Designing qualitative research and

Data CollectionPrepared for:

Dr. Mardzelah binti Makhsin

Prepared by:Nor Hamisah binti Rahaman

(816990)

Introduction

• According to Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls, & Ormston (2013) qualitative research can be describe as a naturalistic, interpretative approach, concerned with exploring phenomena from the interior and taking the perspectives and accounts of research participants as starting point.

Characteristics of qualitative• Aims and objectives that are directed at

providing an in-depth and interpreted understanding of the social world of research participants

• Data that are detailed, rich and complex• Analysis that retains complexity and nuance.• Openness to the emergent categories and

theories at the analysis and interpretation stage

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• Output that include details description of the phenomena

• A reflexive approach where the role and perspective of the researcher in the research process is acknowledged.

(Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls, & Ormston, p.4, 2013)

Design IssuesThere are several issues in research design such as:• Defining the research questions, Choosing a data

collection method, Selecting the time frame for research, Building comparison into research design, Participatory action research, Resourcing and timetabling qualitative research studies

(Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls, & Ormston, p.49, 2013)• In addition, Sapsford and Jupp (2006) said that

the evidence of the data must valid and survey sampling must wisely choose.

Research Design Elements

1. The Research Topic 2. The research question3. data collection4. data handling and analysis

(Gregovia & Davidson, pp. 16-22, 2008)

The research topic

(Gregovia & Davidson, p.16, 2008)

The research question

(Gregovia & Davidson, p.17, 2008)

Data collection

(Gregovia & Davidson, p.20, 2008)

Data handling and analysis

(Gregovia & Davidson, p.22, 2008)

Design Framework

Step 1 : Review the research protocolStep 2 : The unit of analysis, the unit

observation and attribute variablesStep 3: The types of data collectedStep 4: Setting up the analytical files

(Gregovia & Davidson, pp. 28-31, 2008)

Step 1 : Review the research protocol

The unit of analysisThe unit of observationThe attributes variablesThe conceptual frameworkThe types of data collectedThe sequence of data collectionThe time frame

Step 2 : The unit of analysis, the unit observation and attribute variables

• The unit of analysis or unit of observation is same, it can be Individuals, Groupings of individuals, Organizations, Departments within organizations, Programmers and events.

• Attributes variables can be demographic information about individuals, characteristics of organizations, responses to survey data and time period for longitudinal studies.

Step 3: The types of data collected

• Textual data Includes:1. Primary data

(Interview transcripts, diaries)2. Secondary data

(Newspaper, magazine, government reports)3. Tertiary data

(Publish research report, summarized table of data)

Step 4: Setting up the analytical files

• This step is usually but not always develop in an emergent way over the life of the project.

• There are exceptions because studies which are based on earlier work can simply import the analytical filling system that was used before.

• A study may be very structured so that the major analytical categories are already known.

Design approaches

• Phenomenology• Ethnography• Inductive Thematic Analysis• Grounded Theory• Narrative Analysis

• attempting to understand how participants make sense of their experiences (it does not assume that participants’ accounts refer to some verifiable reality) but it recognises that this involves a process of interpretation by the researcher.

• It is an approach popular in psychology and in some areas of nursing.

Phenomenology

Ethnography• Ethnography has a background in anthropology.

The term means “portrait of a people” and it is a methodology for descriptive studies of cultures and peoples (Hancock, Ockleford & Windridge, 2009).

• The cultural parameter is that the people under investigation have something in common.

• Examples of parameters include geographical, religious, social and shared experience (Marshall, & Rossman, 1999).

Inductive Thematic Analysis

• A qualitative analytic method for identifying, analysing and reporting patterns (themes) within data.

• It minimally organises and describes data set in detail.

• However, frequently it goes further than this, and interprets various aspects of the research topic (Marshall, & Rossman, 1999).

Grounded Theory

• The main feature is the development of new theory through the collection and analysis of data about a phenomenon (Hancock, Ockleford & Windridge, 2009 and Marshall, & Rossman, 1999).

• Example of grounded theory is Social learning theory Bandura which is people from one another via observation, imitating and modelling.

Narrative Analysis• This focuses on people’s narratives/stories

either about themselves or a set of events.• Instead of looking for themes that emerge

from an account, it concentrates on the sequential unfolding of someone’s story so there is an emphasis on employment and characters (Marshall, & Rossman, 1999).

• It is time-consuming and usually includes a very small number of cases.

Data Collection

• There are various type of data collection which are:

1. More structured Observation2. Less structured Observation3. Questionnaires4. In-Depth Interview5. Interview and focus group

More structured Observation

• We can call it systematic observation.• This aim is to produce the accurate

and objective measurement of observable human behavior (Sapsford & Jupp, 2006).

• Example : to record aspects of teacher-pupil interaction in classrooms.

Less structured Observation• It has emphasized studying the perspectives

of social actors such as idea, attitudes and motives.

• This aim to produce detailed, qualitative descriptions of human behavior that illuminates social meanings and shared culture (Sapsford & Jupp,2006).

• The characteristics are minimum prestructuring and has flexibility.

Questionnaires• This types of method is more cheap than

other method because it can do online such as using survey monkey or planet survey tools.

• Both closed and open-ended questions may be used in questionnaires.

• It may not be the required respondent who actually complete the questionnaires.

• Different sorts of bias may arise in the use of self-completed questionnaires (Sapsford and Jupp, 2006).

In-Depth Interview• Interviewing remains a core and effective

method of qualitative data collection (Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls, & Ormston, 2013).

• However, as interviewers should have training or experiences, are encouraged to adopt a positive tone of voice and to smile or nod as a way of encouraging the respondent (Sapsford and Jupp, 1996).

Interview and focus group

• Data generated via this method are based verbal communication and spoken narratives.

• This is usually useful for there to be commonality between people in their relationship to research topic(Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls, & Ormston, 2013).

• According to Sapsford and Jupp (1996) said that standardized interview should have as following:

Continue…..• The same questions should be asked of every

respondent using the same wording.• There is an assumption that all respondents

will understand the questions in the same way.

• The respondent should feel motivated to continue answer further questions.

• The interviewer should be able to categorize the responses to any question into a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories.

Conclusion• The use of qualitative method in the twentieth

century was much more evident in research that was concerned with developing social theory than in more applied settings.

• Although there has been considerable growth in the use of qualitative research within this sector in recent decades, there are still areas where it is underutilized.

References1. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B., (1999). Designing

qualitative research questions (3rd Ed.) . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publication Ltd.

2. Sapsford, R., & Jupp, V., (2006). Data collection and Analysis (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publication Ltd.

3. Gregovia, S. D., & Davidson, J., (2008). Qualitative Research Design for software user. Berkshire, England: The McGraw-Hill companies.

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4. Hancock, B., Ockleford, E., & Windridge, K., (2009). An introduction to qualitative research. Nottingham, UK: NIHR RDS.

5. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., & Ormston, R., (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers (2nd Ed.) . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publication Ltd.

Thank You Very Much

Dr. Mardzelah