detd report final 2010 modified
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SOLAR POWERED GPS GUIDED AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLE
DE/TD Project Reportsubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the Degree of
B.Sc. (Engineering)
of
Dayalbagh Educational Institute
by
Gautam Kumar
Abhay K Bhatt
Nishant Goyal
Abhishek Modi
Avinash Kumar
Sandeep Kumar Mahaur
Raj Moyal
Sanjay Kumar Yadav
Ravi Kumar
Shobhit Satsangi
Under the supervision of
Dr. D. Bhagwan Das
2010-2011
Faculty of Engineering
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Dayalbagh Educational Institute
Dayalbagh, Agra 282110
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Design Engineering /Theme Development Project
work reported in the dissertation entitled SOLAR POWERED GPSGUIDED AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE submitted by Gautam Kumar,
Abhay Kumar Bhatt, Nishant Goyal, Abhishek Modi, Avinash singh,
Sandeep Kumar Mahaur, Raj Moyal, Sanjay Kumar Yadav, Ravi
Kumar, Shobhit Satsangi, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for theaward of the Degree ofBachelor of Science in Engineering, is a record of
the bonafide work carried out under my supervision. Further, that the matter
in this report has not been submitted to any other University / Institute for the
award of any degree or Diploma.
(Dr. D. Bhagwan Das)Dayalbagh READER, Faculty of Engineering
19-4-2011 Dayalbagh Educational Institute
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our project guide Dr. D.Bhagwan Das, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty ofEngineering, D.E.I for his painstaking and wholehearted efforts and the
invaluable guidance at each stage of the development of our project. All the
ideas were paid heed to patiently and students were continually encouraged
to bring forth simple and innovative ideas.
Last but not the least we thank our friends and batch mates co-
operation extended.
Gautam Kumar
Abhay K Bhatt
Nishant Goyal
Abhishek Modi
Avinash kumar
Sandeep Kumar MahaurRaj Moyal
Sanjay Kumar Yadav
Ravi Kumar
Shobhit Satsangi
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CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE.....................................................................................................................3ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................4
CONTENTS .............................................................................................. 5
DESIGN ENGINEERING / THEME DEVELOPMENT (DE/TD) ..................................... 6INTRODUCTION: .............................................................................................. 6
ADVANTAGES OF DE/TD: .............................................................................. 6
METHODOLOGY OF DESIGN .......................................................................................... 7REALIZATION OF NEED:- .............................................................................. 7
PROBLEM FORMULATION:- .......................................................................... 7
NEED ANALYSIS:- ........................................................................................... 7
GENERATION OF LARGE NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS:- ............................. 8SCREEN FOR FEASIBILITY:- .......................................................................... 8
PRELIMINARY DESIGN:- ................................................................................ 9
DETAILED DESIGN:- ....................................................................................... 9
FABRICATION AND TESTING:- .....................................................................9IDENTIFICATION OF NEED ...........................................................................................10
............................................................................................................................................ 15INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION FOR THE PROJECT: ................... 17
NEED ANALYSIS: .......................................................................................... 17
Need for a survey .............................................................................................17
How a survey needs to be conducted .................................................................18DESIGN ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................... 20
BASIC DESIGN ..................................................................................................................22
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DESIGN ENGINEERING / THEMEDEVELOPMENT (DE/TD)
INTRODUCTION:
DETD basically stands for Design Engineering / Theme Development.
This course basically deals with the development and implementation of a
particular theme. This gives an opportunity to integrate the theoretical aspects
of engineering into our daily lives which is more or less practical in nature.
The various steps involved in the design process are:-
Need identification
Problem formulation
Need analysis
Generation of large number of design ideas
Feasibility study
Preliminary design
Detailed design Manufacture
Evaluate and check if it satisfies its purpose for which it was designed
ADVANTAGES OF DE/TD:
This course has helped us in the development of the following
qualities:-
Objectivity
Questioning attitude
Open mindedness
Constructive discontent
Sensitivity
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In this course, we try to suggest innovative ideas or provide better
solutions to the immediate problems concerning our daily lives by
considering the feasibility, reliability studies, economic viability and
consideration for safety.
After the identification of need the most prominent among them isselected through public surveys and similarly the preliminary design is again
in accordance with the public interest.
Usually there is lot of difference between theoretical design and its
practical implementation. Thus this course introduces us to the basics of
design process and provides a platform to use our creativity and
innovativeness to put the project into practical implementation.
METHODOLOGY OF DESIGN
It is a step by step procedure for solving open-ended design problems. In ourdesign engineering/theme development (DE/TD) project, we have gone throughsame steps as mentioned in methodology of design. The brief descriptions ofthe steps involved in it are given below:-
REALIZATION OF NEED:-Following factors are considered in the step of realization of need:-
Preliminary need statement of the sponsors. Identification of the need. The requirement of the society need to be jotted down at one place, sothat particular need of society, which could be fulfilled, can easily b foundout.
PROBLEM FORMULATION:-Problem Formulation is a step in which the designers problem statement isgiven. State what is to be achieved (without thinking about the solution) inmost general terms. Statement shouldnt suggest solution to the problem.
NEED ANALYSIS:-
A. Analyze in details what is to be done:Understand, what is to be accomplished? What are the existing methodsto do it? Will the proposed device save labor, be cheaper, efficient andfulfill the need of user? Will there be demand of the device & will there
be economical justification for the product?
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B. Identify Objectives:Before accomplishing anything, we should be clear in our objectives.Objectives include what the user wants, knowing which; we can achieveease of operations, ease of maintenance and enhance durability and levelof comfort.PREPARE THE WEIGHTED RELATIVE ATTRIBUTE MATRIX (IFREQUIRED).
C. Activity Analysis:Identify inputs, outputs, desirable and undesirable restrictions on inputsand outputs of the system, interaction between sub systems, andcomponent of the system, with the desirable and undesirable environment.
D. Set Targets Objectives and Design Specifications:-Identify desirable performance, cost and time objectives (wants andgenuine restrictions on input, output and systems.)
E. Philosophy Of Design:-General philosophy needs to be framed.
GENERATION OF LARGE NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS:-In this, design concepts are to be brought out to achieve the need. Analyze indetail, what is to be achieved? What are the various steps? How to gothrough them? What will be the difficulties? How to overcome them? Forthese, use design methods to create ideas, brain storming groups, individualcheck lists analogies, morphological analysis etc.
SCREEN FOR FEASIBILITY:-A. Check all the ideas for feasibility: Physical Reliability
It is to be seen, will the solution work under given circumstances? Canwe develop successful design out of this? Can we perform all thefunctions?
Technical FeasibilityAre any laws being violated? Will the expected performance levels beadequate? Can it be made with the talent, skill and facilities available?Is the raw material available easily and continuously? Are the mustconditions satisfied? Is it fooling proof??
Social AcceptabilityIs it easy to use? Will it be suitable, acceptable to the people? Does itcause any harmful effects or hazards of any kind? Is it safe for the userand public in general?
Economic Viability: How much will it cost? Will it have anyeconomic advantages for users? Will there be its demand at the cost ithas been priced? Will a manufacturing concern be benefited?
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Financial FeasibilityWhat resources are needed for its design, development andmanufacture on the commercial basis? How can they be procured?Eliminate the concepts which are impossible, improvable and thosehaving low physical reliability, social unacceptability, too high a costor poor economic viability. Find the utility of the remaining designconcepts. Quantitative decision matrix may be used.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN:-System conceptualization, functional diagram to accomplish differentfunctions as per the finally selected design concepts, system synthesis,interaction between sub systems, desirable and undesirable, compatibility,simplifications, minimum parts. Perform overall design calculations of fixingsizes, capacities, desired outputs, overall layout.
DETAILED DESIGN:-A. Sketch mechanism for different functions:-
Synthesize the subsystem, design for coordinated working as a whole.Determine the size and the shape of the parts on the basis of strength andfunctional and production requirements. Design for economical
production of parts, ease of assembly, operation and use, maintenance,repair and replacement.
B. Prepare drawings i. Assembly drawings to show all the parts, constructional details,
methods of assembly and working of subsystem. Give as many views aspossible and sectional views of parts where assemblies are needed to show
details clearly.ii. Detailed drawing of each part to define the part completely in shape
and size. Give material specifications, manufacturing, instructions, tolerancesetc.
FABRICATION AND TESTING:-Prepare operation, sequence for the fabricate parts, assemble prototype andtest whether it satisfies the identified need.
COST ESTIMATE:-Prepare a rough estimate of cost.
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IDENTIFICATION OF NEEDThere has to a need or some area of dissatisfaction which can initiate the design
process. Thus identification of need is very important and is the first step in the
design process.
The group was asked to come up with problems concerning our daily lives.The students identified various areas in our daily lives where there was scope for
improvement. The prominent ones which caught our attention have been listed
below:-
TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM
1. IDEA/INNOVATION The product being proposed is a module that
will be used to control traffic in the urban cities. It will comprise of a
sensor that can be fixed in the upper layer of the roads and it will be
able to sense the volume of the traffic that will be moving over it. This
data will be sent to a central control system in the city. This central
system will process data received from all the sensors around the city
and then will send signals to the traffic lights all over the city such that
the traffic lights will be green, yellow or red according to the volumeof traffic in that lane.
2. NEED When we move in cities we see that we need to wait for the
traffic lights to go green for long durations like 60 or 120 seconds even
when there is no traffic on the other lane in which signal is green. This
causes wastage of time as well as a large volume of traffic gets
accumulated unnecessarily.
3. EXISTENCE - After a detailed search on the internet and in local
markets, it was found that a number of different traffic control systems
are proposed but either due to their high cost or problems in their
implementation. We propose to use simple and cheap sensors like
photodiodes or simple infrared sensors.
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4. COST Where ever we have a traffic signal arrangement, a
communication network is already there. So we need not remake or
change all of our system but the just the sensors need to be placed in
the roads and their interconnection with the network is required. Thismakes our plan very cost effective.
5. FEASIBILITY - The product can be manufactured with sufficient ease
in the labs and workshop of faculty of engineering. Any industry
already into manufacturing electronic component or sensors can easily
expand their product range by including the proposed design.
SMART PARKING SYSTEM FOR VEHICLEs:
1. IDEA/INNOVATION The idea is to design system in a car whichconsists of group of cameras mounted along all over periphery of the
car which takes respective views in all the directions in horizontal
plane and then through a computer simulation programming technique
we assemble these views into a single top view of the car; this view
will aid the driver to park the car more efficiently.
2. NEED With the increase in traffic on the limited roads and parking
places their exist an utter need of parking car in a well oriented manner
close to other standing car for utilizing the parking space more
efficiently.
3. EXISTENCE Such system has not been introduced earlier on
application but has been remained in theory due to lack of
development of such a well-timed and sophisticated software.
4. COST- The system would include minimum cost of Rs.50, 000 for
cameras and relative sensors and cost of software interface is not
decided.
5. FEASIBILTY: The project is feasible only through the development of
more sophisticated video assembling software interface.
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SOLAR POWERED GPS GUIDED AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLE
1. IDEA/INNOVATION: The proposed vehicle has semi autonomous
control which can be transferred to manual control. There are sensors
employed for avoiding the obstacles by turning the vehicle. In
autonomous mode path planning is employed to guide the vehicle
using GPS. The vehicle is provided with solar cells.
2. NEED- The worsening of todays energy scene with each passing day,
and increasing global problems of pollution, global warming, fossil
fuel depletion, etc, itself tell the need of a new energy source which is
clean, versatile, easily accessible, and solar energy is better in thesethan its competitors.
Also the concept of autonomous vehicles is of prime importance in
todays world with the aim of creating a better transportation system
for the society. An autonomous system is well coordinated, controlled
and planned. In present system the increasing number of accidents tell
the importance of this concept.
3. EXISTENCE: This idea is present only in research fields. There is no
commercialization of this project in todays world.
4. COST: Include the cost of chassis, motors, sensors, solar cells,
batteries, etc. A rough estimate is about 1.6 lac.5. FEASIBILITY: This idea is feasible. Already a lot of research had
been done on solar energy in faculty of engr. The sensors are provided
in the lab. With the kind of workshop and lab facilities we have the
design and development of the vehicle is feasible.
SMART HOME SYSTEM:
1. IDEA/ INNOVATION A wireless communication system within
home which through Bluetooth waves can inter-relate each and every
electronic appliances and sensors for smarter home management.
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2. NEED In modern home the residents are becoming more and busier.
They require smart system that would make their housing experience
more enjoyable as
Through this system the house becomes more secure as the
smoke detectors, theft cameras could respond immediatelythrough message alerts via central server connected to mobile
phone to the owner in case of any discrepancy.
Through this system we could transfer files from one storage
device to another linked with desktop, laptop, TV to the output
peripheral printer or scanner as needed; thus saving cost of extra
auxiliary devices
3. EXISTENCE It is in existence and in application in many western
homes of developed world but it can also be further modified with theaid of central server for receiving and sending information in and out
of the house or office.
4. COST depends entirely on types and number of appliances connected
to central server whose cost could be round in a lakh.
5. FEASIBILITY The system is feasible easily as only problem lies in
the extent of its usage.
PARKING GATE USING IR
1. IDEA/INNOVATION In this project the Infrared is used tocontrol the parking gate. An Infrared transmitter is installed in the owners
car and a receiver is installed on the parking gate. When the owner
reaches home, Infrared transmission and reception will be detected by the
microcontroller and it gives the appropriate command to open the gates
automatically so the Car can enter the building without any involvement
of physical action of human being to open the gates.
2. NEED - As next-generation electronic information systems evolve,it is critical that all people have access to the information available via
these systems. Examples of developing and future information systems
include interactive television, touch screen-based information kiosks, and
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advanced Internet programs. Infrared technology, increasingly present in
mainstream applications, holds great potential for enabling people with a
variety of disabilities to access a growing list of information resources.
Already commonly used in remote control of TVs, VCRs and CD
players, infrared technology is also being used and developed for remote
control of environmental control systems, personal computers.
3. EXISTENCE - After a detailed search on the internet and in local
markets, it was found that similar products exist but they do not cater to
all Car locking systems Augmentative communication devices
Computers
a. Mouse
b. Keyboards
c. Floppy disk drives
d. Printers
4. COST - The entire system is not costly and is also reliable.
5. FEASIBILITY - The product can be manufactured with sufficient
ease in the microprocessor lab of faculty of engineering. Any industryalready into manufacturing such an accessory can easily expand their
product range by including the proposed design.
PROBLEM SELECTION
The objective now was to select the most suitable theme as our project.The chosen theme should be such that it satisfied the immediate need of the
people of all sections of society. Hence, a survey was conducted to get the
opinion of the public and to gauge the demand of the people.
The people were asked to rate the projects on the basis of their
innovation, feasibility, cost, need/usage and existence on the scale of 1 to
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5(1-Best and 5-Worst). Then overall total was calculated. The results were
observed as follows:
PROBLEM SCORE
Solar owered GPS uided autonomous vehicle 11Smart parking system for vehicles 14Smart home system 17Traffic control system 15
Automatic garage opener 13
Auto volume adjustment in audio systems 16
Thus, it is apparent from the table that majority of people opted for project
of solar powered GPS guided autonomous vehicle. We decided that solar
powered GPS guided autonomous vehicle be selected as our theme for
DE/TD.
SURVEY(to be included)
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16
Initiation: Generation of idea
Definin the roblem
Isstudy
feasibl
e?
Collecting the
Is there a
need toeliminate the
selectedproblem?
Abundan
Abundan
Find out the
need analysi
Record theobtained
information
Critical examination
Is
information
sufficient?
Development of new
method
Re examine the record
Selecting main problem on which wehave to work
Report making
End
No
Yes
Yes
YNo
No
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DESIGN PROCESS
SOLAR POWERED GPS GUIDED AUTONOMOUSCAR
INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION FOR THE PROJECT:
After brainstorming session, one idea appealed entire group. It was the design
and development of solar powered autonomous vehicle. The proposed
vehicle has two controls, namely autonomous and manual, with manual
switching provided. Sensors are employed for avoiding obstacles that hinderthe path of the vehicle. The vehicle turns taking alternate path to avoid the
obstacle and in worse case if it faces an obstacle larger than avoidable it just
stops and waits for the obstacle to remove. Manual control comes handy in
this condition. In autonomous mode the micro controller plans for the best
path when it is provided with the location of the target. The vehicle is
provided with solar power which can provide life to the vehicle for 2-3 hours
continuously in a day charging.
NEED ANALYSIS:
Need for a survey
Before designing any theme or any problem, it is necessary for the designer
to have the specifications in front of him. This will enable him to draw out a
plan to connect the requirements with the resources available. Thus, the need
is to be analyzed for parameters like requirements of different groups of
people, performance parameters and ultimately the cost of manufacture.
Thus, a survey was conducted which enabled us to find out what exactly what
the people expected from the device. The survey sheets are provided to
preserve the authenticity of the need analysis.
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How a survey needs to be conducted
Surveys are important tools which give the response of the people to a
problem. The survey is conducted in a manner such that the sample chosen
reflects the whole of the population or that cross section of people for which
the problem has been poised. Thus, proper sampling is very important in
order to get a complete picture of the problem.
Thus, in our survey, we have tried to identify the users of the tank cleaning
device and have classified them broadly into 3 categories:
Manufacturers
Distributors
Household users
We feel that this classification almost covers the whole of the spectrum for
which the product has been designed.
The table given below summarizes the various features as desired by the users
(rating is done on a scale of 1)
Accuracy Durability Cost Reliability PerformanceEase of
operation
Manufacturers 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.75 0.80
Distributors 0.55 0.75 0.85 0.65 0.80 0.65
Users 0.68 0.76 0.68 0.68 0.84 0.68
Others 0.70 0.65 0.45 0.80 0.70 0.75
Average 0.695 0.740 0.680 0.730 0.770 0.720
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This survey gave us the information about the various types of users
regarding their needs and thus helped us to formulate our problem
statement as well as also in-
Analyzing in detail what is to be done?
Identifying objectives - It includes "WANTS" of users.
Activity analysis - It is identification of inputs, outputs desirable
and undesirable, restrictions on inputs, outputs and the system.
Setting target objectives and design specifications
NEED STATEMENT
In fast growing transportation faculties, the new world is in constant
pressure of developing new ways to develop green and effective mediums in
order to sustain ecological balance on our planet Earth. The development of
solar powered vehicles initiates this noble cause but they have to be
competitive enough to face stiff competitions with other powering techniques(whether conventional or not) to be able to taken noticed by users.
The public has had an on again/off again love affair with solar
powered cars. The idea of using the suns energy as fuel is inherently
appealing. However many people have also raised valid questions about the
usefulness of the solar powered car as a reliable means of transportation.
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DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
On basis of power transmission to which tire: Here in the design wepreferred using single rear wheel drive because it will aid car in easy turning
without skidding as well as lesser power loss due to friction in the bearings.
Mode of transmission: Here we have incorporated two permanently alignedspur gears with gear ratio of 1:1(for lesser speed) coupled between two shafts, onehaving motor and other having wheel axle. The reason behind the choice is to
make the model as simple as possible which fulfills our basic demand.
Motors
Circuits
Sensors
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RESULTS OF BRAIN STORMING
Usage of four wheeled drive....
For better stability of vehicle on the road and for carrying theweight of the solar panel.
For automatic steering control on the front axle by the usage of
stepper motor.
Usage of semi-automatic control mechanism...
For more reliability of performance of the vehicle so that it could
reach to its desired location by avoiding obstacles as it could switch
between manual and auto mode. For ease of operation and less interference or even unmanned
vehicle is possible at the need of time.
Usage of solar power as chief source of energy...
As it provides for free and sustainable source of energy which is
easily accessible at certain period of time.
Ease of construction of the vehicle with no complex power and
transmission parts being used.
It can pay back it initial cost within few years of its operation and
after than the user can earn profit on it.
Usage of having four seats on the vehicle...
As it can support load of about 300kg around and run at a fair speed
to decent distance with the battery properly charged.
Economical capacity which it could handle.
Usage of stepper motor and dc motor Stepper motor provides for high torque needed for turning.
DC motor needed for transmission of power to driving shaft for
moving the vehicle.
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BASIC DESIGN
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FEATURES
Solar Powered
GPS Guided
Obstacle avoidance
Path follower
Can switch between auto and manual control
Compact and light weight
Microcontroller based control
APPLICATIONS
1. Transportation for public [especially for senior citizens and
physically challenged]: As we know that sometimes senior citizens and
physically challenged people becomes dependent on others for
transportation, so this vehicle will lead to their self-dependency.
2. In industries for carrying goods and raw material from one shop
to other on well-defined paths: As Industries have well defined paths
we can use this vehicle for transportation of goods and raw materials. It
will also make environment pollution free.
3. As a tourist vehicle in heritage areas to combat the problem of
pollution: Pollution today has become one of the most alarming problem
in maintaining our heritage and monuments so our vehicle can be run inareas of historical importance to avoid this problem.
4. As surveillance vehicle: In critical areas i.e. behind enemy lines, we
can use this vehicle as the spy for gaining access to the critical
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information about enemy bunkers and control room for planning up
strategic military operations.
UNIQUE FEATURES OF OUR FINAL
DESIGN
It will be pioneer itself in the field of
driverless vehicles:The humans though how well prepared for the job are subjected to make
certain unforced errors which fortunately a good machine never
commits. Thus we are making an unmanned control vehicle with built in
sensors and rectifiers for achieving our purpose.
Saves drivers cost and driving time of the human.
Competitive edge:
The technology is making life of the human restless as on each andevery day someone is coming up with better ideas of improving vehicle
mobility within complex road traffic, thus we are introducing GPS
tracking technology into this vehicle for autonomous mobilization.
Affective fuel alternate:Petrol and diesel prices are on the rise and with the development of
infrastructure and depletion of oil wells it will definitely be above par
for a normal customer and then need of cheap and sustainable fuel willdefinitely arise; which could be sorted with the application of solar
powered vehicles.
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FUTURE ASPECTS
1.Providing full autonomous functionality in the vehicle: Thecapabilities of the system will be extended for including the real life
situations of traffic in the society.
2.
Path planning: - When provided with the location of the target thevehicle will plan a path to reach the same. The micro controllers using
GPS system will guide the vehicle.
3. Wireless Communication Systems range will be extended to
increase the area of exploration which in todays proposed model is
limited to a radius of 1.6km.
4. Image processingfor exploration of unknown environments to
create a virtual map of the terrain and communicating to the master
control.
5.Sophisticated interconnected road navigation system can be
developed in the metropolitan cities with the incorporation of such
highly advanced satellite communicated vehicles.
COST ESTIMATE(to edit)
Parts Final cost
1. Chassis Rs.50,000
2. Motors(DC and Stepper) Rs.30,000
3. Battery Rs.8,000
4. Solar panel Rs.20,000(per panel)
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5. Supporting beams Rs.3,500 approx.
6. Sensors and other electronic accessories Rs.15,000
7. Accessories Rs.10,000 approx.
TOTAL COST Rs.1, 56,500(approx.)