specified fully by a finite state machine

!  In a state (clock cycle), control signals control two things: !  How the datapath should process the data !  How to generate the control signals for the (next) clock cycle

61

One Example Multi-Cycle Microarchitecture

62

Carnegie Mellon

63

Remember:Single-CycleMIPSProcessor

SignImm

CLK

A RDInstruction

Memory

+

4

A1

A3WD3

RD2

RD1WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

01

01

A RDData

MemoryWD

WE01

PC01 PC' Instr 25:21

20:16

15:0

5:0

SrcB

20:16

15:11

<<2

+

ALUResult ReadData

WriteData

SrcA

PCPlus4

PCBranch

WriteReg4:0

Result

31:26

RegDst

BranchMemWriteMemtoReg

ALUSrc

RegWrite

OpFunct

ControlUnit

Zero

PCSrc

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

01

25:0 <<2

27:0 31:28

PCJump

Jump

Carnegie Mellon

64

MulB-cycleMIPSProcessor!  Single-cyclemicroarchitecture:

+ simple-  cycle.melimitedbylongestinstruc.on(lw)-  threeadders/ALUsandtwomemories

!  MulB-cyclemicroarchitecture:+ higherclockspeed+ simplerinstruc.onsrunfaster+ reuseexpensivehardwareonmul.plecycles-  sequencingoverheadpaidmany.mes-  hardwareoverheadforstoringintermediateresults

!  Samedesignsteps:datapath&control

Carnegie Mellon

65

WhatDoWeWantToOpBmize!  SingleCycleArchitectureusestwomemories

$  Onememorystoresinstruc.ons,theotherdata$  Wewanttouseasinglememory(Smallersize)

Carnegie Mellon

66



!  SingleCycleArchitectureneedsthreeadders$  ALU,PC,Branchaddresscalcula.on$  WewanttousetheALUforallopera.ons(smallersize)

Carnegie Mellon

67



!  SingleCycleArchitectureneedsthreeadders$  ALU,PC,Branchaddresscalcula.on$  WewanttousetheALUforallopera.ons(smallersize)

!  InSingleCycleArchitectureallinstrucBonstakeonecycle$  Themostcomplexopera.onslowsdowneverything!$  Divideallinstruc.onsintomul.plesteps$  Simplerinstruc.onscantakefewercycles(averagecasemaybe

faster)

Carnegie Mellon

68

ConsiderthelwinstrucBon!  ForaninstrucBonsuchas:lw$t0,0x20($t1)

!  Weneedto:$  Readtheinstruc.onfrommemory$  Thenread$t1fromregisterarray$  Addtheimmediatevalue(0x20)tocalculatethememoryaddress$  Readthecontentofthisaddress$  Writetotheregister$t0thiscontent

Carnegie Mellon

69

MulB-cycleDatapath:instrucBonfetch!  FirstconsiderexecuBnglw

$  STEP1:Fetchinstruc.on

b

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

RegisterFile

PCPC' Instr

CLK

WD

WE

CLK

EN

IRWrite

readfromthememorylocation[rs]+immtolocation[rt]

op rs rt imm6 bits 5 bits 5 bits 16 bits

I-Type

Carnegie Mellon

70

MulB-cycleDatapath:lwregisterread

b

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

RegisterFile

PCPC' Instr 25:21

CLK

WD

WE

CLK CLK

A

EN

IRWrite


I-Type

Carnegie Mellon

71

MulB-cycleDatapath:lwimmediate

SignImm

b

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

PCPC' Instr 25:21

15:0

CLK

WD

WE

CLK CLK

A

EN

IRWrite


I-Type

Carnegie Mellon

72

MulB-cycleDatapath:lwaddress

SignImm

b

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

PCPC' Instr 25:21

15:0

SrcB

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK CLK

A CLK

EN

IRWrite


I-Type

Carnegie Mellon

73

MulB-cycleDatapath:lwmemoryread

SignImm

b

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

PCPC' Instr 25:21

15:0

SrcB

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK

Adr

Data

CLK

CLK

A CLK

EN

IRWriteIorD

01


I-Type

Carnegie Mellon

74

MulB-cycleDatapath:lwwriteregister

SignImm

b

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

PCPC' Instr 25:21

15:0

SrcB20:16

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

RegWrite

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK

Adr

Data

CLK

CLK

A CLK

EN

IRWriteIorD

01


I-Type

Carnegie Mellon

75

MulB-cycleDatapath:incrementPC

PCWrite

SignImm

b

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

01PCPC' Instr 25:21

15:0

SrcB20:16

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

ALUSrcARegWrite

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK

Adr

Data

CLK

CLK

A

00011011

4

CLK

ENEN

ALUSrcB1:0IRWriteIorD

01

Carnegie Mellon

76

MulB-cycleDatapath:sw!  Writedatainrttomemory

SignImm

b

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

01PC 0

1

PC' Instr 25:21

20:16

15:0

SrcB20:16

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

MemWrite ALUSrcARegWrite

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK

Adr

Data

CLK

CLK

A

00011011

4

CLK

ENEN

ALUSrcB1:0IRWriteIorDPCWrite

B

Carnegie Mellon

77

MulB-cycleDatapath:R-typeInstrucBons!  Readfromrsandrt

$  WriteALUResulttoregisterfile$  Writetord(insteadofrt)

01

SignImm

b

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

01

01PC 0

1

PC' Instr 25:21

20:16

15:0

SrcB20:16

15:11

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

RegDstMemWrite MemtoReg ALUSrcARegWrite

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK

Adr

Data

CLK

CLK

AB 00

011011

4

CLK

ENEN

ALUSrcB1:0IRWriteIorDPCWrite

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78

MulB-cycleDatapath:beq!  Determinewhethervaluesinrsandrtareequal

$  Calculatebranchtargetaddress:BTA=(sign-extendedimmediate<<2)+(PC+4)

SignImm

b

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

01

01 0

1

PC 01

PC' Instr 25:21

20:16

15:0

SrcB20:16

15:11

<<2

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

RegDst BranchMemWrite MemtoReg ALUSrcARegWrite

Zero

PCSrc

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK

Adr

01

Data

CLK

CLK

AB 00

011011

4

CLK

ENEN

ALUSrcB1:0IRWriteIorD PCWrite

PCEn

Carnegie Mellon

79

CompleteMulB-cycleProcessor

SignImm

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

01

01 0

1

PC 01

PC' Instr 25:21

20:16

15:0

5:0

SrcB20:16

15:11

<<2

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

31:26

RegD

st

Branch

MemWrite

MemtoR

eg

ALUSrcARegWrite

OpFunct

ControlUnit

Zero

PCSrc

CLK

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK

Adr

01

Data

CLK

CLK

AB 00

011011

4

CLK

ENEN

ALUSrcB1:0IRWrite

IorD

PCWritePCEn

Carnegie Mellon

80

ControlUnit

ALUSrcA

PCSrc

Branch

ALUSrcB1:0Opcode5:0

ControlUnit

ALUControl2:0Funct5:0

MainController(FSM)

ALUOp1:0

ALUDecoder

RegWrite

PCWrite

IorD

MemWriteIRWrite

RegDstMemtoReg

RegisterEnables

MultiplexerSelects

Carnegie Mellon

81

MainControllerFSM:Fetch

Reset

S0: Fetch

SignImm

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

01

01 0

1

PC 01

PC' Instr 25:21

20:16

15:0

5:0

SrcB20:16

15:11

<<2

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

31:26

RegD

st

Branch

MemWrite

MemtoR

eg

ALUSrcARegWrite

OpFunct

ControlUnit

Zero

PCSrc

CLK

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK

Adr

01

Data

CLK

CLK

AB 00

011011

4

CLK

ENEN

ALUSrcB1:0IRWrite

IorD

PCWritePCEn

0

1 1

0

X

X

00

01

0100

10

Carnegie Mellon

82

MainControllerFSM:Fetch

SignImm

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

01

01 0

1

PC 01

PC' Instr 25:21

20:16

15:0

5:0

SrcB20:16

15:11

<<2

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

31:26

RegD

st

Branch

MemWrite

MemtoR

eg

ALUSrcARegWrite

OpFunct

ControlUnit

Zero

PCSrc

CLK

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK

Adr

01

Data

CLK

CLK

AB 00

011011

4

CLK

ENEN

ALUSrcB1:0IRWrite

IorD

PCWritePCEn

0

1 1

0

X

X

00

01

0100

10

IorD = 0AluSrcA = 0

ALUSrcB = 01ALUOp = 00PCSrc = 0

IRWritePCWrite

Reset

S0: Fetch

Carnegie Mellon

83

MainControllerFSM:DecodeIorD = 0

AluSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 01ALUOp = 00PCSrc = 0

IRWritePCWrite

Reset

S0: Fetch S1: Decode

SignImm

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

01

01 0

1

PC 01

PC' Instr 25:21

20:16

15:0

5:0

SrcB20:16

15:11

<<2

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

31:26

RegD

st

Branch

MemWrite

MemtoR

eg

ALUSrcARegWrite

OpFunct

ControlUnit

Zero

PCSrc

CLK

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK

Adr

01

Data

CLK

CLK

AB 00

011011

4

CLK

ENEN

ALUSrcB1:0IRWrite

IorD

PCWritePCEn

X

0 0

0

X

X

0X

XX

XXXX

00

Carnegie Mellon

84

MainControllerFSM:AddressCalculaBonIorD = 0


IRWritePCWrite

Reset

S0: Fetch

S2: MemAdr

S1: Decode

Op = LWor

Op = SW

SignImm

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

01

01 0

1

PC 01

PC' Instr 25:21

20:16

15:0

5:0

SrcB20:16

15:11

<<2

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

31:26

RegD

st

Branch

MemWrite

MemtoR

eg

ALUSrcARegWrite

OpFunct

ControlUnit

Zero

PCSrc

CLK

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK

Adr

01

Data

CLK

CLK

AB 00

011011

4

CLK

ENEN

ALUSrcB1:0IRWrite

IorD

PCWritePCEn

X

0 0

0

X

X

01

10

010X

00

Carnegie Mellon

85

MainControllerFSM:AddressCalculaBonIorD = 0


IRWritePCWrite

ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 10ALUOp = 00

Reset

S0: Fetch

S2: MemAdr

S1: Decode

Op = LWor

Op = SW

SignImm

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

01

01 0

1

PC 01

PC' Instr 25:21

20:16

15:0

5:0

SrcB20:16

15:11

<<2

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

31:26

RegD

st

Branch

MemWrite

MemtoR

eg

ALUSrcARegWrite

OpFunct

ControlUnit

Zero

PCSrc

CLK

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK

Adr

01

Data

CLK

CLK

AB 00

011011

4

CLK

ENEN

ALUSrcB1:0IRWrite

IorD

PCWritePCEn

X

0 0

0

X

X

01

10

010X

00

Carnegie Mellon

86

MainControllerFSM:lwIorD = 0


IRWritePCWrite


IorD = 1

Reset

S0: Fetch

S2: MemAdr

S1: Decode

S3: MemRead

Op = LWor

Op = SW

Op = LW

RegDst = 0MemtoReg = 1

RegWrite

S4: MemWriteback

Carnegie Mellon

87

MainControllerFSM:swIorD = 0


IRWritePCWrite


IorD = 1 IorD = 1MemWrite

Reset

S0: Fetch

S2: MemAdr

S1: Decode

S3: MemReadS5: MemWrite

Op = LWor

Op = SW

Op = LWOp = SW


RegWrite

S4: MemWriteback

Carnegie Mellon

88

MainControllerFSM:R-TypeIorD = 0


IRWritePCWrite


IorD = 1RegDst = 1

MemtoReg = 0RegWrite

IorD = 1MemWrite


Reset

S0: Fetch

S2: MemAdr

S1: Decode


S6: Execute

S7: ALUWriteback

Op = LWor

Op = SWOp = R-type

Op = LWOp = SW


RegWrite

S4: MemWriteback

Carnegie Mellon

89

MainControllerFSM:beqIorD = 0


IRWritePCWrite



IorD = 1RegDst = 1


IorD = 1MemWrite


ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 00ALUOp = 01PCSrc = 1

Branch

Reset

S0: Fetch

S2: MemAdr

S1: Decode


S6: Execute

S7: ALUWriteback

S8: Branch

Op = LWor

Op = SWOp = R-type

Op = BEQ

Op = LWOp = SW


RegWrite

S4: MemWriteback

Carnegie Mellon

90

CompleteMulB-cycleControllerFSMIorD = 0


IRWritePCWrite



IorD = 1RegDst = 1


IorD = 1MemWrite



Branch

Reset

S0: Fetch

S2: MemAdr

S1: Decode


S6: Execute

S7: ALUWriteback

S8: Branch

Op = LWor

Op = SWOp = R-type

Op = BEQ

Op = LWOp = SW


RegWrite

S4: MemWriteback

Carnegie Mellon

91

MainControllerFSM:addiIorD = 0


IRWritePCWrite



IorD = 1RegDst = 1


IorD = 1MemWrite



Branch

Reset

S0: Fetch

S2: MemAdr

S1: Decode


S6: Execute

S7: ALUWriteback

S8: Branch

Op = LWor

Op = SWOp = R-type

Op = BEQ

Op = LWOp = SW


RegWrite

S4: MemWriteback

Op = ADDI

S9: ADDIExecute

S10: ADDIWriteback

Carnegie Mellon

92

MainControllerFSM:addiIorD = 0


IRWritePCWrite



IorD = 1RegDst = 1


IorD = 1MemWrite



Branch

Reset

S0: Fetch

S2: MemAdr

S1: Decode


S6: Execute

S7: ALUWriteback

S8: Branch

Op = LWor

Op = SWOp = R-type

Op = BEQ

Op = LWOp = SW


RegWrite

S4: MemWriteback



RegWrite

Op = ADDI

S9: ADDIExecute

S10: ADDIWriteback

Carnegie Mellon

93

ExtendedFuncBonality:j

SignImm

CLK

ARD

Instr / DataMemory

A1

A3

WD3

RD2RD1

WE3

A2

CLK

Sign Extend

RegisterFile

01

01PC 0

1

PC' Instr 25:21

20:16

15:0

SrcB20:16

15:11

<<2

ALUResult

SrcA

ALUOut

RegDst BranchMemWrite MemtoReg ALUSrcARegWrite

Zero

PCSrc1:0

CLK

ALUControl2:0

ALU

WD

WE

CLK

Adr

01

Data

CLK

CLK

AB 00

011011

4

CLK

ENEN

ALUSrcB1:0IRWriteIorD PCWrite

PCEn

000110

<<2

25:0 (jump)

31:28

27:0

PCJump

Carnegie Mellon

94

ControlFSM:jIorD = 0


IRWritePCWrite



IorD = 1RegDst = 1


IorD = 1MemWrite



Branch

Reset

S0: Fetch

S2: MemAdr

S1: Decode


S6: Execute

S7: ALUWriteback

S8: Branch

Op = LWor

Op = SWOp = R-type

Op = BEQ

Op = LWOp = SW


RegWrite

S4: MemWriteback



RegWrite

Op = ADDI

S9: ADDIExecute

S10: ADDIWriteback

Op = J

S11: Jump

Carnegie Mellon

95

ControlFSM:jIorD = 0


IRWritePCWrite



IorD = 1RegDst = 1


IorD = 1MemWrite



Branch

Reset

S0: Fetch

S2: MemAdr

S1: Decode


S6: Execute

S7: ALUWriteback

S8: Branch

Op = LWor

Op = SWOp = R-type

Op = BEQ

Op = LWOp = SW


RegWrite

S4: MemWriteback



RegWrite

Op = ADDI

S9: ADDIExecute

S10: ADDIWriteback

PCSrc = 10PCWrite

Op = J

S11: Jump

Design of Digital Circuits

Lecture 13: Multi-Cycle Microarch.

Prof. Onur Mutlu ETH Zurich Spring 2017 6 April 2017

design of digital circuits lecture 13: multi-cycle microarch

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