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Designing for Behavior Change Training A practical behavioral framework that aids food security implementers in planning their projects strategically for maximum effectiveness. 5.5 day course for Ag, NRM, Health and Nutrition staff TOPS co-hosted DBC regional trainings in Niger (August 2011), Ethiopia (Fall 2011), and Asia (Spring 2011), plus nine country-level trainings. Contact Tom Davis (tdavis@fh.org) if interested in hosting the DBC training in your country.

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Session Objectives You will be able to: State advantages of using DBC to plan your ANR activities and messages; Understand the DBC framework; Cite the three most powerful determinants of behavior and other determinants measured in Barrier Analysis; List the seven steps in Barrier Analysis; Explain how to collect BA data; Explain how to analyze Barrier Analysis data; Explain how to use BA data. Not a full DBC training (takes 5.5 days)

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Recent Modifications in DBC Training Manual Changed from all health/nutrition examples to 2/3 ANR and 1/3 Health/Nutrition examples. Modified descriptions and presentation of behavioral determinants Some changes to analysis (primary analysis is using an Excel tabulation table) More ANR activities (e.g., teaching stories).

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Why Behavior Change is Central Development in all sectors requires that people do something new/different. Nothing particular about health sector behavior change. You can find methods/tools (from health, psychology, marketing / business) and modify for your purposes. When examining methods/tools, look for a link to the scientific literature. A great place to start: Designing for Behavior Change

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What works in behavior change? Findings from Powerful to Change Studies CORE SBCWG compared low and high performers for several behaviors (e.g., exclusive BF, hand washing with soap) what works? 1.Using formative research (e.g., positive deviance studies, Barrier Analysis, Trials of Improved Practices), especially to find the determinants of behaviors and to choose the right messages/activities; and 2.Using the right coverage strategy: Using systematic home visitation (through cascade training) to reach more people more often.

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Example of Using Formative Research in Ag/NRM: DBC in Guatemala CRS SEGAMAYA program, two different provinces of Guatemala: San Marcos and Baja Verapaz (culturally similar) June 2009: Staff in one San Marcos received Designing for Behavior Change training, did Doer/NonDoer Analysis (a short version of Barrier Analysis), developed a DBC strategy and indicators for Ag/NRM. Planned to replicate in the Baja Verapaz area, but were too busy responding to an emergency in another area. Same program and monitoring system in both areas, so Baja Verapaz served as comparison area to examine results of the DBC training/strategy.

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San Marcos Guatemala: Use of Designing for Behavior Change a.Decided to study key soil conservation practices. b.Planting live barriers along the edges of planting terraces identified as the practice with the lowest adoption rate, despite requiring only labor and local, free plant material. c.San Marcos area: Participated in a Designing for Behavior Change (DBC) Workshop and Conducted a Barrier Analysis Survey. d.In comparison area -- Baja Verapaz -- determined strategy and messaging using their past experiences in the area, etc. (No formative research.) e.Found that: (1) most farmers fully understood the benefits of the practice, (2) Doers worked together to plant the barriers, and (3) Doers liked practice because they did not lose plantings due to drought. f.San Marcos Strategy focused on organizing farmers to work together on each others land during the off-season to plant the barriers. g.Farmers groups brainstormed to develop strategies to prevent loss of plants due to drought.

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Results: Number of Hectares Planted with Live Barriers Used DBC Did not use DBC

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Focus Group Comments To staff: Overall, was the (DBC) training and development of a BC strategy helpful? Yes, this completely changed our way of thinking. We no longer think in terms of we and them, rather we are a team with the participants in finding solutions to the barriers. It never occurred to us before [the training] to figure out the barriers or what makes people want to change. We wasted so much time and energy repeating the benefits over and over, then, feeling frustrated because no one adopted the new practices. What was the most useful part of the (DBC) training? Going to the field to do the Doer/Non-doer Surveys. Until we saw those responses, we thought we knew our target farmers and what they think. It was incredibly revealing. Understanding the wide range of factors [determinants] that influence adoption of practices.

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Overview of the Designing for Behavior Change Framework See Blank Framework and DBC Framework for Reforestation handouts

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Important Determinants that Influence Behavior See Handout These Three Most Powerful Determinants should always be explored: Perceived Self-efficacy/Skills (control beliefs): Individual's belief that s/he can do a particular behavior given their current knowledge and skills. Perceived Social Norms: Perception that people important to an individual think that s/he should do the behavior. Perceived Positive or Negative Consequences: What a person thinks will happen, either positive or negative, as a result of performing a behavior (includes advantages /disadvantages of the behavior and attitudes about the behavior).

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Understanding Determinants: Why Oumar Built the Silo (Read the story in plenary and process.)

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15 The Barrier Analysis Process: 1 Define the Goal, Behavior and Target Group 2 Develop the Behavior Questions 3 4 Organize the Analysis Sessions 5 Collect Field Data Results 6 Tabulate and Organize the Results Seven Steps in Barrier Analysis 7 Use the Results Develop Questions about Determinants

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Step 1: Defining the Goal, Behavior and Priority Group Example: Terracing What exactly do you want to promote (the behavior)? Who do you want to do it (the priority group)? To what extent do you want them to do it (the goal)? Priority Group (who): All able-bodied adult farmers (men and women). Behavior: Terracing the majority of their hilly farmland. Goal statement: All able-bodied adult farmers (men and women) will terrace the majority of their hilly farmland.

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17 Low Perceived Susceptibility My boy/girlfriend will stay with me My friends approve I know how to use condoms AIDS is mostly transmitted by heterosexual sex The Problem??

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18 My boy/girlfriend will stay with me My friends approve I know how to use condoms AIDS is mostly transmitted by hetero- sexual sex AIDSCOM, Eastern Caribbean, 1991 The Real Problem

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Step #2: Develop the Behavior Question See Terracing Barrier Analysis Questionnaire (Questions #1, #2 and gray box.)

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Step #3: Develop Questions on Each Determinant See rest of questionnaire with questions on each determinant.

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Step #4, Organize Analysis Sessions & Step #5, Collect Field Data Step #4: Choose the communities / areas where you will interview 90 people. Choose from a larger area, for example, 9 randomly-selected communities x 5 Doers & 5 NonDoers from each). Little time available? Then 5 communities x 9 Doers and 9 NonDoers each. Step #5: Use the questionnaire to interview 45 Doers and 45 NonDoers per study. Study one key behavior per study. (Enough respondents to generate useful project planning data while not identifying small, less important differences).

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Step #6: Tabulating and Analyzing the Results Tabulate the questionnaire data on newsprint. Analyze the Results using Excel: See next slides on interpretation. Open BA Tabulation Table

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Interpreting BA Data When Doers and Non-Doers have similar percentages for any item Item is not a likely determinant of the behavior. When Doers and Non-Doers have very dissimilar percentages for any item Item is very likely to be an important determinant of the behavior. Look for differences where p < 0.05 that is, the probability that a difference is due to chance is less than 5%. Larger Odds Ratio More important determinant.

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Interpreting BA Data Doers responses may include ideas for strategies on how to make the behavior easier or more appealing, and could provide clues for messages to Non-Doers. Examine these carefully. Sometimes more Doers list a particular disadvantage of the behavior than do Non-Doers. Looking at differences between Doers and Non- Doers as to who approves or disapproves of the behavior may provide important information on who to target for your intervention.

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Step #7: Use the Results See Linking Determinants with Activities handout (e.g., Perceived Social Norms and Perc. Positive/Negative Consequences)

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Step #7: Use the Results Small Group Work: Use handout on Penning Chickens BA study to come up with at least two activities (not messages) that respond to the determinants that your group is examining: Group A: Focus on Perceived Positive Consequences Group B: Focus on Perceived Negative Consequences Group C: Focus on Perceived Barriers What makes it Difficult Group D: Focus on Social Norms Who Approves. ONLY FOCUS ON IMPORTANT DETERMINANTS (where p