development across life span part 1

7/30/2019 Development Across Life Span Part 1

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Developmental psychology : scientific study

that focuses on development across the life

span.

Development : processes of change and

continuity in our lives which is the product of

the combined forces of nature (biology) and

nurture (environment).


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PIAGETS

THEORY

ERIKSONS

THEORY

FREUDS

THEORY

KOHLBERGS

THEORY

1) DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES:

Psychoanalytic


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THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Piagets theory states that children go through4 stages of cognitive development as they

actively construct their understanding of the

world.


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Figure 1.1 Piagets stages of cognitive development


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1.2) ERIKSONS THEORYTHEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL

Erikson states that there are 8 stages in

personality development.

Each stage reflects 2 possible outcomes (good

or bad) which later will determine the

personality of the child.

The personality development can be

influenced by surrounding people.


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Figure 1.2 Eriksons theory of psychosocial development


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1.3) FREUDS THEORYTHEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL

Freud proposed that there were 5 stages of

psychosocial development.

It emphasizes the importance of early

childhood experiences, conscious and

unconscious forces that influence our feelings,

thoughts and behaviours.


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Figure 1.3 Freuds theory of psychosexual


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Avoiding

punishment or

gainingconcreterewards

that is wrong

because Ill get

in trouble

Laws andorder

that is

wrong

because itsagainst thelaw

Abstract;ethical

principles,agreed uponrights.

that is wrong

because itviolates mymoral


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Prenatal development

Is the process in which human embryo or

foetus gestates during pregnancy, from

fertilization until birth.

PRENATAL PERIOD

Is period of more development occurred

before our birth than will occur throughout

our lifetime.


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STAGES OF PRENATAL

DEVELOPMENT

Germinal Stage

Embryonic Stage

Fetal Stage


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Germinal stage

Is the period in first two weeks afterconception.

After fertilization,a zygote formed.

The cells divide rapidly through mitosis toform blastocyst(an inner mass of cells that willdevelop into embryo) & trophoblast(the outer

layer that provide nutrition & support)Next,implantation begins where zygote

attached to the uterine wall.


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Development in germinal stage


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Embryonic stage

Is begins after implantation and last until eightweeks after fertilization (from 2 8 weeks)

The cells continue to rapidly divide and clusters

of cells begin to take different functions which is

called differentiation.

A process gastrulation lead to the formation of

three distinct layer :

Ectoderm (outer layer)

Mesoderm (middle layer)

Endoderm (inner layer)


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fetAL STAGE

Is the period at week 9 40

The physical maturation of the organs occurs

during the final stage, as the fetus grows in

rapidly in size.


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fetal growth development


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The life support systems for embryo also develop :

Placenta(consists of disk-shaped group of tissues where smallblood vessels from mother & offspring intertwine)

transfers nutrient and oxygen to the fetus,remove waste

from the fetus. Umbilical cord (has two arteries &one vein)

-- connects the baby to placenta

Amnion(a bag that contain amnion fluid)

-- acts as shockproof

During this period,organogenesis also happens.


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Placenta and umbilical cord


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Development origins hypothesis

States that prenatal factors

influences the develop of physical

and psychological health.


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Infancy and Childhood

Development!


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Physical Domain:

body size, body proportions, appearance, physical health.

Cognitive Domain:

thought processes and intellectual abilities including attention,memory, problem solving, imagination, language.

Social/Emotional Domain:

self-knowledge (self-esteem, sexual identity, ethnic identity,understanding and expression of emotions, understandingothers, interpersonal skills, and friendships.


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Sensori-motor

Ages birth - 2: the infant uses his senses andmotor abilities to understand the world

Preoperation

Ages 2-7: the child uses metalrepresentations of objects and is able to usesymbolic thought and language

Concrete operations

Ages 7-11; the child uses logical operations orprinciples when solving problems


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Periods of development:

Prenatal period: from conception to birth

Infancy and toddlerhood: birth to 2 years

Early childhood: 2-6 years old

Middle childhood: 6-12 years old


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NEONATAL

The first two weeks of life (newborn) It cannot raise its head or roll over by himself

The infant does have several useful reflexives behaviours

when the baby is stimulated on one side of the mouth, the

neonate turns his head toward the stimulation

Good hearing

Limited vision, but can see objects clearly that are 10 to 12

inches from their face.

A few cognitive abilities are developed at this stage


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INFANCY (2 week- 2 years old)

1.PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

More rapid during the first year

can raise head and chest on their arms

can grasp an object that is held directly in front of their head

and shoulders.

By 6 months, many can roll over from back to front, sit and

begin to crawl.

By 1 year, many can walk alone and grasp small objects with

their fingers and thumbs.


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By 2 years, they are getting into everything and

walking well.

From 2 weeks to 2 months, rapid changes take

place in all senses.

Clear vision increases to 12 feet during this period. By 6months of age, their vision is 20/20 which is normal.


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2.COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (Sensorimotor stage)

Begins to coordinate sensations and motormovements,

voluntarily taking a nipple into the mouth and sucking it

From about 2 months on, the infants begin tointeract actively with its environment.

no longer passively stares at objects but also takes great

pleasure in pushing, pulling and mouthing them

(sensorimotor experience)By 4 months, most infants respond positively to the

sound of their names


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From at least 2 months on, infants remember some ofwhat they have experienced for a time.

Example: Experiment Infants are placed in a crib with adistinctive mobile overhead.

By 6 to 9 months of age, the child begins to understandthat objects exist even when they are out of sight or isremoved from view (object permanence).

9 months: understand some nouns and can respond

to bye-bye and other gestures18 months: respond correctly to show me your nose,

eye, mouth, etc.


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3.EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Neonates are capable of only 3 emotional expressionswhich are surprise, pleasure, and distress

2 months: show their first true social behaviour theysmile at the faces of their caregivers

Infants also are richly social creatures who have formedstrong attachments to their parents

Infants often cling, grasp, grab and do whatever else theycan to stay close to their parents.


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EARLY CHILDHOOD (2 TO 7 YEARS)

1.COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (Preoperational Stage)

The young childs thought is egocentric,or self-centered.

does not mean that the child is selfish but that the childis simply not able to see things from another persons

perspective

Its common for children to believe that moon is alive

and follows them around when they are walking at night. The growth in language

-age 2: 300 words

-age 6: 1400 words


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2. EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Occur in relationships with peers.

-age 2: play alone even if other children are present

-age 3-5: play near one another in similar activities, but

not with one another

By the end of the preoperational stage, cooperative

play, which involves a cooperative give-and-take


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By age 2-7: children have imaginary companions by

imagining playmates

-tends to understand the emotion of others better

Age 2: child have begun to act in sex-typed ways>Males tend to play with trucks, airplanes,

and blocks.

>girls play mostly with dolls, and dress-upclothes


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MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (7 To 11 Years)

1.COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (Concrete Operational Stage)

Concept of conservation.

children younger than 7 are shown 2 wide beakerscontaining equal amounts of water, they have no

trouble seeing that they contain same amount of

water. But, when the water from one beaker is poured

into a tall, narrow beaker right in front of their eyes,they usually think that the tall beaker contains more

water because its higher.


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2. EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Children enter this period with close ties to their parents. Relationship with peers become increasingly significant during

this period.

Before age 7, children have friendships, but generally are not

enduring and typically are not close. After 7, peer friendships become more important to children

and usually with members of the same sex.


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ADOLESCENtdevelopment


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ADOLESCENCE

Adolescence is the period from the start ofpuberty until the beginning of adulthood.

(Lahey, 2012). Most of them are at about

age 11 or 12 until around age 18.


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PHYSICAL

DEVELOPMENT

COGNITIVE

DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL

DEVELOPMENT

EMOTIONAL

DEVELOPMENT


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Physical changes of an adolescent starts

with puberty.

Puberty is a period of rapid physicalmaturation, occuring primirily in early

adolescence, that involves hormonal and

bodily changes. (John W. Santrock, 2011)


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Male pubertal characteristics:

increase in penis and testicle size

appearence of straight pubic hair

minor voice change

first ejaculation (occurs from wet dream ormasturbation)


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appearence of kinky pubic hair

onset of maximum growth in height and

weight

growth of hair in armpits

more detectable voice changes

growth of facial hair


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Female pubertal characteristics:


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Menarcheis a girls first menstruation

while spermarcheis a boys first

ejaculation.

For some cases, menarche comes rather

late in the pubertal cycle of a female.


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The onset of menarche and spermarcheare triggered by hypothalamus, whichstimulates the pituitary gland toproduce hormone that stimulate adrenal

glands and reproductive organ (ovaryand testis) to release hormonetestosterone (for boys) and estradiol(for girls). Estradiol is a type ofestrogen.


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Concrete thinking Formal logical operations

Formal logical operations is characterized by an

ability to use abstract concepts.

The developing teenager acquires the ability to

think systematically about all logical

relationships within a problem.


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Adolescent egocentrism is a stage of

self-absorption where the world is seen

only from ones own perspective.

Personal fable hypocrisy pseudostupidityImaginaryaudience


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Social development :

Search for identity Seek for more independence

Look for new experiences

Engage in more risk-taking behaviour


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Develop a stronger individual set ofvalues and morals.

Easily influenced by friends

Develop and explore a sexual identity

Show different ways of communication

using such as internet, mobile phonesand social media.


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Emotional development : Shows a strong feelings and intense

emotions at different times

Emotional ups and downs can leadto increased conflict

More sensitive toward emotion


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Can misread facial expressions or body

language

Be more self-conscious Learning about the consequences of

actions


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EARLY

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

EMOTION DEVELOPMENT

MIDDLE LATE


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CELLULARCLOCK

Repeated use and abuse of the bodys

tissues cause it to be unable to repair all the

damageWEAR-AND-TEAR

Oxygen molecules with an unstable electron

move around the cell, damaging cell

structures

FREE

RADICAL

Adjustment to aging that assumes older

people are happier if they remain active in

some way, such as hobby

ACTIVITY


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DENIAL

ANGER

BARGAINING

DEPRESSION

ACCEPTANCE


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SYAKILA SITI HAJAR HEIDA SYAKIRA

development across life span part 1

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