deterministic modeling - hbsnumerics · 3d geological modeling chapter 17 – petrophysical...

Chapter 17 – Petrophysical Modeling 3D Geological Modeling

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Deterministic Modeling When the well logs have been scaled up to the resolution of the cells in

the 3D grid, the values for each cell along the well trajectory can be

interpolated between the wells in the 3D grid. The result is a grid with

Property values for each cell.

To deterministic modeling, follow the steps:

1. Activate the depth converted grid under the HAH project. 2. Open the Petrophysical Modeling process. 3. Select Use Existing Property and select the Porosity property as the

property to be modeled from the drop down menu. 4. Select the Tarbert 1 from the Pull down menu and de-select the

Leave Zone Unchanged icon for that zone to create a realization. 5. Select the Moving average as the Method; leave all other settings as

default, as shown by Fig. 17.1.


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Fig. 17.1: Petrophysical Modeling with Top Tarbert Model Final 3D Grid (DC) dialog box


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6. Click OK to create the property model and display the model in the 3D Window.

7. Use the Zone Filter to display the appropriate zone. 8. Bring up a Histogram window from the Window menu. Display the

Porosity property and use the Zone Filter to look at the modeled zone. Compare the histogram distribution for the well logs, the up-scaled cells and the whole property. See Fig. 17.2.

Fig. 17.2: Petrophysical Modeling displayed in a 3D window

Fig. 17.3: Setting for Porosity [U]


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9. Double-click on the porosity property in the Properties folder and check the statistics in the statistics tab. See Fig. 17.4.

Fig. 17.4: Settings for 'Porosity [U]' dialog box – Statistics tab page


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Stochastic Modeling Petrel can generate stochastic petrophysical property models based on

the Sequential Gaussian Simulation method. This is the most

straightforward algorithm for generating realizations of a multivariable

Gaussian field.

Creating first model: To create stochastic modeling, follow the steps:

1. Activate the Top Tarbert Model Final 3D grid (DC) . 2. Open the Petrophysical Modeling process. GO to the Use Existing

property and select Porosity from the drop-down list. 3. Activate the lock icon for the Tarbert 1 zone and de-select the lock

for Ness2. 4. Select Sequential Gaussian Simulation as the method to use. 5. In the Variogram tab, select Exponential Variogram type, 3500 as

Major Range, 1500 as Minoer Range, 10 as Vertical Range and 25 degrees as Azimuth.

6. Click OK create the property model. See Fig. 17.5.


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Viewing the result: 1. Bring up a Histogram window from the Windows menu and select

Tile Vertical. 2. Use the Zone Filter to display the 3D property model and the

Histogram distribution for the well logs, the up-scaled cells and the whole property for zone Ness 2.

Changing the model:

1. Click on the 3D window to make it active and click on the Open Process Dialog icon on the Function bar.

2. Go to the Distribution tab in the Petrophysical Modeling processes window. Under Output data range click on Estimate (this will estimate the porosity range from the up-scaled cells within the zone). Specify an output data range (e.g. 0.1-0.25), as shown bellow.


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3. Click OK and observe the changes in the model.



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Property Calculator

As for the well logs there is a similar calculator associated with the

properties. This calculator can be used to create new 3D properties and

to do operations between properties. There is a whole range of

predefined functions associated with the calculator, such as logical and

mathematical functions. It is possible to write nested statements and

there is no limit for the length and the complexity of such statements. If

a calculation is getting complex then it is possible (and useful) to create

macros containing the calculation. The macro can be read from file to do

several operations in one go.

Creating a new property model:

To property calculator, follow the steps:

1. Click Right Click on the Properties folder in the 3D Grid (DC) and

select Calculator from the pull down menu.

2. Change the Properties Type to Porosity and type in the white formula

field.

3. test = Porosity [Press Enter], as shown in Fig. 17.7.


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Fig. 17.7: Calculator for Properties folder dialog box

3. test = testO.8 [Press Enter], as shown in Fig. 17.8.

Fig. 17.8: Calculator for Properties folder dialog box


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4. See the statistical result by selecting Result in the upper right-hand

corner. See Fig. 17.9.

Fig. 17.9: Result for Porosity after calculated


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Display the new test property model in a 3D Window. See Fig. 17.10.

Fig. 17.10: The (test) model under Properties folder

displayed in a 3 D window


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Histogram and Filter Functionality Histogram shows the distribution of values for the selected well logs or

for a selected individual property. The histograms are used for checking

and comparing input- and model-data. The histogram panels are found

under Settings for individual properties as well as for well logs, for

individual wells or for all wells. The histogram displays original log

values, blocked well values and property values. The histograms are

filter-sensitive.

To create histogram and filter functionality, follow the steps:

1. Under the Models tab open the Settings window for an individual property (e.g. Porosity) by double-clicking on it. Within the Settings window, open the Histogram tab.

2. Select the zone you want to study. 3. Toggle on/off the boxes for displaying property and well logs (original

and up- scaled).

4. Play around with the option to change the number of columns and

check the interval values in the Legend.

5. Toggle on the Use filter option and open the Settings window for the

Properties folder and choose the Filter tab. The Filter gives the option

to show only parts of a property model.

6. Choose a filter option, e.g. the Value filter. Observe the changes. See

Fig. 17.11.


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Fig. 17.11: Histogram for the "Porosity" in property folder

Calculation of Sw The water saturation in the hydrocarbon zone is a function of height

above the fluid contact, permeability and porosity. The calculator can be

used to make a water saturation property that takes these parameters

into account. In this case, we have water saturation in the oil zone that

can be expressed by the following equation:

b

KhaSw

=

Where:

h = height above the OWC

K = permeability

φ = porosity

a = 0.5

b = 0.2


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The contact is given by: OWC = -2010 meters for all zones and all

segments. A permeability property is needed to generate the Sw

property. A linear expression has been found between porosity and log

permeability which can be expressed by:

LogPerm = 10.9*Porosity - 0.48

A macro has been written to simplify this calculation and for easy

reproduction in case of an update. The macro has been written in a text

editor program and saved as a text file with the extension (.mac). All the

functions in the macro are listed below each other, just as they would be

written as separate functions using the Property Calculator.


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To create a water saturation (Sw) property, follow the steps:

1. Activate and expand the 3D Grid model in the Models Pane

2. Right click the Properties item as shown in Fig. 17.12.

Fig. 17.12: The Properties item under the 3D Grid model

3. Click the Calculator option. The Calculator for Properties 'Properties' dialog box appears as shown in Fig. 17.13.

Fig. 17.13: The Calculator for Properties


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4. Check the "From file:" check box.

5. Click the browse button (…) and select the macro file to be used. The macro file is called 'sw_formula.mac' and it is stored under the directory called 'Other Data', which is found together with the other demo data. See Fig. 17.14. This macro file contains the formulas to be used for calculating properties. These formulas are given as macros written in text format. You may change the formulas to suit your needs. For example, the formulas in the 'sw_formula.mac' macro file are written as:

LogPerm=10.9*Porosity-0.48

Perm=Pow(10,LogPerm)

Temp=(Above_Contact)*SQRT(Perm/Porosity)

Sw=0.5*Pow(Temp,-0.2)

Sw=IF(Sw>1,1,Sw

Fig. 17.14: The file sw_formula.mac under the 'Other Data' folder


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6. Make sure to select "Seismic (default)" from the "Attach new to

template" drop down box.

7. Press the Run button. Notice that all formulas will appear in the

history window at the top. See Fig. 17.15.

Fig. 17.15: The Calculator for Properties after running the calculations


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8. Four new properties will be created, called LogPerm, Perm, Temp

and Sw. They will all be attached to the template that was selected

next to ‘Type’ in the property calculator "Seismic (default)".

Fig. 17.16: The Sw property displayed in a 3D window

9. Familiarize yourself to using this functionality in Petrel by using

different templates. For example, change the templates for the Sw

and Perm properties by opening the Settings window for each of

them, go to the Info tab, and change to another template from the

pull down list and watch the results. See Fig. 17.17.


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Fig. 17.17: Settings for Sw

deterministic modeling - hbsnumerics · 3d geological modeling chapter 17 – petrophysical...

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