developing the convergence of caqdas and gis césar a. cisneros puebla autonomous metropolitan...
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Developing the Developing the convergence of CAQDAS convergence of CAQDAS
and GISand GIS
Developing the Developing the convergence of CAQDAS convergence of CAQDAS
and GISand GIS
CCésar A. Cisneros Pueblaésar A. Cisneros PueblaAutonomous Metropolitan University Campus Autonomous Metropolitan University Campus
Iztapalapa, MéxicoIztapalapa, MéxicoCAQDAS Free SeminarCAQDAS Free Seminar
University of Surrey, UKUniversity of Surrey, UKNovember 12, 2008November 12, 2008
I. Conceptual FrameworkI. Conceptual Framework
OverviewOverview NaNaïïve Geographyve Geography
Qualitative Mapping: ExperiencesQualitative Mapping: Experiences Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems
Spatially Integrated Social Science Spatially Integrated Social Science
NaNaïïve Geographyve Geography
Egenhofer (1995) outlined it as: Egenhofer (1995) outlined it as: ””the field of study that is concerned with formal models of the the field of study that is concerned with formal models of the
common-sense geographic world” (p.1)common-sense geographic world” (p.1) ““the body of knowledge that people have about the surrounding the body of knowledge that people have about the surrounding
geographic world” (p.4)geographic world” (p.4) ““stablishes the link between how people think about geographic stablishes the link between how people think about geographic
space and how to develop formal models of such reasoning that space and how to develop formal models of such reasoning that can be incorporated into software systems” (p.11)can be incorporated into software systems” (p.11)
““is also the basis for the design of intelligent GISs that will act is also the basis for the design of intelligent GISs that will act and respond as a a person would, therefore, empowering and respond as a a person would, therefore, empowering people to utilize GISs as realiable sources, without stunning people to utilize GISs as realiable sources, without stunning surprises when using the system” (p.1) surprises when using the system” (p.1)
Qualitative Mapping: Qualitative Mapping: ExperiencesExperiences
Community Mapping as a participatory research Community Mapping as a participatory research and evaluation tool (Amsden & VanWynsberghe, and evaluation tool (Amsden & VanWynsberghe, 2005)2005)
Ethnographic mapmaking (Kuznar & Werner, Ethnographic mapmaking (Kuznar & Werner, 2001)2001)
PLACE as a rapid assessment technique that PLACE as a rapid assessment technique that identifies high risk venues for HIV transmission in identifies high risk venues for HIV transmission in order to target interventions in high risk areas order to target interventions in high risk areas (Weir SS, Morroni C, Coetzee N, Spencer J, & (Weir SS, Morroni C, Coetzee N, Spencer J, & Boerma JT. (2002)Boerma JT. (2002)
Just criticisms to the misuse of GIS?Just criticisms to the misuse of GIS?
Feminist Geography and GIS (Kwan, 2002)Feminist Geography and GIS (Kwan, 2002) Participatory GIS (Elwood, 2006)Participatory GIS (Elwood, 2006) Ontology-based Metadata (Schuurman & Ontology-based Metadata (Schuurman &
Leszczynski, 2006)Leszczynski, 2006) Social Critique of GIS (Gahegan & Pike, Social Critique of GIS (Gahegan & Pike,
2006)2006)
Spatially Integrated Social ScienceSpatially Integrated Social Science(Goodchild, et al 2000)(Goodchild, et al 2000)
Representation of spatial phenomenaRepresentation of spatial phenomena Spatial data analysisSpatial data analysis Visualization and communication of spatial Visualization and communication of spatial
informationinformation Simulation of social systems in a spatial and Simulation of social systems in a spatial and
temporal contexttemporal context Access to spatial dataAccess to spatial data
II. An empirical workII. An empirical work
OverviewOverview Qualitative Geographic Information SystemQualitative Geographic Information System
CAQDAS and Google EarthCAQDAS and Google Earth Case Study: ParaguayCase Study: Paraguay
Qualitative GISQualitative GIS
Critical geographers calling the attention Critical geographers calling the attention about the potential of using GIS in about the potential of using GIS in Qualitative Research (Pavlovskaya, 2006)Qualitative Research (Pavlovskaya, 2006)
Qualitative geographers developing VBA Qualitative geographers developing VBA modules to be integrated to CAQDAS (Kwan modules to be integrated to CAQDAS (Kwan & Ding, 2008)& Ding, 2008)
Geotagging in CAQDASGeotagging in CAQDAS
From a critical view, Goodchild (2006) asked From a critical view, Goodchild (2006) asked about new technologies:about new technologies:
Who does it empower, and who does it marginalize? Who does it empower, and who does it marginalize? What applications are being built on Google Earth, What applications are being built on Google Earth,
and by whom and for what purposes?and by whom and for what purposes? What, for example, determines the variability in What, for example, determines the variability in
Google Earth coverage, from high resolution in some Google Earth coverage, from high resolution in some areas to much lower resolution in others – whose areas to much lower resolution in others – whose agenda is being served here?agenda is being served here?
Google Earth phenomenonGoogle Earth phenomenon
Google Earth can Google Earth can properly be described properly be described as a Geographical as a Geographical Information System Information System (GIS). Since its launch (GIS). Since its launch in 2005, Google claims in 2005, Google claims that 350 million copies that 350 million copies have been have been downloaded world downloaded world wide.wide.
Unlike Google Earth, Unlike Google Earth, software applications software applications like ArcGIS suite or like ArcGIS suite or MapInfo are capable of MapInfo are capable of complex analysis and complex analysis and transformations of transformations of spatial data.spatial data.
Google Earth phenomenon (cont.)Google Earth phenomenon (cont.)
Google Earth is at the Google Earth is at the same time:same time:– a software tool, a software tool, – a standard for a standard for
exchanging spatial dataexchanging spatial data– a massive collection of a massive collection of
archived satellite and archived satellite and aerial imageryaerial imagery
by comparison with by comparison with GIS, Google Earth:GIS, Google Earth:– is not a sophisticated is not a sophisticated
cartographic (map cartographic (map drawing) system, drawing) system,
– nor a means of doing nor a means of doing complex spatial complex spatial analysisanalysis
Case Study: ParaguayCase Study: Paraguay
5.8 million people5.8 million people 50% Bilingual Spanish/ 50% Bilingual Spanish/
Guarani; 37% monolingual Guarani; 37% monolingual GuaraniGuarani
Stroessner dictatorship fell in Stroessner dictatorship fell in 1989 – new democracy1989 – new democracy
Economic stagnation with Economic stagnation with growing inequality (GINI 57.7)growing inequality (GINI 57.7)
28% urban population cannot 28% urban population cannot meet basic needs (41% rural)meet basic needs (41% rural)
23% of population are school 23% of population are school age children (6-18)age children (6-18)
AsunciAsunción, Paraguayón, Paraguay The city is bounded on the north The city is bounded on the north
and west by the Paraguay Riverand west by the Paraguay River The greater Asunción The greater Asunción
metropolitan area extends to the metropolitan area extends to the east and south to comprise a east and south to comprise a total population of 1.4 milliontotal population of 1.4 million
The historic city center has The historic city center has declined dramatically in recent declined dramatically in recent decadesdecades
The working poor in Asunción The working poor in Asunción have settled the flood planes have settled the flood planes along the coast of the Paraguay along the coast of the Paraguay river, building houses in a wide river, building houses in a wide range of materials (from range of materials (from cardboard to brick) on informally cardboard to brick) on informally claimed marginal land claimed marginal land
Adolescent Reproductive HealthAdolescent Reproductive Health 60/1000 Age-specific fertility60/1000 Age-specific fertility 27.9% 15-19 ever-pregnant27.9% 15-19 ever-pregnant 22% 15-17 sexually initiated22% 15-17 sexually initiated 57.9% 18-19 sexually initiated57.9% 18-19 sexually initiated <3% married at time of first <3% married at time of first
sex nationally (<1% in sex nationally (<1% in Asuncion)Asuncion)
56% used contraception at first 56% used contraception at first sexsex
66% of contraceptors used 66% of contraceptors used condoms at first sex condoms at first sex
CEPEP’s Espacio Joven ProjectCEPEP’s Espacio Joven Project
Stated GoalStated Goal: to improve sexual and reproductive health of : to improve sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in the cities of Asunción, San Lorenzo, and adolescents in the cities of Asunción, San Lorenzo, and Encarnación, with an emphasis on preventing unplanned Encarnación, with an emphasis on preventing unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, including pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS
ObjectivesObjectives:: Improve knowledge of sexual and reproductive health Improve knowledge of sexual and reproductive health
issues including HIV/AIDS issues including HIV/AIDS Increase access to sexual and reproductive health services Increase access to sexual and reproductive health services
for adolescents in CEPEP’s clinicsfor adolescents in CEPEP’s clinics
Targeting the Needs Targeting the Needs AssessmentAssessment
Health GoalHealth Goal (maintained): Prevent unplanned pregnancies (maintained): Prevent unplanned pregnancies and Sexually Transmitted Infections including HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections including HIV/AIDS among youth aged 12 - 24 among youth aged 12 - 24
Behavior Change Behavior Change
• Delaying Sexual Initiation Delaying Sexual Initiation
• Reducing the Frequency of Intercourse Reducing the Frequency of Intercourse
• Reducing the Number of Sexual PartnersReducing the Number of Sexual Partners
• Increasing the Use of Condoms and Contraceptives Increasing the Use of Condoms and Contraceptives
““Reduce the number of unprotected sex acts by promoting Reduce the number of unprotected sex acts by promoting the correct and consistent use of condoms and the correct and consistent use of condoms and contraception”contraception”
Determinants IDeterminants I
Community-level FactorsCommunity-level Factors (-) Crime, violence, poverty, unemployment, out-of-school (-) Crime, violence, poverty, unemployment, out-of-school
youth, residential mobility, community stressyouth, residential mobility, community stress (+) Adult community members who monitor youth behaviors(+) Adult community members who monitor youth behaviors (+) Availability of contraceptive services and supplies(+) Availability of contraceptive services and supplies
Family-level FactorsFamily-level Factors (+) Appropriate parental supervision and monitoring(+) Appropriate parental supervision and monitoring (+) Parent/child communication about sex/contraception/HIV(+) Parent/child communication about sex/contraception/HIV (+) Positive use of free time(+) Positive use of free time
Determinants IIDeterminants IIIndividual-level Factors (School, Peers, Partners)Individual-level Factors (School, Peers, Partners) (+) Attachment to school(+) Attachment to school (+) Participation in extra-curricular activities (+) Participation in extra-curricular activities (+) High aspirations for the future(+) High aspirations for the future (+) Received HIV/Sex Education(+) Received HIV/Sex Education (-) Substance use, delinquency, problem or risk-taking (-) Substance use, delinquency, problem or risk-taking
behaviorsbehaviors
(-) Peer risk behaviors (-) Peer risk behaviors (-) Sexually active peers (unless also using protection +)(-) Sexually active peers (unless also using protection +)
(+/-) Relationship type and quality(+/-) Relationship type and quality (+) Partner communication about sex and protection(+) Partner communication about sex and protection (-) Partner risk behaviors(-) Partner risk behaviors
Design of Needs AssessmentDesign of Needs Assessment
CEPEP Target CEPEP Target NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods
6 neighborhoods 6 neighborhoods within 2 kmwithin 2 km
Clinic statisticsClinic statistics
Community MappingCommunity Mapping 500 GPS points for 500 GPS points for
non-residential sitesnon-residential sites Large printed maps Large printed maps
for group for group discussionsdiscussions
Design: Community MappingDesign: Community MappingSmall Group Small Group
DiscussionsDiscussions 24 groups (12m/12f)24 groups (12m/12f) 6-8 participants in each6-8 participants in each Moderator wrote Moderator wrote
fieldnotes then added fieldnotes then added abridged transcriptions abridged transcriptions from digital recordingsfrom digital recordings
Thematic analysis Thematic analysis based on RQ based on RQ domainsdomains
MAXqda2 and MAXqda2 and MAXmaps softwareMAXmaps software
Objectives:Objectives:
Build an understanding of the factors that Build an understanding of the factors that influence youth’s use or non-use of condoms, influence youth’s use or non-use of condoms, contraceptives, and clinical servicescontraceptives, and clinical services
Identify places in the community where youth Identify places in the community where youth spend time and understand how those places are spend time and understand how those places are associated with high risk behaviors and/or associated with high risk behaviors and/or protective activities protective activities
Develop an understanding of adolescent Develop an understanding of adolescent relationships and how they relate to abstinence relationships and how they relate to abstinence and sexual activity and sexual activity
Objective 1Objective 1
To build an understanding of the factors that influence To build an understanding of the factors that influence youth’s use or non-use of condoms, contraceptives, youth’s use or non-use of condoms, contraceptives, and clinical servicesand clinical services• Where do youth get information about protection?Where do youth get information about protection?• Where do they go for contraceptive supplies and/or condoms?Where do they go for contraceptive supplies and/or condoms?• What do they perceive to be the barriers and facilitators of use?What do they perceive to be the barriers and facilitators of use?• Are they familiar with services offered by the Are they familiar with services offered by the Espacio JovenEspacio Joven
project. project.
DomainsDomains: : • sex educationsex education• parent/child communication around sex and protectionparent/child communication around sex and protection• peer sexual activity and use of condoms/contraceptivespeer sexual activity and use of condoms/contraceptives• partner communication and agreement on the use of protectionpartner communication and agreement on the use of protection
Objective 2Objective 2
To identify places in the community where youth spend To identify places in the community where youth spend time and understand how those places are associated time and understand how those places are associated with high risk behaviors and/or protective activitieswith high risk behaviors and/or protective activities• How do youth perceive risk in their communities?How do youth perceive risk in their communities?• How and where and with whom do they spend time? How and where and with whom do they spend time? • Where youth go to avoid adult supervision?Where youth go to avoid adult supervision?
DomainsDomains • community-level risk and protective factorscommunity-level risk and protective factors• monitoring and supervision by parents and other adults monitoring and supervision by parents and other adults • attachment to home/family life, school, work, church, etc.attachment to home/family life, school, work, church, etc.• participation in extracurricular activitiesparticipation in extracurricular activities• engagement in risk behaviors (substance use, delinquency, or other engagement in risk behaviors (substance use, delinquency, or other
problem behaviors at the level of individuals, peers and partners)problem behaviors at the level of individuals, peers and partners)
Objective 3Objective 3
To develop an understanding of adolescent relationships To develop an understanding of adolescent relationships and how they relate to abstinence and sexual activityand how they relate to abstinence and sexual activity• Where do youth meet potential romantic partners?Where do youth meet potential romantic partners?• Are partners peers or people outside primary social networks?Are partners peers or people outside primary social networks?
• Where do romantic partners spend time together?Where do romantic partners spend time together?
domainsdomains • types of adolescent relationshipstypes of adolescent relationships• partner characteristicspartner characteristics• perceptions of relationship ‘quality’perceptions of relationship ‘quality’• adult supervision adult supervision
III. Challenges and ReflectionsIII. Challenges and Reflections
New tools (ATLAS.ti 6 & MAXqda 2007)New tools (ATLAS.ti 6 & MAXqda 2007) Integration to Geographic Information SystemsIntegration to Geographic Information Systems
Convergence into Google EarthConvergence into Google Earth Software designSoftware design
Geolinks to GE and hyperlinks in Geolinks to GE and hyperlinks in MAXqda 2007MAXqda 2007
Geolinks to GE in MAXMaps 2007Geolinks to GE in MAXMaps 2007
Embed GE within HU in ATLAS.ti 6Embed GE within HU in ATLAS.ti 6
GE Preferences in ATLAS.ti 6GE Preferences in ATLAS.ti 6
ArcGIS: Density of Contraceptive ArcGIS: Density of Contraceptive AvailabilityAvailability
ArcGIS: Places Where Youth Spend ArcGIS: Places Where Youth Spend Free Time and Density of Free Time and Density of Contraceptive AvailabilityContraceptive Availability
ArcGIS: Perception of Unsafe Places ArcGIS: Perception of Unsafe Places by Young Menby Young Men
ArcGIS: Perception of Unsafe Places ArcGIS: Perception of Unsafe Places by Young Womenby Young Women
ArcGIS: Shared Perception of ArcGIS: Shared Perception of Unsafe Places by Young MenUnsafe Places by Young Men
ArcGIS: Shared Perception of ArcGIS: Shared Perception of Unsafe Places by Young WomenUnsafe Places by Young Women
Final Remarks Final Remarks (from CAQDAS 2007 to this Free (from CAQDAS 2007 to this Free
Seminar 2008)Seminar 2008) Geo-referred coded Geo-referred coded
segments to be segments to be retrievedretrieved
Is Geotagging just a Is Geotagging just a first next step?first next step?
Challenge to integrate Challenge to integrate GIS and CAQDQASGIS and CAQDQAS
Integrate GeoTaggging Integrate GeoTaggging and Geo Viewing tools and Geo Viewing tools to CAQDASto CAQDAS
GE tools into CAQDASGE tools into CAQDAS Complex analysis of Complex analysis of
spatial data using GISspatial data using GIS 3D Visualization tools3D Visualization tools Qualitative GIS as a Qualitative GIS as a
supportive scenariosupportive scenario Dialogue between Dialogue between
disciplines and disciplines and software developmentsoftware development