development dialogue no.56

8/2/2019 Development Dialogue no.56

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_d~mds d`mpe~Bdiimil Kdcnd~

D`mpe~s e pbms msstdKj~hecmhi _imvvd# Wmhj} Kdbpjji` Bdiimil Kdcnd~

Oee~`mijpmei ji` pdrp d`mpmilVdpd~ Oecdin~ji`d~

V~e`topmei# `dsmli ji` cj}etpKjppmjs Cjssei

V~mipd~sR+E L~j P~}oad~mTvvsjcj# _|d`di#Htid >6::

M__I 6?04+>?>2M_NI =:0+7>+0

_tnso~mnd~s j~d ami`c} ~dztdspd` pemie~k pbd @jl Bjkkj~sahc` Odip~de ji} objilds e j``~dss e~stnso~mvpmei ojiodccjpmeis)

D`mpe~mjc e odPbd @jl Bjkkj~sahc` Odip~dw~d _ceppsljpji >_D+ >6 D+kjmc8 sdo~dpj~mjpF`b)tt)sd\dnsmpd8 |||)`b)tt)sd

Pbd evmimeis drv~dssd` mi pbd het~ijcj~d pbesd e pbd jtpbe~s ji` `e iepidodssj~mc} ~dgdop pbd wmd|s e pbd@jl Bjkkj~sahc` Geti`jpmei)

@dwdcevkdip @mjceltdms j e~tkv~ewm`d` n} pbd @jl Bjkkj~sahc`Geti`jpmei smiod := e~ o~mpmojc`msotssmeis e mipd~ijpmeijc dwdcevkdipv~me~mpmds ji` objccdilds) Mps kjmieots ms ei Ie~pb+_etpb ~dcjpmeis ji`jcpd~ijpmwd vd~svdopmwds pe `ekmijipvj~j`mlks) @dwdcevkdip @mjceltdmsvtncmsbd` mi oeisdotpmwd itknd~s ei

jwd~jld eiod e~ p|mod j }dj~)


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`dwdcevkdip `mjceltd#

ie) 47 htid >6::

~samid j~pei Obmc`d~s+ Ge~ j `dkeo~jpmo impd` jpmeis

ji` pbd tcd e j|

D`mpd` n} Kj~hecmhi _imvvd# Wmhj} Kdbpj ji` Bdiimil Kdcnd~

~djod ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 4

Bdiimil Kdcnd~

ip~e`topmei ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))::

Wmhj} Kdbpj

i j pmkd nd}ei` |j~imils p~dilpbdimil

pbd impd` jpmeis }spdk)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))):4

D~samid Obmc`d~s

~samid Obmc`d~s cmd `d`mojpd` pe

ntmc`mil j |e~amil |e~c` oekktimp} )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ?4

_wdi Bjk~dcc

drps n} ~samid Obmc`d~s ji` oekkdipj~mds

impd` jpmeis k}pbs ji` ~djcmpmds ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))0:

Oekkdipj~} n} Vb}ccms Ndiims ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4>

ipd~wdipmeis

bd ~ecds e pbd impd` jpmeis# pbd ~ljimsjpmei e

~moji imp}# lewd~ikdips# ji` pbd oekktimp} )))))))4=

Oekkdipj~} n} Bjiid Ob~mspdisdi )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

i ldi`j e~ djod ji` ji ldi`j e~ dwdcevkdip ))))))


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bd tc O~msms js j km~~e~ )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ::4

Oekkdipj~} n} @dims H) Bjccm`j} ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))):>:>=

bd gijiomjc j~~jildkdip e pbd impd` jpmeis ))))))))))))>0?

Oekkdipj~} n} Hjkds J) Vjtc)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) >47

bd impd` jpmeis mi j |e~c` e oeimop ))))))))))))))))))))))) >7:

Oekkdipj~} n} Hji V~eia ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))>7=

Gj~ pee sd~mets j kjppd~ pe nd cdp pe lewd~ikdips )))))))))))>=0

i vmceltd )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))?6:

Kj~hecmhi _imvvd

epds ei oeip~mntpe~s))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))?6


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e pbd kdke~} e

~samid Obmc`d~s

ji` e~ pbd tpt~d e

bms sei jwm` ji`

bms ldid~jpmei)


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7 `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

pe htspm} pbdm~ v~mwmcdlds) s bd ojpdle~mojcc} spjpd` mi ji j``~dss ei

smj# ~moj# ji` pbd dsp# `dcmwd~d` pe pbd joj`dkmo jsseomjpmei e

pbd imwd~smp} e ti` ei 0 j} :=4=8

bd bdjcpb ji` sp~dilpb e j oekktimp} `dvdi` ei dwd~} ompmxdis

ddcmil e secm`j~mp} |mpb pbd epbd~ ompmxdis# ji` ei bms |mccmilidss#

mi pbd ijkd e pbms secm`j~mp}# pe sbetc`d~ bms vj~p e pbd nt~`dis

ji` ~dsveismnmcmpmds e pbd oekktimp}) bd sjkd ms e oet~sd p~td

e btkjimp} js j |becd) i` htsp Qjs[ mp ojiiep nd j~ltd` pbjp

|mpbmi j oekktimp} ji doeiekmo tvvd~ ocjss bec`s mps jwe~d`

vesmpmei n} wm~ptd e l~djpd~ jnmcmp}# js j ztjcmp} |bmob ms# js mp

|d~d# wdspd` mi pbd l~etv n} ijpt~d# se mp ms# e oet~sd# mkvessmncd

pe kjmipjmi pbms mi ~dlj~` pe ijpmeis mi pbdm~ ktptjc ~dcjpmeisbmvs)

d pbd~de~d oeioct`d`8

d pbts cmwd mi j |e~c` |bd~d# ie ke~d mipd~ijpmeijcc} pbji ij+

pmeijcc}# ji} `mspmiop l~etv oji ocjmk stvd~me~mp} mi kdipjc lmps

ji` vepdipmjcmpmds e `dwdcevkdip Q[ besd `dkeo~jpmo m`djcs

|bmob `dkji` dztjc evve~ptimpmds e~ jcc sbetc` nd jvvcmd` jcse

pe vdevcds ji` ~jods Q[ ie ijpmei e~ l~etv e ijpmeis oji njsd mps

tpt~d ei j ocjmk e stv~dkjo})>

mad jkkj~sahc`# Obmc`d~s dcp sp~eilc} pbjp pb~etlb p~tc}

`dkeo~jpmo ~de~k e pbd s}spdk ji` ktob sp~eild~ oekkmpkdip

n} pbd oekktimp} e spjpds# pbd js j lcenjc lewd~ijiod ne`} j

dztmvvd` |mpb pbd idodssj~} mi`dvdi`diod ji` j oekvdpdip spj

ji` |mpb st omdip gijiomjc ~dset~ods oetc` kddp pbd objccdilds e

jobmdwmil l~djpd~ vdjod# `dkeo~jo} ji` btkji ~mlbps ji` j |j} e

cmd njsd` ei ke~d stspjmijncd kjijldkdip e et~ vcjidp# ji` pbd~dn}

~d`tod pbd ~msas e~ mps tpt~d) d sbj~d` jkkj~sahc`s ndcmds mi

pbd ~ecd pbd oetc` vcj} m eic} mps kdknd~ spjpds |etc` joodvp

|bjp oekkei sdisd sddkd` pe stlldsp)

i |bjp v~ewd` pe nd jkkj~sahc`s cjsp jiitjc spjpdkdip ei pbd ~ecd

ji` tpt~d e pbd # `dcmwd~d` js pbd mip~e`topmei pe bms jiitjc ~d+

ve~p pe pbd did~jc ssdknc} j keipb nde~d bms djpb# jkkj~sahc`

~dmpd~jpd` pbjp oeiodvp e pbd pbjp |js jcse pe sd~wd js j ltm`mil

v~miomvcd e~ ~samid j~pei Obmc`d~s) i pbd ~djkncd pe pbd Obj~pd~#

jkkj~sahc` ~djseid`8

> @) Bjkkj~sahc`# Jsmj# Jg~moj# ji` pbd \dsp# j``~dss ndge~d pbd Joj`dkmo

Jsseomjpmei eg pbd Timwd~smp} eg Cti`# 0 Kj} :=4= "TI V~dss ^dcdjsd _L%2:?# Kj}

0# :=4=-# mi J)\) Oe~`md~ ji` \) Geepd "d`s- ":=


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< `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

)))kdknd~ ijpmeis bjwd ~dj ~kd` pbdm~ jmpb mi pbd dztjc ~mlbps

e kdi ji` |ekdi ji` e ijpmeis cj~ld ji` skjcc# j v~miomvcd

|bmob jcse bjs eti` kji} epbd~ drv~dssmeis mi pbd Obj~pd~) bts#mp ~dspjpds pbd njsmo `dkeo~jpmo v~miomvcd e dztjc vecmpmojc ~mlbps#

mi`dvdi`dipc} e pbd vesmpmei e pbd mi`mwm`tjc e~ e pbd dknd~

oetip~} mi ~dsvdop e mps sp~dilpb# js `dpd~kmid` n} pd~~mpe~}#

vevtcjpmei# e~ |djcpb) bd |e~`s htsp ztepd` ktsp# be|dwd~# nd

oeism`d~d` js lemil t~pbd~ ji` mkvc} ji diè~sdkdip js |dcc e

j ~mlbp pe dztjc doeiekmo evve~ptimpmds Q[ p |etc` sddk pbjp

pbesd |be ~dlj~` pbd ~ljimsjpmei js j oeid~diod kjobmid~}#

idtp~jc mi ~dcjpmei pe pbd `m~dopmei e vecmomds ei j ijpmeijc e~

mipd~ijpmeijc njsms ji` sd~wmil secdc} js ji misp~tkdip e~ pbd sect+

pmei e oeimops n} ~doeiomcmjpmei# è iep vj} j`dztjpd jppdipmei

pe pbesd dssdipmjc v~miomvcds e pbd Obj~pd~ pe |bmob ~dd~diod bjs

htsp nddi kj`d)?

t~mil j wmsmp pe i`mj mi dj~c} Gdn~tj~} :=47# jkkj~sahc`

j``~dssd` pbd i`mji Oetiomc e e~c` jm~s) ~ekvpd` n} j kewmil

dioetipd~ |mpb ceojc otcpt~d# bms kjmic} drpdkve~jidets svddob

drvce~d` pbd `mkdismeis e btkji timwd~sjcmsk# j oekkeijcmp}

nd}ei` dspd~i e~# mi`dd`# ji} epbd~ otcpt~jcc}# ~dcmlmetsc} e~

ldel~jvbmojcc} cmkmpd` m`decel} e~ oeiwmopmei8

p ms ie id|s pe ji}ne`}# ntp |d sdisd mp mi `md~dip `dl~dds# pbjp

et~ |e~c` e pe`j} ms ke~d pbji dwd~ nde~d eid|e~c`) bd |dja+

idss e eid ms pbd |djaidss e jcc# ji` pbd sp~dilpb e eid iep pbd

kmcmpj~} sp~dilpb# ntp pbd ~djc sp~dilpb# pbd doeiekmo ji` seomjc

sp~dilpb# pbd bjvvmidss e vdevcd ms mi`m~dopc} pbd sp~dilpb e jcc)

b~etlb wj~mets dwdcevkdips |bmob j~d jkmcmj~ pe jcc# |e~c secm+

`j~mp} bjs# se pe sj}# nddi e~od` tvei ts) bms ms ie ceild~ j obemod

e dicmlbpdid` svm~mps1 mp ms sekdpbmil |bmob pbesd |besd pdkvd~j+

kdip cdj`s pbdk mi pbd m~dopmei e msecjpmeimsk bjwd jcse pe joodvp)0

bms eotkdip drv~dssds# js eds bms j``~dss pe pbd imwd~smp} e ti`#

jkkj~sahc`s g~k ndcmd mi pbd timp} e btkjiami` ji` mps sbj~d`

wjctds ji` ie~ks) jc j odipt~} jpd~ bms tipmkdc} `djpb# ktob ~d+

kjmis pe nd èid mi pbms |e~c` pe lmwd ddop pe ji` pe dibjiod stob

ti`d~spji`mil) Obmc`d~s |js jkeil pbesd |be oj~~md` pbd pe~ob) mad

jkkj~sahc`# bd |js j|j~d e pbd idd` pe dkn~jod pbd objccdild

? @) Bjkkj~sahc`# Mip~e`topmei pe pbd _mrpddipb Jiitjc dve~p# Id| ]e~a# :< Jtltsp

:=7:# mi Oe~`md~ ji` Geepd "d`s- ":=


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e ~d`tomil pbd l~ess mknjcjiods pbjp# mi j wd~} oeio~dpd ji` cjspmil

kjpd~mjc sdisd# v~dwdip pbd tcc jobmdwdkdip e timwd~sjc dpbmojc ji`

ke~jc ie~ks pe pbd ndidgp e kesp m iep jcc e btkjiami`)

bd cjoa e v~el~dss |d bjwd |mpidssd` smiod pbd ojkd mipe drmsp+

diod `eds iep miwjcm`jpd jkkj~sahc`s |e~`s ji` wmsmeis js mkv~jo+

pmojc e~ ti~djcmspmo) Ge~ bmk# pbd |e~a e pbd e~ljimsjpmei |js pe ntmc`

ei pbd oekkeijcmp} e btkjiami`# mps oei`top ji` drvd~mdiod8 mpb

~dsvdop pe pbd impd` jpmeis js j s}knec e jmpb# mp kj} Q[ nd sjm`

pbjp pe dwd~} kji mp spji`s js j ami` e }ds pe pbd jnmcmp} e kji pe

e~k bms e|i `dspmi}# ji` e~k bms e|i `dspmi} se js pe o~djpd j |e~c`

|bd~d pbd `mlimp} e kji oji oekd tcc} mipe mps e|i) bdsd |e~`s

sbetc` oeipmitd js j cdmpkepm) i stob j |e~c`# pbd cjpd do~dpj~}+

did~jc |dip ei# mp ms mkvessmncd pe kjmipjmi pbd spjpts e bjwds ji`

bjwd+ieps# htsp js mkvessmncd js mp bjs l~e|i pe nd mism`d pbd ijpmei

spjpd)4 bd objccdild pe pt~i bms |e~ s mipe seomjc ji` vecmpmojc ~djcmpmds

~dkjmis et~ jldi`j)

bd sdoei` do~dpj~}+did~jc |js j|j~d pbjp jobmdwmil j lcenjc oei+

p~jop |etc` nd ji tvbmcc njppcd# j lcenjc oeip~jop pbjp |etc` iep eic}

drv~dss ntp jcse lmwd ddop pe sbj~d` ~dsveismnmcmp} ewd~ kjppd~s e ldi+

d~jc btkji oeiod~i) i ji j``~dss ei : j} :=76 jp pbd imwd~smp} eObmojle# bd ljwd j send~mil ntp ~djcmspmo jssdsskdip pbjp spmcc ~ddops pbd

vecmpmojc ~djcmpmds |mpbmi pbd iep se impd` jpmeis s}spdk pe`j}8

besd |be j`weojpd |e~c` lewd~ikdip# ji` pbms e~ pbjp svdomjc

e~k e |e~c` d`d~jcmsk# epdi v~dsdip objccdilmil pbde~mds

ji` m`djs# ntp |d# cmad et~ jiodspe~s# oji eic} v~dss jljmisp pbd

~dod`mil |jcc |bmob bm`ds pbd tpt~d) p ms n} stob de~ps# vt~std`

pe pbd ndsp e et~ jnmcmp}# ke~d pbji n} pbd oeisp~topmei e m`djc

vjppd~is pe nd mkvesd` tvei seomdp}# pbjp |d cj} pbd njsms ji` vjwd

pbd |j} e~ pbd seomdp} e pbd tpt~d)7

bd ~ej` ms mi`dd` ceil ji` |mi`mil) p ~dztm~ds vjpmdiod# vd~sdwd~jiod

ji` kji} epbd~ wm~ptds pe oevd |mpb pbd sdpnjoas ji` `msjvvemip+

kdips |mpbetp ojvmptcjpmil e~ ~dsmlijpmei) jl jkkj~sahc`# |be

dkne`md` kji} e pbdsd wm~ptds mi bms vd~seijc ndcmds# |js j|j~d e

pbd pmkd ~dztm~d` e~ pbms di`djwet~ pe ndj~ ~tmp) s bd spjpd` mi bms

j``~dss pe d| e~a imwd~smp} ei >6 j} :=478

4 Mnm`)# vv) 776 ji` 77:)

7 Ztepd` g~ek A) Gjcakji "d`)- ">664-# Pe svdja ge~ pbd |e~c`) _vddobds ji` spjpdkdips

n} @jl Bjkkj~sahc`# _peoabeck8 Jpcjipms# v) :70)


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= `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

|d j~d spmcc sddamil |j}s pe kjad et~ mipd~ijpmeijc mispmptpmeis

tcgcc ke~d ddopmwdc} pbd ti`jkdipjc vt~vesd drv~dssd` mi

ee`~e| mcseis |e~`s pe nd pbd d}d e pbd ijpmeis pe addv|jpob tvei pbd oekkei mipd~dsp) bjwd ie `etnp pbjp e~p} }dj~s

~ek ie| |d sbjcc jcse nd diljld` mi pbd sjkd vt~stmp) e| oetc`

|d drvdop epbd~|msd5 e~c` e~ljimsjpmei ms spmcc j id| j`wdipt~d

mi btkji bmspe~}) p idd`s ktob vd~dopmil mi pbd o~tomncd e dr+

vd~mdiods ji` pbd~d ms ie stnspmptpd e~ pmkd mi pbjp ~dsvdop)6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

sbe~p v~djod ms iep ji j`dztjpd mip~e`topmei pe |bjp ecce|s)

besd |jipmil j sdisd e |bjp ms pe oekd j~d |dcc j`wmsd` pe g~sp ~dj`

j~hecmhi imvvds vd~seijc dvmceltd# |bmob oeioct`ds pbms wectkd)p ms# ke~dewd~# pbjias pe bd~ pbjp |d oji sbj~d pbd cjspmil cdljo} e

~samid j~pei Obmc`d~s mi pbms |j} ji` bdcv pe addv mp jcmwd)

|etc` cmad pe pbjia j~hecmhi e~ oeism`d~mil pbd jl jkkj~sahc`

Geti`jpmeis @dwdcevkdip @mjceltd# pe |bmob ~samid dj~cmd~ oeip~mntpd`

sekd kmcdspeid jijc}sds ei ~de~k# js pbd jvv~ev~mjpd vcjpe~k e~

kjamil pbdsd pdrps ji` oekkdips jwjmcjncd pe j |m`d~ jt`mdiod) bd}

j~d ~dv~e`tod` mi pbdm~ e~mlmijc e~k) jcse l~jpdtcc} joaie|cd`ld pbd

stvve~p e mhj} dbpj# |be# n} e~ljimsmil pbd jiitjc ~samid Obmc`d~s

dopt~d# addvs jcmwd pbd svm~mp e pbms p~tc} oeskevecmpji btkjimsp |be

ecce|d` mi pbd eepspdvs e jkkj~sahc`)

bjias j~d jcse td pe pbd cdss wmsmncd ntp jc|j}s ~dcmjncd pdjk dist~mil

pbd ztjcmp} e pbms v~mipd` ~dstcp8 jppmjs jssei e~ bms o~djpmwd samccs

mi pt~imil pbd pdrps mipe ji jvvdjcmil ji` jpp~jopmwd wmstjc e~kjp ji`

dpd~ Oecdin~ji`d~ e~ bms sdismpmwd cjiltjld d`mpmil) |etc` cmad

pe di` |mpb bms |e~`s) i oeioct`mil pbd |e~a ei pbms wectkd# bd

oekkdipd`8 e~amil ei pbd j~pmocds bjs nddi j ~dwdcjpmei pe kd) p

ms bj~` iep pe nd `~j|i pe j kji se oeiwmiod` ji` oeiwmiomil jnetppbd idd` e~ j jm~d~ |e~c`# ji` se ojvjncd e dcmompmil stob |j~k

p~mntpds ~ek se kji} l~djp ji` lee` oeip~mntpe~s)


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ip~e`topmei

Wmhj} Kdbpj

~samid Obmc`d~s ":=>=+=7- |e~ad` ji` sjo~mgod` bms cmd mi vt~stmp

e m`djcs pbjp oji mkv~ewd pbd ztjcmp} e cmd e~ jcc e ts n} jcce|+

mil ts pe cmwd mi j ke~d omwmcmsd` |j}) d |js j ~dd+pbmiad~ ji` j

o~mpmo ji` oeisp~topmwd jijc}sp e pbd impd` jpmeis) d |js jcse j

smlimgojip vj~p e pbd ~mob ~msb oeip~mntpmei pe pbd mi pbd j~djs e

mipd~ijpmeijc vdjod ji` sdot~mp}# vewd~p} ~d`topmei ji` dwdcevkdip)

d p~jwdccd` pbd lcend pm~dcdssc} drvesmil pbd jtcps e pbd s}spdkji` vjssmeijpdc} j`weojpmil e~ mps ceil ewd~`td ji` t~ldip ~de~k)

~samid Obmc`d~s ndceild` pe pbjp ojkv pbjp ndcmdwds pbd ms pbd

eic} mispmptpmei |mpb pbd timztd ~dv~dsdipjpmwd jtpbe~mp} pe oeid~

cdlmpmkjo} ei pbd mkve~pjip `domsmeis ei pbd objccdilds ji` pb~djps

jomil pbd |e~c` pe`j}) d jcse ndcmdwd` pbjp pbd~d ms ie jcpd~ijpmwd

pe pbd ji` pbjp m |d `m` iep bjwd pbd # |d |etc` idd` pe

miwdip mp)

dodipc}# ~dj` Obmc`d~ss cdopt~d ei i j mkd nd}ei` j~imils

p~dilpbdimil pbd impd` jpmeis }spdk# |bmob bd ljwd mi eièi

mi :==?) bd mie~kjpmei oeipjmid` mi pbd cdopt~d ei ~de~k ji`

bms ti`d~c}mil ~djseimil e~ stob ~de~k j~d js ~dcdwjip pe`j} js |bdi

bd ljwd pbd pjca) d o~mpmomsd` ve|d~tc ijpmeis e~ j`wjiomil pbdm~ e|i

jldi`js ji` e~ oeipmitetsc} |djadimil pbd s ojvjomp} pe lew+

d~i) Ge~ drjkvcd# `t~mil pbd tc j~# |bdi pbd |js iep jopmwdc}

vt~stmil vdjod mi pbd ~dlmei# bd |js iep j~jm` pe svdja pbd p~tpb ji`

ncjkd` e~kd~ do~dpj~}+did~jc d~dx `d Otdccj~ e~ n~djobmil

Obj~pd~ sjdltj~`s ji` pbts e~ iep èmil bms hen v~evd~c})

i bms eièi cdopt~d# Obmc`d~s j`weojpd` mkve~pjip ~de~ks pe pbd

ji` drv~dssd` bms evmimei jnetp be| pbd} sbetc` nd die~od`)

d stlldspd` pbjp8

bd sbetc` nd `m~dopd` jp ~eep ojtsds ji` iep kd~dc} nd

~dsveismwd1

cc jldiomds sbetc` |e~a mi oee~`mijpmei ti`d~ pbd cdj`d~sbmv

e pbd do~dpj~}+did~jc) Ge~ kjrmktk ~dstcps# bd j`weojpd`pbjp pbd sbetc` bjwd et~ dvtp} do~dpj~}+did~jcs1


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:> `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

e n~m`ld pbd `ddvdimil e~pb+etpb `mwm`d# pbd sbetc`

ti`d~le sp~topt~jc ~de~k pe jobmdwd dztjcmp} jkeil ijpmeis

skjcc ji` cj~ld1

Ge~ pbd vt~vesds e vdjodaddvmil# bd sp~dssd` pbjp pbd sbetc`

dztmv mpsdc |mpb j tcc ~jild e ojvjompmds pe v~dwdip pbd |e~sp

ddops e |j~# wmecdiod# kmsd~} ji` pbd wmecjpmei e btkji ~mlbps1

bd sbetc` sp~dilpbdi mps ojvjomp} pe v~ewm`d btkjimpj~ mji

~dcmd d omdipc}1 ji`

bd dot~mp} Oetiomc "|bjp bd ojccd` j v~mwjpd octn- sbetc`

ndoekd ke~d ~dv~dsdipjpmwd pe n~dja pbd keievec} e pbd nml

ve|d~s ji` pbdm~ tsd e kmcmpj~} kmlbp ji` pe ~dnjcjiod mps ~ecd mipbd vdjod ji` sdot~mp} sdope~)

bd v~dsdip wectkd ms pbd ~tmp e vcjiimil n} j~hecmhi ji` kd

ewd~ j p|e+}dj~ vd~me`) t~ e~ljimsjpmei# opmei e~ did|jc

"vj~p e impmil e~ djod-# bjs bespd` pbd jiitjc Obmc`d~s dopt~ds

mi eièi smiod :==:sp odipt~})

bd >662 Obmc`d~s dopt~d |js dcmwd~d` n} endc jt~djpd jm~dj`

Oe~~mlji jltm~d ji` |js jppdi`d` n} j~hecmhi ji` jwm` "j~+

hecmhi ji` Obmc`d~ss sei-) wd~ `miid~# j~hecmhi ji` n~md} `ms+

otssd` pbd vessmnmcmp} e oekvmcmil Obmc`d~ss pjcas mipe j wectkd)

j~hecmhi sdip kd oevmds e pbd pdrps e pbd svddobds lmwdi mi :==6s)

vei ~dj`mil pbdk# |js cdp mi ie ètnp pbjp pbd} j~d js ~dcdwjip

pe`j} js |bdi pbd} |d~d lmwdi) |js oeiwmiod` pbjp pbd} idd`d` pe

nd vtncmsbd` js j oeccdopmei ji` `dsd~wd` j |m`d~ jt`mdiod)

i >66=# |js mi pbd dpbd~cji`s pe lmwd j cdopt~d jp j oeid~diod

e~ljimsd` n} pbd imwd~sjc djod Gd`d~jpmei) de~d pjamil k} mlbp

njoa pe eièi# ~jil j~hecmhi ji` |d kdp jp obmvbec m~ve~p mi

kspd~`jk# |bd~d |d bj` j n~md msotssmei jnetp pbd v~ehdop) stl+

ldspd` pbjp pbd oeccdopmei sbetc` mioct`d oekkdip ei pbd pdrps e pbd

cdopt~ds n} `mspmiltmsbd` ~mdi`s e Obmc`d~s# sekd e |bek |e~ad`

e~ bj` |e~ad` e~ pbd ) bd jl~dd`# ji` ewd~ j otv e oedd pbd

jpd e pbd vtncmojpmei |js sdjcd`) bd cjsp nmp e pbd hmlsj| vtxxcd dcc

mipe vcjod |bdi diimil dcnd~ ldid~etsc} jl~dd` pe vtncmsb pbdoeccdopmei js ie) 47 mi pbd @dwdcevkdip @mjceltdsd~mds)


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:? `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

p ms j l~djp vcdjst~d pe sdd pbd pbetlbps ji` |~mpmils e Obmc`d~s mi

v~mip) d |js wd~} vjssmeijpd jnetp pbd wjctd e pbd ji` |e~ad`

pm~dcdssc} e~ mps ~de~k) bevd pbms wectkd |mcc `e htspmod pe bms l~djpne`} e |e~a mi |bmob bd p~md` pe p~jise~k pbd mipe j p~tc}

jooetipjncd# p~jisvj~dip ji` dkeo~jpmo e~ljimsjpmei) dp ts bevd |d

oji oeipmitd pbd |e~a pe kjad bms `~djk oekd p~td# e~ js bd sjm`8

e|# |d bjwd pe le e~|j~` mi pbd lmjip ti`d~pjamil e ntmc`mil

j `dkeo~jpmo impd` jpmeis pe kjad pbd ~djc |e~c` sjd# htsp ji`

stspjmijncd e~ jcc mps obmc`~di)

Ie|# |d bjwd pe le ge~|j~`

mi pbd lmjip ti`d~pjamil

eg ntmc`mil j dkeo~jpmoTimpd` Ijpmeis pe kjad pbd

~djc |e~c` sjgd# htsp ji`stspjmijncd ge~ jcc mps obmc`~di)


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17/318

i j pmkd nd}ei` |j~imils

p~dilpbdimil pbd impd`jpmeis }spdk:

dkj~as n} ~samid Obmc`d~s jp

Oeid~diod ei de~kmil pbd Timpd` Ijpmeis

d}pb~ev Oeccdld# bd imwd~smp} e eièi#

>? Hjitj~} :==?

Mip~e`topmei

bd ~did|jc e mipd~dsp mi ~mpjmi mi pbd impd` jpmeis ~ddopd` mi

pbms oeid~diod ms mkkdisdc} dioet~jlmil pe ji}eid |be bjs nddi

`ddvc} miwecwd` mi pbd |e~c` e~ljimsjpmei) dodip vdevcd e pbms oeti+

p~} vet~d` pbdm~ bevds ji` pbdm~ mibd~mpd` drvd~mdiod e mipd~ijpmeijc

~dcjpmeis mipe pbd eti`mil e pbd ) ~mpjmi bjs lmwdi ts sekd e pbd

kesp `mspmiltmsbd` ijkds mi pbd ~eccs e pbd omwmc sd~wjips ji` pbd `mv+

cekjps e pbd }spdk) i` mp ms st~dc} pmkd# ewd~pmkd# pe ~did| pbjpmiwdspkdip e bevd ji` e stvve~p# ndojtsd smiod pbd |js eti`d`

pbd~d bjwd nddi ke~d jppdkvps pe |djadi mp ~ek ve|d~tc set~ods bd~d

pbji ji}|bd~d dcsd# drodvpmil eic} pbd impd` pjpds)

bms oekvdcs kd pe kjad ocdj~ |b} bjwd o~mpmomsks e pbd }spdk

ji` |b} è j`weojpd ~de~ks# cdsp o}imos ji` njsbd~s sdda pe

drvcemp k} ~dkj~as) j`weojpd ~de~k e pbd pe mkv~ewd ei pbd jc~dj`}

drp~je~`mij~}1 pe sp~dilpbdi j }spdk pbjp bjs jc~dj`} ~doe~`d` n~djpb+

pjamil j`wjiods ei pbd l~djp ojiwjs e |e~c` bmspe~}) oji eic} ompd jztmoa bji`tc e mps jobmdwdkdips mi pbdsd ~dkj~as ntp pbms ktsp è)

bmcd `dimd` n} pbd ve|d~s mps e|i ~dj`}+~dsveisd vdjod+kjmipjmi+

mil ojvjompmds ti`d~ ~pmocd 0?># ji` |bmcd `dcmnd~jpdc} advp ei pbd

n~mia e njia~tvpo} n} mps wd~} besp oetip~} "pbd impd` pjpds-# mi pbd

cjsp et~ }dj~s pbd impd` jpmeis bjs ieidpbdcdss kjijld` pe ketip

js kji} id| vdjod+addvmil evd~jpmeis js mi jcc pbd 06 v~dwmets }dj~s#

`dvce}mil et~ pmkds ke~d p~eevs#


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:7 `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

pmkds ke~d omwmcmji stvve~p spj) dcj}s# d~~e~s# |j~ps ji` jcc# pbjp ms

mi mpsdc ji mio~d`mncd jobmdwdkdip)

drp# m pbd did~jc ssdknc} ji` pbd oeiekmo ji` eomjc Oetiomc

bj` `eid iepbmil dcsd jp jcc mi 07 }dj~s pbji dijncd 4: ~msmil pe :


19/318

:< `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

nddi |mvd` etp mi pbd cjsp `doj`d) bms ms ji drjkvcd eie+sdisdoeip~j+

`mopmeis mi pbd }spdk pbjp smkvc} ktsp ie| nd oei~eipd`)

oji ompd eic} eid epbd~ jobmdwdkdip mi k} cmkmpd` pmkd# eid

pbjp mcctsp~jpds pbd }spdk |e~amil jp mps ndsp mi et~ |j}s8 mi

bj~idssmil lcenjc drvd~pmsd pe jijc}sd j oekkei v~encdk1 mi ldppmil

spjpds pe jl~dd j lcenjc sp~jpdl} ji` jopmei vcji1 mi sp~dilpbdimil pbd

ojvjompmds e |djad~ eids pe bdcv mkvcdkdip pbjp vcji1 ji` mi pbdi

|e~amil mp `jmc}# smktcpjidetsc}# dwd~}|bd~d) i :=7< pbd~d |d~d

sekd :4 kmccmei aie|i ojsds e skjccver ei dj~pb) e jppjoa pbjp

soet~ld ~dztm~d` smktcpjidets jopmei mi dwd~} smilcd oetip~} mi pbd

|e~c`# ji` sp~dilpbdid` ojvjompmds mi kji}8 eid kmssd` ojsd# eid

oj~~md~ jo~ess j ~eipmd~# oetc` addv pbd |becd vji`dkmo jcmwd) bd

}spdk kenmcmsd` e~ pbms de~p) ic} pdi }dj~s cjpd~# ~ek :4

kmc cmei pbd~d |js eidaie|i ojsd e skjccver cdp) i :=26 pbd e~c`

djcpb ssdknc} `docj~d` pbms `~dj`d` `msdjsd dcmkmijpd` ~ek pbd

vcjidp) bd oesp |js eic} ?66 kmccmei `eccj~s)

Vemsei|dd`

e| m |d j~d pe eots ei pbd kesp mkve~pjip ~de~ks mi pbms jc~dj`}

~dkj~ajncd }spdk |d idd` g~sp pe ocdj~ j|j} sekd vj~pmotcj~c}etc vemsei|dd` vcjipd` n} pbd njsbd~s ji` kd`mj o}imos jnetp |bjp

pbd} miwj~mjnc} ojcc mps wjsp sv~j|cmil# s|eccdi nt~djto~jo})

bd pepjc spj e pbd impd` jpmeis }spdk "pbd v~evd~# ji` jcc

mps svdomjcmxd` pdobimojc jldiomds ji` `dwdcevkdip ti`s- |e~c`+|m`d

ji` droct`mil eic} pbd e~c` jia ji` G spj |be j~d iep vj~p

e pbd oekkei omwmc sd~wmod# ji` vdjod+addvmil p~eevs |be j~d

pdkve~j~}# itknd~s 4:#466?) dp kd dkvbjsmsd8 oetipmil jcc spj#

`~mwd~s pe `m~dope~s# pbd~d j~d 4:#466 pe sd~wd sekd :26 oetip~mds) bd}

|e~a mi pbd did~jc ssdknc} ji` epbd~ e~ljis e pbd # ji` midwd~}pbmil ~ek omwmc jwmjpmei pe jl~motcpt~d# ~ek btkji ~mlbps pe

bdjcpb# ~ek obmc`~di ji` d`tojpmei pe vevtcjpmei vcjiimil# ~ek

mi`tsp~} ji` pdcdoekktimojpmeis pe pbd e~c` djpbd~ jpob# ji`

jcc pbd epbd~ pdobimojc |e~a e pbd }spdk j~eti` pbd vcjidp) 4:#466

omwmc sd~wjips pe sd~wd ewd~ 4#666 kmccmei vdevcd) bjp ms d|d~ pbji pbd

msp~mop djcpb spj e jcds10 d|d~ pbji pbd omwmc sd~wmod e pbd Omp}

? ^dve~p eg _do~dpj~}+Ldid~jc pe pbd 066)


20/318

:2 `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

e peoabeck14 d|d~ pbji jcc lewd~ikdip spj mi pbd e~pb kd~moji

pjpd e }ekmil |mpb vevtcjpmei cdss pbji bjc j kmc cmei)7

bd nt`ldp e pbd }spdk ms oeispjipc} `dvmopd` js j keisp~ets ji`

|jspdtc ~jmi ei pbd p~djst~mds e mps kjhe~ oeip~mntpe~s) p ms ndoekmil

ke~d ji` ke~d `m otcp pe sdvj~jpd ie~kjpmwd ~ek dkd~ldio} oesps mi

vdjod+addvmil ji` btkjimpj~mji |e~a# ntp sdppmil dspmkjpds e~ pbdsd

jsm`d# ji` pbd e~c` jia ji` G |besd ti`s j~d ~jmsd` mi j pepjcc}

`md~dip kjiid~# pbd ot~~dip pepjc e pbd nt`ldps e~ pbd |becd s}spdks

ie~kjpmwd jopmwmpmds# jcc mps jldiomds ji` mioct`mil mps dwdcevkdip ti`s#

ms jnetp $2 nmccmei j }dj~) bjp ms ~etlbc} |bjp pbd ~mpmsb vtncmo svdi`s

ei jcoebec mi sekd|bjp cdss pbji smr keipbs) p ms jnetp |bjp dspd~i

obmc`~di svdip cjsp Ob~mspkjs# e~ |bjp ompmxdis svdi` mi j }dj~ ei

otp e|d~s ji` veppd` vcjips)

bd ot~~dip oesp e pbd }spdks |e~c`+|m`d dkd~ldio} vdjod+

addvmil ji` btkjimpj~mji ~dcmd ms dspmkjpd` jnetp $0 nmccmei# |bmob

ms e oet~sd jiepbd~ jnsectpdc} be~~dièts nt~`di ei drobdztd~s8 mp

ms dztjc pe pbd oeknmid` nt`ldps e pbd ecmod ji` Gm~d dvj~pkdips

e d| e~a Omp})

G~ek pbd e~dlemil }et |mcc ti`d~spji` pbjp pbd ~de~ks j`weojpd mipbd }spdk è iep mioct`d t~pbd~ ~d`tomil mps vd~m cetsc} ti`d~+

spjd` omwmc sd~wmod# e~ mps vmpmjncd nt`ldps) d è# be|dwd~# idd` pe

mkv~ewd be| pbdsd j~d tsd`# ji` mi`dd` be| |d oji jppjmi vtncmo

stvve~p e~ j`dztjpd ~dset~omil pe kddp pbd die~kets objccdilds e

pbd vesp+Oec` j~ |e~c`)

Lcenjc midztmpmds

bd |e~c` e pbd :==6s ms j j~# j~ ke~d `jild~ets vcjod pbji kji}

bevd` jp pbd jvvj~dip di` e jsp+dsp itocdj~ oei~eipjpmei) rp~dkdc}sd~mets lcenjc v~encdks mibd~mpd` ~ek pbd jld e dkvm~ds ji` idlcdopd`

`t~mil pbd keitkdipjc `msp~jopmei e pbd oec` |j~ j~d ie| oeiwd~lmil

|mpb mps l~mk cdljomds)

bd~d ms tiv~dod`dipd` ~dspmwdidss jkeil btld itknd~s e btkji

ndmils) ~j`mpmeijc ijpmei+spjpd sp~topt~ds j~d |djadimil) bd ~eipmd~s

e pbd l~djp kjhe~mp} e pbd kdknd~sbmv e pbd |d~d `~j|i |mpb+

etp oeistcpjpmei jkeil pbd vdevcd ei dmpbd~ sm`d e pbdk `t~mil pbd

4 Aekktijc Vd~seijc :==:# _wdisaj Aekktige~nti`dp "_|d`msb Jsseomjpmei eg Ceojc

Jtpbe~mpmds-# _peoabeck# :==>)

7 Vtncmo Dkvce}kdip :==:# Pjncd 7# @eo) LD%=:+:# T)_) @dvj~pkdip eg Oekkd~od#\jsbmilpei @)O) :==>)


21/318

:= `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

jld e dkvm~ds iep eic} mi pbd etpb ntp jcse mi pbd e~pb) bd jop

pbjp kdknd~sbmv pbdi kj`d pbdsd ~eipmd~s sjo~esjiop ms cdss ji`

cdss ~dcdwjip pe pbesd |be bjwd bj` dietlb e bjwmil pbdm~ otcpt~jcm`dipmp} nt~md`# e~ dwdi svcmp n} stob ~eipmd~s# se pbjp ji dipm~d `mspmiop

vdevcds "e~ drjkvcd# pbd :6 kmccmei Ztdobtj mi pbd i`ds- j~d p~djpd`

js se+ojccd` kmie~mpmds mism`d sdwd~jc j`hjodip spjpds) mad j wjsp kmid+

gdc` nt~md` ti`d~ mod jo~ess pbd vcjidp ji` ie| ~d+st~jomil js pbd mod

kdcps# pbdsd ceil+idlcdopd` mkvd~mjc cdljomds j~d ie| v~e`tomil ke~d

ji` ke~d wmecdiod# mioct`mil wmomets dpbimo ocdjismil ji` pm`jc |jwds

e `msvcjod` vd~seis) Ot~~dipc} ewd~ 06 kmccmei j~d `msvcjod`# jnetp :

mi dwd~} :?4 btkji ndmils jcmwd pe`j}) ekd ?7 kjhe~ j~kd` oeimops

j~d ~jlmil jo~ess pbd |e~c` pbms ke~imil1 j |e~c` cmppd~d` |mpb pbd kesp

lbjspc} `dn~ms e pbd oec` |j~# pbd j~kjkdips e mps v~epjleimsps# ji`

spmcc ndmil spjcad` n} pbdm~ e|i djld~ kd~objips e ke~d)

bd~d j~d sdwd~d# vepdipmjc c} ojpjsp~evbmo doeiekmo midztmpmds ndp|ddi

pbd e~pb ji` etpb) bd +< ve|d~s bjwd wd~} cj~ldc} mlie~d` pbdsd#

ntp pbd} bjwd iep oeiwdimdipc} leid j|j}# ~jpbd~ pbd} bjwd ndoekd

spdj`mc} |e~sd) i :=76 pbd ~mobdsp eid+gpb e pbd |e~c`s vevtcjpmei

dihe}d` ?6 pmkds pbd mioekd e pbd vee~dsp gpb1 n} :=2= pbd ~mobdsp

gpb |js ~dodmwmil 76 pmkds pbd mioekd e pbd vee~dsp)< bms ~jpme e

>6826# e~ |e~sd# èkmijpds et~ |e~c` pe`j}) s pbd :==6s evdid`# pbd>6 vd~ odip e~pbd~i kmie~mp} e btkjiami` bj` 2>)< vd~ odip e

|e~c` l~ess ijpmeijc v~e`top1 2:)> vd~ odip e |e~c` p~j`d1 bj` =0)7 vd~

odip e jcc oekkd~omjc cdi`mil1 26)7 vd~ odip e jcc èkdspmo sjwmils1

26)4 vd~ odip e jcc èkdspmo miwdspkdip# ji` =0 vd~ odip e jcc ~dsdj~ob

ji` dwdcevkdip)2 bd 26 vd~ odip kjhe~mp} e btkjimp} mi pbd etpb

ldp pbd >6 vd~ odip "e~ cdss- so~jvs ~ek pbd pjncds e pbd j tdip)

i pbd etpb# sekd :)> nmccmei vdevcd ie| cmwd mi jnsectpd vewd~p}# ei

pbd wd~} kj~lmis e st~wmwjc mpsdc) e~d j~d `~mwdi mipe pbms oei`mpmei

dwd~} `j}# 06 vd~ odip ke~d mi pbd cjsp >6 }dj~s) bd} mioct`d ewd~ 476

kmccmei ~t~jc |ekdi |besd itknd~s mi stob kmsd~} j~d ~msmil jspd~

pbji kdi# |mpb 0#666 obmc`~di spmcc `md |becc} tiido+

dssj~mc} dwd~} `j}:6) i ~moji |ekji bjs j : mi :0 objiod e `}mil

< TI@V Btkji @dwdcevkdip ^dve~p :==># "Id| ]e~a%Erge~`# Erge~` Timwd~smp} V~dss#

:==>-# vv) ?0+?7)2 TI@V Btkji @dwdcevkdip ^dve~p :==># ev) omp)

= @jpj mi ge~dlemil sdipdiods g~ek Pbd _pjpd eg \e~c` ^t~jc Vewd~p}# ji Miztm~} mipe mpsOjtsds ji` Oeisdztdiods# Mipd~ijpmeijc Gti` ge~ Jl~motcpt~jc @dwdcevkdip# êkd# :==>)

:6 TIMODG `jpj)


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>6 `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

mi obmc`nm~pb# ji` mi cj~ld vj~ps e smj j soj~odc} ndppd~ objiod1 bd~d mi

pbd e~pb# j |ekji bjs eic} j : mi 0#666 objiod# mi kji} e~pbd~i

oetip~mds eic} j : mi 6#666 obmc`~di e~vbjis mi

:==> mi lji`j jceid# |bmcd kesztmpeds n~dd`mil pbdm~ e|i mkktimp}

jljmisp vdspmom`d bjwd kj`d kjcj~mj v~dsdip jljmi mi ewd~ :66 oetip~mds#

midopmil ewd~ >76 kmccmei vdevcd# dsvdomjcc} mi ~moj):>

s e~` mknd~cjad bjs ~doe~`d`# ~mpmsb e|id~s e vdp ojps svdi`

ke~d vd~ }dj~ ei pbdk pbji pbd jiitjc mioekd e btkji ndmils mi

pbd cdjsp dwdcevd` oetip~mds) vdp ojp mi ~mpjmi ms d` p|mod js ktob

v~epdmi vd~ `j} js pbd jwd~jld ~moji btkji ndmil):?

Pbd `dj~pb e lcenjc oee~`mijpmei

mpbmi j oetip~}# pbdsd pd~~mncd midztmpmds |etc` nd sddi js pbd ocjssmo

oei`mpmeis e~ j kjssmwd ji` tstjcc} wmecdip ~dwectpmei) d cmwd ie|

mi pbd dztmwjcdip e j oetip~}# mi j lcenjc mipd~`dvdi`diod pbjp ms

iep jp jcc js ndimli js pbd |e~` seti`s1 ji mipd~`dvdi`diod mi |bmob

vecmo} kj`d mi pbd e~pb bjs ojpjsp~evbmo ddop mi pbd etpb# ji`

pbdi ~dneti`s |mpb tidi`mil oeisdztdiods e~ mipd~ijpmeijc vdjod#

ji` pbts seeid~ e~ cjpd~ e~ pbd e~pb) bdsd midztmpjncd vecmomds

kjad jnsectpdc} ie sdisd mi pbd e~pbs e|i mipd~dsps)

bd impd` jpmeis dwdcevkdip ~el~jkkd "- bjs

dspmkjpd` pbjp pbd oeknmijpmei e v~epdopmeimsk jljmisp jppdkvpd`

etpbd~i drve~ps pe pbd e~pb# mipd~dsp ~jpds timcjpd~jcc} kjimvtcjpd`

mi e~pbd~i gijiomjc odip~ds# ji` epbd~ midztmpmds# ms `dv~mwmil pbd

`dwdcevmil oetip~mds e $466 nmccmei j }dj~ mi mioekd) bjp ms pdi

pmkds jcc e~pbd~i jm` pe pbd dwdcevmil oetip~mds) bjp smkvc} eds

iep kjad sdisd mi pbd mipd~dsps e pbd e~pb js |dcc js se p~jlmojcc}

e pbd etpb)

iepbd~ drjkvcd8 pbd }spdk ji` pbd t~evdji Oekktimp}s

dwdcevkdip Gti` j~d p~}mil pe bdcv pbd `dwdcevkdip e vjspe~jc

jl~motcpt~d mi ~moj ji` pbd spmktcjpmei e mip~j+~moji p~j`d mi

kdjp v~e`tops) tp O ndd ms ndmil sec` mi ele# e~ drjkvcd# jp

>4 vd~ odip cdss pbji pbd v~mod e cmwd elecdsd ojppcd "ji` jp 26 vd~

odip cdss pbji ldid~jc |e~c` ndd v~mods-) bd oji `e iepbmil

jnetp pbms8 pbd +< ve|d~s sj} pbjp p~j`d ms j kjppd~ e~ # |bmob

ms `d`mojpd` pe ~dd p~j`d) e~pbd~i oetip~mds miwj~mjnc} kjijld

:: Kddpmil pbd Vevtcjpmei Objccdild# TIGVJ# :=2=# Id| ]e~a)

:> \e~c` Bdjcpb E~ljimsjpmei)

:? Cce}` Pmknd~cjad# Eic} Eid Dj~pb)


23/318

>: `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

pe oeiwd~p pbms pe ti~dd ji` tijm~ p~j`d e~ pbd etpb) ljmi8 ie

oee~`mijpmei1 ie sdisd) de~d ceil# |bdi pbd ~didpmo e~pb+e~pb

p~j`d oekvdpmpmei ndlmis pe vdpd~ etp ji` e~pbd~i oetip~mdsjirmetsc} ceea pe pbd etpbs vepdipmjcc} lmljipmo kj~adps# m pbdsd

jnst~`c} sbe~p+smlbpd` vecmomds vd~smsp pbd} |mcc gi` sdwd~jc nmccmei

vdevcd spmcc pee vee~ pe nt} ji}pbmil ~ek pbdk) bjp pbdi5

evtcjpmei ms mio~djsmil n} =6 kmccmei j }dj~) ic} bjc pbd |e~c`s

~dv~e`topmwd+jld |ekdi bjwd joodss pe ji} mie~kjpmei ji` sd~wmods

pe dijncd pbdk pe obeesd kdjis e pbdm~ e|i d~pmcmp} ~dltcjpmei) bd

impd` jpmeis evtcjpmei Gti` "G- ji` epbd~ ne`mds j~d p~}mil

pe mio~djsd pbjp joodss# |bmob ~dztm~ds drvji`d` vtncmo bdjcpb sd~wmods)

bd +< ve|d~s kjad stob vevtcjpmei |e~a j sp~eil oei`mpmei e

pbdm~ jm`) tp ti`d~ pbd sp~topt~jc j`htspkdip oei`mpmeijcmpmds e pbd

G |bmob pbd sjkd +< ve|d~s oeip~ec# pbm~` |e~c` oetip~mds bjwd

bj` pe scjsb pbdm~ bdjcpb sd~wmod mi~jsp~topt~d n} js ktob js >4 vd~ odip)

vevtcjpmei |e~a ms sce|d` `t~mil pbd idrp pdi }dj~s mp |mcc ~dstcp

n} pbd }dj~ >646 mi ji j``mpmeijc 0 nmccmei vdevcd ei dj~pb8 pbd |becd

|e~c` vevtcjpmei e :=


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>> `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

pe j``~dss pbd ~eep ojtsd e v~encdks pbjp j~d ti`d~ et~ iesds ntp j~d

idlcdopd`# |bmob pbdi mipdism} ji` ldid~jpd objmi ~djopmeis |mpb epbd~

v~encdks# ji` miwj~mjnc} ~dstcp mi ojtsd p~jisktpd` mipe mip~jismldip#ktcpm+jodpd` ji` drvcesmwd ddop# svmccmil ewd~ ~eipmd~s e~ `dkji`mil

mipd~ijpmeijc mipd~wdipmei mism`d j oeccjvsd` oetip~}) bdsd ddops pbdi

oesp pbd |e~c` oekktimp} j~ ke~d# iep eic} mi btkji cmwds ntp mi

keid}# pbji m mp bj` j``~dssd` pbd ojtsds mi pbd g~sp vcjod)

p |mcc bdiode~pb nd pbd kesp t~ldip vessmncd ntsmidss e pbd mipd~+

lewd~ikdipjc e~j e pbd }spdk ji` jnewd jcc e pbd mpsdc

pe e~ktcjpd ji` jl~dd kjspd~+sp~jpdlmds pe pjoacd pbdsd `jild~ets#

oekvcdr ~eep ojtsds oekv~dbdismwdc}# ji` mi pmkd) bd ktsp

ndoekd ~eep+ojtsd `m~dopd`# iep kd~dc} ~dsveismwd)

bms |mcc ojcc e~ j~ ke~d oet~jldets# mipdccdoptjc vecmo}+cdj`d~sbmv

ti`d~ mps do~dpj~mds+did~jc mi pbd }dj~s jbdj`) tob cdj`d~sbmv

ndlmis |mpb ddopmwd dj~c} |j~imil ji` e~dojspmil# jceil pbd dipm~d

svdop~tk e v~encdks bjwd sadpobd`# |bdpbd~ seome+doeiekmo#

vecmpmojc# e~ diwm~eikdipjc) bd }spdk bjs |mpbmi mp wjctjncd `jpj+

jssdkncmil ji` jijc}pmojc spj ojvjompmds# ntp ms ti`d~+spjd` e~ pbms

mi sdwd~jc o~tomjc j~djs) bd sp~topt~ds j~d jcse mij`dztjpd pe `~j|

dj~c}+|j~imil mie~kjpmei peldpbd~ ei j ktcpm+`msomvcmij~} njsms# jsms idodssj~} e~ pbd e~ktcjpmei e o~djpmwd sp~jpdl} |mpb ocdj~ vecmo}

evpmeis pbjp pbd do~dpj~}+did~jc sbetc` v~dsdip pe lewd~ikdips)

~) etp~es+bjcm# pbd ot~~dip do~dpj~}+did~jc# bjs kj`d j spj~p

mi ~de~ljimxmil pbd do~dpj~mjp js j pmlbpd~ |e~amil e~ljimsk)

~dkjmi oeiwmiod` pbjp mp |mc c iep |e~a jp pbd evpmktk tipmc pbd~d j~d

et~ dvtp} do~dpj~mds+did~jc# sdime~ pe jcc epbd~ drdotpmwd bdj`s

mi pbd }spdk8 eid djob e~# ji` pe vtcc peldpbd~ oebd~dipc}8

vecmpmojc jjm~s ji` vdjod ji` sdot~mp}1

btkjimpj~ mji dkd~ldio} ~dsveisd ji` btkji ~mlbps1

jcc doeiekmo ji` diwm~eikdipjc vecmo} ji` oe+evd~jpmei1 ji`

j`kmimsp~jpmei)

bdsd et~ sbetc` jop js pbd do~dpj~}+did~jcs miid~ oe~d e pev+

ojcmn~d j`wmsd~s) bjwd idwd~ bdj~` ji} seti` j~ltkdip jljmisp stob

dvtpmds "|bmob |d~d mipdi`d`# n} pbd |j}# |bdi pbd Obj~pd~

|js smlid` mi :=04-1 pbd eic} j~ltkdip bjwd dwd~ bdj~` `e|i pbd}dj~s ms pbjp stob dvtpmds |etc` `d~eljpd ~ek pbd v~dspmld e pbd

od e do~dpj~}+did~jc) p kj} nd oekkei mi ijpmeijc vtncmo


25/318

>? `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

sd~wmod ntp |d smkvc} ojiiep je~` dlepmsk ji` hdjcets} jnetp

cmkdcmlbp+sbj~mil ji}|bd~d mi pbd impd` jpmeis)

|d j~d jp cjsp pe j``~dss pbd ~eep ojtsds e `dv~mwjpmei e doeiekmo

ji` seomjc btkji ~mlbps# ji` e ke~d ji` ke~d cmadc} |j~s ewd~ vew+

d~p}# |d smkvc} ktsp pjoacd pbd }spdks |djaidssds mi pbd seomjc#

doeiekmo# diwm~eikdipjc ji` `dwdcevkdip gdc`s)

Ge~leppdi jmks e pbd TIs eti`d~s

p ms epdi sjm` pbjp pbd s}spdk e jldiomds |js iep `dsmlid` n}

mps eti`d~s e~ pbd `dl~dd e ktcpm+sdope~jc vecmo} oebd~diod ji`

v~el~jkkd oe+e~`mijpmei pbjp et~ v~dsdip d~j `dkji`s) i sekdmkve~pjip ~dsvdops pbms ms p~td) tp m }et le njoa mipe pbd j~obmwds pe

cdj~i |bjp pbesd eti`d~s "mioct`mil bmcmv edc+jad~# O) A) dn+

spd~ ji` Hebi j}ij~` Ad}ids- mipdi`d`# pbd ~dstcp ms jspeimsbmil ji`

oeipjmis wmpjc cdsseis e~ ts pe`j})

} pbd pmkd pbd ji G~jiomsoe Oeid~diod ei pbd impd` jpmeis

evdid` mi :=04# sdope~jc tiopmeijcmsk# js mp |js ojccd`# |js jc~dj`}

dip~diobd` mi mipd~ijpmeijc pbmiamil) bd ipd~ijpmeijc jnet~

~ljimsjpmei |js jc~dj`} pbd~d js j sdvj~jpd jldio}# pbd oeispmptpmeise G ji` pbd e~c` jia ji` pbd ipd~ijpmeijc eidpj~} Gti`

bj` jc~dj`} nddi `~jpd`# ji` |e~a |js j`wjiod` e~ j O) p

pbd~de~d bj` pe nd joodvpd` jp ji G~jiomsoe pbjp pbd impd` jpmeis

|etc` iep nd j timpj~} e~ljimsjpmei |mpb mps e|i ntmcp+mi `dvj~p+

kdips e jl~motcpt~d# bdjcpb# gijiod# p~j`d# ji` se ei)

eidpbdcdss# mi pbdm~ ~doekkdi`jpmeis jpd~ ji G~jiomsoe pe pbd g~sp

did~jc ssdknc} sdssmei kddpmil jp dspkmispd~ jcc mi Hjitj~}

:=07# pbd eti`d~s ei pbd ~dvj~jpe~} Oekkmssmei kj`d ocdj~

v~dso~mvpmeis e~ pbd impd` jpmeis pe ~dsp~jmi pbd odip~mtljc e~odse sdvj~jpd jldiomds)

Gm~sp# pbd} |~epd mipe pbd Obj~pd~ sp~eil kji`jpds mi doeiekmo ji`

seomjc vecmo} ji` jopmei) bdm~ ~doe~`s sbe| pbjp n} doeiekmo pbd}

kdjip pbjp pbd sbetc` oe+e~`mijpd jccpbd oekkji`mil bdmlbps

e |e~c` kjo~e+doeiekmo vecmo}1 ot~~dio} ji` drobjild# ojvmpjc g+

ijiod# p~j`d ji` oekke`mp} v~mods# oekktimojpmeis# p~jisve~p) bd

jnm`mil vmp} ms pbjp pbd} m` iep misd~p pbdsd dgimpmeis mi pbd Obj~pd~

mpsdc) bms kmlbp bjwd kj`d mp ke~d `m otcp e~ pbd kjhe~ ve|d~s pe

~dtsd dwdi pe `msotss vecmo} ei mipd~ijpmeijc gijiod ji` ot~~dio}#

`dnp ji` p~j`d jp pbd # ji` pe ocjmk pbjp pbd G ji` pbd e~c`

jia ji` # |bmob pbd} oeip~ec# bjwd pbdsd kji`jpds)


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eidpbdcdss# pbd eti`d~s `m`|~mpd mipe pbd Obj~pd~ pbjp pbd impd`

jpmeis ms oeispmptpmeijcc} ~dztm~d` pe bjwd vecmo} oekkji` e jcc

pbdsd jope~s pbjp |etc` nd pdobimojcc} bji`cd` n} pbd jldiomds) bmsms o~}spjc ocdj~ mi ~pmocd 42 e pbd Obj~pd~# ntp kesp vdevcd `e iep

dwdi aie| e mp ndojtsd mp bjs idwd~ nddi mkvcdkdipd`) p spjpds# |mpb

pbd mkvd~jpmwd# pbjp pbd sbjcc kjad ~doekkdi`jpmeis e~ pbd

oe+e~`mijpmei e pbd vecmomds "iep eic} pbd jopmwmpmds- e pbd svdomjcmsd`

jldiomds n~etlbp mipe jl~dd` ~dcjpmeisbmv |mpb pbd ojpdle~mojcc}

pe oewd~ pbd ~dppei ee`s mispmptpmeis ji` jcc epbd~ svdomjcmsd` jldi+

omds# mioct`mil pbd pbdi mipdi`d` ipd~ijpmeijc ~j`d ~ljimsjpmei

"- |bmob pbd impd` pjpds ~dtsd` pe jcce| nd o~djpd`)

bd ~dvj~jpe~} Oekkmssmei jcse ~doekkdi`d` pbjp pbd bdj`ztj~+

pd~s e jldiomds sbetc` nd jp pbd sjkd vcjod js pbd ) bms seti`s

tindcmdwjncd# ntp mp ms pbd~d# mi pbd ~doe~`s) bd} jcse ~doekkdi`d`

pbjp djob jldio} sbetc` stnkmp mps nt`ldp pe pbd did~jc ssdknc}

pe nd oeisecm`jpd` |mpb pbd s# se pbjp " mi pbdm~ |e~`s-8 dknd~s

Q|etc` nd dijncd`[ pe oeism`d~ ji` wepd# jp eid pmkd ji` mi eid

vcjod# pbd nt`ldp e pbd ~ljimsjpmei ji` e pbd jldiomds |mpbmi pbd

oeisecm`jpd` s}spdk)

bd~d |js j kjad+e~+n~dja jope~# be|dwd~# mi pbms v~evesd` ~dkd`mjcj~obmpdopt~d e~ pbd }spdk) ps sdvj~jpd e~ljimsjpmeis |etc` bjwd wm~pt+

jcc} pbd sjkd kdknd~+lewd~ikdips) tp |etc` pbdsd sjkd lewd~ikdips

svdja |mpb pbd sjkd wemod mi djob e~ljimsjpmeis lewd~imil ne`}5 e

ocdj~c} `m` pbd eti`d~s sdd pbms o~tomjc `dpd~kmijip pbjp pbd} kj`d j

|j~imil jnetp mp mi pbd wd~} cjsp vj~jl~jvb e pbdm~ ~dve~p) bd pjsa e

pbd impd` jpmeis mi oe+e~`mijpmil pbd vecmomds ji` jopmwmpmds e pbd

svdomjcmxd` jldiomds# pbd} |~epd# oji nd vd~e~kd` eic} m dknd~s

mi`mwm`tjcc} |mcc jssmsp mi kjamil oe+e~`mijpmei vessmncd)

dp ei djob ji` dwd~} eid e pbesd o~tomjc v~dso~mvpmeis e~ kjamil

oebd~dip sdisd e pbd ceesd s}spdk jc~dj`} ndmil e~kd`# kdknd~

lewd~ikdips jmcd` kmsd~jnc}) bd~d ms pe`j} iep eid svdomjcmsd`

jldio} bdj`ztj~pd~s jp pbd sdjp e pbd # |besd esp Oetip~}

mi ji} ojsd ljwd mp ji mkvessmnc} o~jkvd` smpd mi pbd jnjppem~ j~dj

e jibjppji) ~pmocd 42# |bmob kjads mp kji`jpe~} pbjp pbd

oe+e~`mijpd pbd vecmomds e pbd jldiomds# bjs idwd~ nddi |e~ad`) i`

jcpbetlb pbd m`dj e j oeisecm`jpd` nt`ldp ms pbd~d mi pbd jl~ddkdips

|mpb sdwd~jc jldiomds# pbd} kj`d se kji} enhdopmeis pbjp pbms# pee#

|js ztmdpc} `~evvd` ji` lewd~ikdips# ewd~|bdckmilc} pbd sjkdlewd~ikdips stvvesd` pe mkvcdkdip ~pmocd 42 jp pbd "ji` n} pbd

|j} ewd~|bdckmilc} dspd~i lewd~ikdips jp pbjp pmkd-# htsp jcce|d`

pbjp pe nd `~evvd` js |dcc)


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Pee skjcc e~ nml pbmils

bjp |d bjwd pe`j} ~ek pbms sj` `mssmvjpmei oji vd~bjvs nd ndspvd~odmwd` n} jijceltd |mpb j oetip~})

bd do~dpj~}+did~jc ms iep pbd ~mkd mimspd~ e pbd }spdk1

mp èds iep bjwd eid# dmpbd~ tiopmeijcc} e~ e oet~sd oeispmptpmeijcc})

d objm~s ji `kmimsp~jpmwd Oe+e~`mijpmil Oekkmppdd "pbd OO-

pbjp ms iep j Ojnmidp e pbd }spdk8 mp kddps eic} p|mod j }dj~ e~ j d|

`j}s# ji` ie drdotpmwd bdj` e ji jldio} ms ~dztm~d` pe bdd` ji} `d+

omsmei# e~ ji} drbe~pjpmei n} pbd do~dpj~}+did~jc pe oe+e~`mijpd)

ewd~ikdips mi pbd lewd~imil ne`mds e djob jldio} e~ktcjpd mpse|i vecmomds ji` sdp mps e|i nt`ldpj~} ~dset~ods) bd dztmwjcdip

|etc` nd pbjp ~mpmsb j~kd~s ji` jl~eiekmsps kddp mi pbdm~ e|i

vj~cmjkdip# dcdop pbdm~ e|i drdotpmwd bdj` ji` jsbmei pbdm~ e|i jl+

~motcpt~d vecmo} ji` nt`ldp1 pbjp bdjcpb e omjcs mi jiepbd~ vj~cmjkdip

e pbdksdcwds è pbd sjkd e~ bdjcpb1 ji` se ei) bd v~mkd kmimspd~

|etc` nd dcdopd` ji` enpjmi j e~dmli vecmo} ji` jm` nt`ldp ~ek j

pepjcc} `md~dip vj~cmjkdip# ji` kddpmil e~ eic} sekd gwd `j}s mi

j }dj~ |mpb pbdsd jtpeiekets sdope~jc obmdpjmis) p ms misp~topmwd pe

pbmia mi |bjp oei`mpmei pbd vtncmo jjm~s e ~mpjmi |etc` nd ti`d~

stob j~~jildkdips)

i pbd v~dsdip ~de~k `msotssmeis# be|dwd~# pbd~d ms ie smli pbjp lew+

d~ikdips j~d ~dj`} pe jkdi` pbd jldio} oeispmptpmeis ji` o~djpd j

id|# timpj~} impd` jpmeis) d j~d cdp# pbd~de~d# |mpb pbd jnsectpd

idodssmp} e `dkji`mil pbjp pbd} v~evd~c} |e~a pbd v~dsdip s}spdk)

mimkjcc}# pbms |mcc bjwd pe kdji vd~smspdip vj~cmjkdipj~} ji`

v~dsst~d ei lewd~ikdips ie|# jp cjsp# pe oee~`mijpd pbdm~ e|i

vecmomds se pbjp pbdm~ dcdljpmeis è svdja |mpb pbd sjkd wemod mi djoblewd~imil ne`} e pbd }spdk) bms ktsp mioct`d pbd jia ji` pbd

G# |besd |dmlbpd` wepmil ktsp nd ~de~kd` "ji` m~eimojcc} bjs j

ndppd~ objiod e ndmil smiod pbd jsp t~evdjis bjwd hemid`-# ji` jcse

j lditmid ipd~ijpmeijc ~j`d ~ljimsjpmei jcse oee~`mijpd` n} pbd

) bd vj~cmjkdips e kdknd~ spjpds sbetc` bjwd j smilcd oekkmp+

pdd ei jccvecmo} msstds mi pbd }spdk `mvcekjpmo ji` sdope~jc

ji` sbetc` drd~p l~djpd~ wmlmcjiod dwd~} }dj~ ewd~ pbd ndbjwmet~ e

pbd drdotpmwd n~jiob mi pbdsd jnsectpdc} kjad+e~+n~dja kjppd~s)

|d oetc` sdot~d pbms oe+e~`mijpmei |bd~d mp ktsp spj~p# mi bekd

ojvmpjcs# pbdi pbd bdj`s e pbd jldiomds oetc` nd e~kjcc} misp~topd`

n} lewd~ikdips mi pbdm~ lewd~imil ne`mds pbjp pbd} oeispmptpd pbd


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oeccdopmwdc} ~dsveismncd Ojnmidp e pbd }spdk ti`d~ pbd dkve|d~d`

cdj`d~sbmv e pbd do~dpj~}+did~jc e pbd impd` jpmeis)

bms# be|dwd~# ms spmcc eic} vj~p e mp) d bjwd lep pe ~de~k pbd

}spdk se pbjp lewd~ikdips jcse joptjcc} kddppeldpbd~ |mpb pbd ~mlbp

sdope~jc drvd~pmsd ei pbdm~ e|i `dcdljpmeis pe e~ktcjpd pbd ktcpm+

`msomvcmij~} kjo~e+vecmomds idd`d` e~ pe`j}s v~eeti`c} s}spdkmo

v~encdks ji` `jild~s) d |mcc iep jobmdwd stob oebd~dip vecmomds

|bmcd mimspd~s e Gmijiod pjca eic} |mpb djob epbd~ mi jsbmilpei#

e l~motcpt~d eic} |mpb djob epbd~ mi ekd# e ~j`d eic} |mpb

djob epbd~ mi pbd iep p~tc} lcenjcc} e~mdipd` # ji` se ei) bd

|e~a e pbd oeiekmo ji` eomjc Oetiomc ktsp nd sbjvd` se pbjp ei

djob kjhe~ pbdkd e~ v~encdk j~dj e~ drjkvcd# ee` sdot~mp}# e~

ijpt~jc ~dset~ods# e~ `dnp e~ lcenjc jm~ p~j`d pbd Oetiomc kddps

|mpb kdknd~s e pbd ~dcdwjip jldiomds lewd~imil ne`mds mipdl~jpd`

mi pbd Oetiomc `dcdljpmeis e kdknd~ lewd~ikdips) bd~d ms ie

drotsd cdp e~ jmct~d pe `e pbms mi pbd 8 mp ms `eid mi t~evdji

vj~cmjkdipj~} ji` oetiomc ne`mds# ji` mi pbd O)

pbms jmcs# pbdi jcpbetlb mp kj} seti` jnst~` jp g~sp bdj~mil

vd~seijcc} ojiiep ~tcd etp pbd m`dj e j Ocjss opmei jp pbd e~c`

Oet~p# pbd ~miomvjc Ht`momjc ~lji e pbd # n} d# pbd devcdspb~etlb j oeise~pmtk e s# jljmisp jcc dknd~ pjpds pbjp j~d

mi wmecjpmei e pbd impd` jpmeis Obj~pd~ e~ jmct~d pe mkvcdkdip

~pmocd 42# js pbd} kesp jsst~d`c} j~d)

|mcc ztmoac} j`` jiepbd~ jnst~`mp} pbjp ktsp nd pjoacd`) bd |e~a

e OO ji` pbd did~jc ssdknc} ktsp nd ~jpmeijcmsd` ji` j

~djcmspmo jiitjc ojcdi`j~ dspjncmsbd` pe dijncd lewd~ikdips pbd~d pe

e~ktcjpd pev+v~me~mp} sp~jpdlmds e~ pbd |e~c`) p ms ztmpd jnst~` pbjp

pbd} p~} pe o~jk mipe j d| keipbs pbd dztmwjcdip e pbd |e~a pbjp

ijpmeijc# ji` ktcpmijpmeijc vj~cmjkdips sv~dj` ewd~ kesp e djob }dj~)ds# pbms |mcc oesp j nmp ke~d keid}8 pbjp oesp ms ot~~dipc} mi `jild~

e ztjcm}mil e~ pbd ec` j`jld# e~ |jip e j ijmc )))# drpdi`d` pe et~

obmc`~dis wd~} tpt~d)

d ktsp jcse t~ldipc} |e~a e~ pbd `dwdcevkdip e j impd` jpmeis

ojvjomp} pe kjijld pbd mipd~ijpmeijc diwm~eikdip e doeiekmo ji`

epbd~ jope~s pbjp pdobiecel} bjs joodcd~jpd` etp e pbd sewd~dmli oei+

p~ec e dwdi pbd kesp ve|d~tc ijpmei+spjpds) bms p~di` ms e oet~sd

ot~~dipc} sjiopmgd` n} pbd id| ti`jkdipjcmsp ~dcmlmei e pbd kjlmoe pbd kj~adp# ntp bevd sv~mils dpd~ijc pbjp mipdccmldip |ekdi ji`

kdi |mcc vd~odmwd pbms d~wet~ js pbd vmd`+vmvd~ p~jmc pe `msjspd~ pbjp mp

~djcc} ms) d bjwd htsp |mpidssd` j ocjssmo drjkvcd e pbms mi pbd giji+


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>< `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

omjc vjimo e dvpdknd~ :==># |bdi |becc} ti+~dltcjpd` svdotcjpe~s

oetc` p~j`d nmccmeis e èccj~s e ijpmeis ot~~diomds dcdop~eimojcc} mi

sdoei`s pe ji} vj~p e pbd |e~c` bjwmil iepbmil |bjpdwd~ pe è|mpb v~e`topmwd miwdspkdip# smkvc} v~egpdd~mil ei pbd jnhdop st~+

~di`d~ e spjpds pe pbdsd tsds e pdobiecel}) epd# e oet~sd# pbjp pbd

G |js mid~p pb~etlbetp pbms |e~c`+|m`d objes)

i j n~mc cmjip dssj} e~ pbd imwd~smp} e tssdr ~edsse~ jis mild~

bjs iepd` pbjp# bd spjpd bjs ndoekd pee nml e~ pbd skjcc pbmils ji`

pee skjcc e~ pbd nml pbmils ))) bd skjcc pbmils ojcc e~ `dcdljpmei

è|i|j~`s pe pbd ceojc cdwdc ))) bd nml pbmils ojcc e~ `dcdljpmei

tv|j~`s# e~ oe+e~`mijpmei ndp|ddi ijpmeijc vecmomds# e~ e~ p~jisij+

pmeijc mispmptpmeis):0

d ktsp jopmwdc} ojkvjmli e~ ji ti`d~spji`mil pbjp mp ms mi jcc spjpds

mipd~dsps# |mpbetp drodvpmei# pe ntmc` ti`d~ impd` jpmeis jtsvmods

pbesd p~jisijpmeijc kjijldkdip ojvjompmds pbjp j~d ie| midsojvjncd)

@jild~s e pbd Ie~pb+_etpb `mwm`d

tp pb~etlb jcc pbms ~tis j ti`jkdipjc vecmpmojc msstd8 pbd oeispjipc}

|m`dimil ji` `ddvdimil e~pb+etpb `mwm`d) dwdcevmil oetip~mdsj~d mi j v~eeti` `mcdkkj8 pbd} aie| pbjp pbd }spdk idd`s ke~d

oebdsmei# ntp pbd} dj~ pbjp mps cdj`mil e~ljimsks j~d ie| ndmil pjadi

ewd~ n} pbd e~pbd~i ve|d~s# ji` pbjp j pmlbpd~ }spdk |etc` eic}

nd pbd ke~d jncd pe mkvesd e~pbd~i oei`mpmeijcmpmds ei pbdk) d

jod mi pbms j vepdipmjcc} `jild~ets mkvjssd8 |d idd` pe dijncd pbd

}spdk pe ewd~oekd pbms e~pb+etpb `mwm`d ji` `dwdcev p~tc}

lcenjc vecmo} cdj`d~sbmv e~ jcc kdknd~s1 ntp e~pbd~i vecmomds bjwd

se |m`did` pbd `mwm`d pbjp mp jops mpsdc js j oetipd~wjmcmil e~od pe

pbesd wd~} ~de~ks)

bts# ~tiimil pb~etlb dwd~} jsvdop e idd`d` ~de~k pbd~d ms pbd

o~}mil idd` e~ l~djpd~ ktptjc p~tsp jkeil spjpds# dwdcevd` pb~etlb

lditmid v~jopmod mi pbd e `dkeo~jpmo vecmo} idlepmjpmei) d

|mcc iep jobmdwd kjijldkdip e p~jisijpmeijc e~ods# |d |mcc iep

dwdi ndlmi pe jvv~ejob pbd dspjncmsbkdip e lcenjc oekkeis# |mpb+

etp |bmob et~ obmc`~dis tpt~d ms soj~odc} pe nd oeipdkvcjpd`# tipmc

pbd kmie~mp} e ve|d~tc spjpds |be ocjmk pe nd pbd objkvmeis e

`dkeo~jo} ndbjwd ke~d `dkeo~jpmojcc} pe|j~`s pbd |dja kjhe~mp}

mi pbd }spdk) bd oeispjip jppdkvp pe `mopjpd ji` mipmkm`jpd

e~ wepds n} nctip doeiekmo pb~djps# pbd ~dtsjc pe `msotss v~eeti`

:0 Mi keiel~jvb Mipd~ijpmeijc Lewd~ijiod# Htnmcdd Vjvd~s# Mispmptpd eg @dwdcevkdip

_pt`mds# Timwd~smp} eg _tssdr# :==>)


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e~pb+etpb sp~topt~jc j|s mi doeiekmo ~dcjpmeis# |e~sd# pbd oei+

pmitmil pjca e |dmlbpd` wepmil ndmil drpdi`d` mipe pbd ji`

pbd kjhe~ jldiomds# ms iep eic} wmecjpmei e pbd Obj~pd~ v~miomvcd edztjcmp} jkeil ijpmeis cj~ld ji` skjc c# mp ms pbd e~pb sbeepmil mpsdc

mi pbd eep# ji` ztmpd vessmnc} jcse pbd tpt~d e |e~c` vdjod)

id j~ltkdip tsd` ms pbjp e~pbd~i spjpds oeip~mntpd kesp pe pbd

}spdks nt`ldps) bd} è iep) bd} eic} oeip~mntpd pbd kesp

mi keid} jketip) iwecwd` mi pbms ms j v~miomvcd jp pbd wd~} bdj~p e

dspd~i `dkeo~jo}8 pbd v~miomvcd e~dcjpmwd ojvjomp} pe vj}# ei |bmob

dztjcmp} e vecmpmojc wemod mi lewd~ijiod ji` vecmo} e~kjpmei ms

l~eti`d`) bd vee~d~ ompmxdis dztjc wepd jooekvjimds bms e~ bd~

skjccd~ pjr oeip~mntpmei jketip ndojtsd pbjp ms jp cdjsp js `m otcp j

nt~`di e~ bmk e~ bd~ pe gi` js pbd |djcpbmd~ ompmxdis cj~ld~ jketip)

i` mp kesp od~pjmic} ms jp cdjsp js `m otcp e~ Hjkjmoj# e~ bjij# e~

btpji pe gi` pbdm~ skjc cd~ jketip e oeip~mntpmei pe pbd js mp ms

e~ ~mpjmi e~ Hjvji e~ pbd impd` pjpds pe gi` pbdm~ cj~ld~ jketip)

bdi pbd~d ms pbd j~ltkdip pbjp kji} bm~` e~c` spjpds pbjp kjad

tv pbd kjhe~mp}# |mpb eid+ijpmei+eid+wepd# j~d iep `dkeo~jpmojcc}

lewd~id`) vj~p ~ek pbd j|a|j~` ztdspmei e |be mispjccd` e~

iet~msbd` jckesp jcc pbd `mopjpe~s# pbd ot~mets pbmil ms pbjp dspd~ive|d~s j~d m ji}pbmil ke~d ~dsdiptc# ji` ztmpd js tibdd`mil e pbd

vecmo} vesmpmeis mi pbd # e pbd wd~} bm~` e~c` oetip~mds pbjp

j~d `dkeo~jpmojcc} lewd~id`* e# stob j~ltkdip ms j kjimdsp oewd~

e~ pbd ~djc v~encdk# |bmob ms jmct~d pe `jpd pe sdd nd}ei` pbd pmv e

pbd e~pbd~i iesd1 jmct~d pe ~djcmsd pbjp et~+gpbs e btkjiami` j~d

iep lemil pe encmld n} ldppmil e pbms |bm~cmil vcjidp1 ji` jmct~d pe

~djcmsd pbjp pbd e~pb iep eic} idd`s pbdm~ j`wjiodkdip e~ mps e|i

wd~} doeiekmo tpt~d# ntp |mcc nd pepjcc} tijncd pe oevd |mpb pbd

jveojc}vpmo oeisdztdiods m mp èds iep ~dsvdop pbdk js dztjcs ji`

hemipc} e~ktcjpd oekkei sdisd# jc c+|mi lcenjc sp~jpdlmds)

Gmijcc} ei pbms o~mpmojcc} mkve~pjip msstd# |bmcd |d |jpob vct~jcmsp

lewd~ijiod ie| dkd~ld mi ke~d ji` ke~d kdknd~ oetip~mds

"ji` v~j} pbjp mp |mcc iep nd stnwd~pd` n} ji} ve|d~-# mp èds se bjv+

vdi pbjp pbd v~eve~pmei e wepds e pbd e~pb ji` etpb mi pbd di+

d~jc ssdknc} jckesp drjopc} kjpobds pbdm~ ~dsvdopmwd sbj~ds e |e~c`

vevtcjpmei) bjp ~djcc} sbetc` nd lee` dietlb pe ldp ei |mpb)


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>= `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

Vdjod+addvmil# btkjimpj~mji ~mlbps ji` btkji ~mlbps ve|d~s

vcjod vdjod+kjmipjmimil ji` dkd~ldio} ojvjompmds cjsp mi pbms cmsp ead} ~de~ks eic} ndojtsd |d j~d mi `jild~ ie| e se oeiodip~jpmil

ei pbdk pbjp |d |mc c oeipmitd pe jcce| lewd~ikdips pe idlcdop ~eep

ojtsd) |d `e pbms# |mpbmi >6 }dj~s |d |mcc nd jljmi `msotssmil pbd

|djaidss e pbd mi vdjod+kjmipjmimil mi pbd jod e wjspc} |e~sd

tvbdjwjcs j~eti` pbd |e~c`# jckesp od~pjmic} mioct`mil kmccmeis e

`dsvd~jpd ji` jil~} vdevcd p~}mil pe kml~jpd mipe pbd e~pb)

miod# be|dwd~# |d j~d jc~dj`} j~ pee cjpd tcc} pe ojpob ~eep ojtsds

mi kji} mispjiods# |d bjwd lep pe dztmv pbd impd` jpmeis |mpb

pbd tcc ~jild e ojvjompmds pe p~} pe v~dwdip pbd |e~sp ddops mi kjsswmecdiod ji` kmsd~})

bd v~encdks dkd~lmil js ijpmei+spjpd sp~topt~d |djadis# ji`

stvv~dssd` oekktimpmds miwead pbd s tkji mlbps# bjwd ie

jvv~ev~mjpd e~tk mi pbd ) d idd` j vcjod mi pbd e~tk

pe jopmwjpd eid e mps bmspe~mo jpp~mntpds# pe kjad pbdsd |e~c`+|m`d

v~encdks ~dsvdopjncd pe joaie|cd`ld) d idd` j e~tk pe ldid~jpd

miiewjpmwd e~ks e ~dv~dsdipjpmei ji` lewd~ijiod j vcjod |bd~d

lewd~ikdip e omjcs oji oeke~pjnc} `msotss pbdsd die~ketsc} sdism+

pmwd msstds |mpb vecmpmojc ji` seomjc somdipmsps ji` s# ji` mi |bmob

ztdspmil otcpt~jc l~etvs oji pbdksdcwds hemi |mpbetp dj~) d idd`#

jk oeiwmiod`# j Oetiomc ei dv~dsdipjpmei ji` ewd~ijiod#

dmpbd~ n} jkdi`mil pbd Obj~pd~ pe oeiwd~p pbd ie| soj~odc} tsd`

~tspddsbmv Oetiomc# e~ n} pbd did~jc ssdknc} o~djpmil mp ti`d~

~pmocd >> js j stnsm`mj~} ne`}:4)

p pbd sjkd pmkd# be|dwd~# |d ktsp wmle~etsc} sp~dilpbdi pbd s

ojvjompmds nepb pe v~ekepd tkji mlbps ji` pe v~epdop vdevcd

jljmisp pbd wmomets be~~e~s pbjp vdip+tv otcpt~jc ji` dpbimo e~odsoji mimop ei epbd~s) bd Odip~d e~ tkji mlbps pbms `j} bjs

eic} eid v~edssmeijc pe stvve~p smr vdomjc jvve~pdt~s# bjs d|d~

spj pbji kidsp} ipd~ijpmeijc# cjoas dwdi v~evd~ pdcdjr dztmv+

kdip# bjs cdss pbji $:6 kmccmei j }dj~ e~ jcc mps |e~a# ji` nj~dc}

$:66#666 e~ drvcmomp vtncmo mie~kjpmei jnetp tkji mlbps jkeil

gwd pbetsji` kmcc mei ompmxdis) bjp ms ji drjkvcd e |bjp pbd vdevcd

|be bjwd svd|d` e~pb pbdm~ kjcmod jnetp j wjsp nt~djto~jo} pbjp

idd`s otppmil e|i bjwd eid) tkji mlbps mi pbd idd` j tcc+

pmkd i`d~sdo~dpj~}+did~jc# ji` pbd j``mpmeijc cdwd~jld j~eti` pbd

:4 J~pmocd >>8 Pbd Ldid~jc Jssdknc} kj} dspjncmsb stob stnsm`mj~} e~ljis js mp`ddks idodssj~} ge~ pbd vd~ge~kjiod eg mps gtiopmeis)


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?6 `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

do~dpj~}+did~jc e ndmil vj~p e pbd ~dsveismnmcmp} e eid e pbd

et~ dvtpmds bjwd t~ld`)

bd~d ms htsp j objiod pbjp |d sbjcc kjad sekd v~el~dss jp pbd

e~c` Oeid~diod ei tkji mlbps mi mdiij mi Htid :==?) tp jcc

stob objiod ms ewd~cj`di |mpb pbd `msp~tsp mi pbd etpb mioct`mil

jkeilsp `dkeo~jpmo lewd~ikdips pbjp pbd e~pbd~i ve|d~s sdda

eic} pe kjad pbd ji mip~tsmwd misp~tkdip e pbdm~ ~djcvecmpma# ji`

e pbdm~ oeipmitd` ètncd spji`j~`s mi btkji ~mlbps)

bdsd ètncd spji`j~`s spdj`mc} ti`d~kmid pbd timwd~sjc p~tsp mi pbd mi+

pdl~mp} e pbd pbjp mp idd`s mi e~`d~ pe mipd~wdid ewd~ btkji ~mlbps) p

ms jp cdjsp vtxxcmil be| pbd wd~} lewd~ikdips |besd mipdccmldiod jldiomds

mispjccd`# gijiod` ji` j~kd` jckesp jcc e pbd `mopjpe~s ji` oewd~pc}

`dspjnmcmxd` v~ekmsmil vevtcj~ kewdkdips ie| pbmia pbd} oji mkvesd

btkji ~mlbps ji` `dkeo~jo} oei`mpmeis ei pbdm~ jm` |mpbetp ji}eid

~jmsmil ji d}dn~e|) tp pbd ètncd spji`j~`s v~jopmod` n} pbd ve|d~s j~d

iepd` n} pbd ~dsp e pbd |e~c` jnewd jcc ewd~ pbd ceildsp ji` kesp jl~jip

wmecjpmeis e pbd Obj~pd~# pbd mcc e mlbps# pbd didwj Oeiwdipmeis# ji`

04 }dj~s e cmpd~jcc} bti`~d`s e ~dsectpmeis oeiod~imil pbd ~mlbps

e pbd jcdspmimji vdevcd) i` pbd |e~a e dwd~} dspd~i btkji+~mlbps

ms wmpmjpd` dwd~} j} ji` |mcc nd jp mdiij se ceil js pbdm~ e|ilewd~ikdips ~dkjmi oekvcmomp mi pbd `dimjc e impd` jpmeis v~miomvcds

ji` btkji ~mlbps pe ji dipm~d skjcc ijpmei mi jcdspmid)

bd ktsp nd diè|d` |mpb j ke~d timwd~sjc p~tsp# ji` |mpb

ojvjompmds e~ j~ dj~cmd~ ji` j~ ke~d ~jvm` v~dwdipjpmwd jopmei tvei

pbd g~sp smlis e j sd~mets oeimop e~ cj~ld+sojcd dv~mwjpmei e btkji

~mlbps) bd do~dpj~}+did~jc sbetc` bjwd j oekkmppd` vjidc e

dkmidip# kjimdspc} `msmipd~dspd` |ekdi ji` kdi ~ek j~eti` pbd

|e~c`# ~dj`} pe jop js bms djod e~ tkji mlbps Oekkmssmeid~s

ei ?7 bet~s iepmod) bd ktsp jcse j~ ke~d sd~metsc} dioet~+

jld ~dlmeijc vdjod ojvjompmds ti`d~ Objvpd~ e pbd Obj~pd~) ~)

etp~es+bjcms v~evesjc e~ ijpmeijcc} dj~kj~ad` ~jvm`+~dsveisd

e~ods# |mpb j`dztjpd celmspmos stvve~p# sbetc` nd v~ekvpc} kdp) tob

j e~od sbetc` wmsmnc} p~jmi ji` drd~omsd mi md~dip vj~ps e pbd |e~c`)

mkvc} bjwmil stob ~dj`midss aie|i |mcc epdi `dpd~ pbd idd` e~

mps `dvce}kdip ji` jcpd~ijpmwdc}# dildi`d~ oeig`diod pe ojcc e~ mp

~ek pbesd |be kj} epbd~|msd sdda ke~d `dsvd~jpd ~dkd`mds)

e v~ewm`d btkjimpj~mji ~dcmd j~ ke~d d omdipc} |bd~d pbd |e~sp edsbjvvdi# jk ie| oeiwmiod` pbjp |d ktsp o~djpd eid oebd~dip dvj~p+

kdip e tkjimpj~mji jm~s etp e pbd e~c` Gee` ~el~jkkds

drodccdip dkd~ldio} ee` jm` ojvjnmcmpmds# peldpbd~ |mpb pbd dkd~ldio}


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?: `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

~dcmd tiopmeis e OG ji` O# jcc mi pbjp eid dvj~p+

kdip) bd pbe~etlbc} |e~ad` etp v~evesjc e ~) Htspmi jcad~ e pbms

oetip~}# e~ oeip~mntpd` impd` jpmeis m~ne~id jvm` dsotd timps#sbetc` jcse nd sp~eilc} stvve~pd`)

Pbd _dot~mp} Oetiomc ji` pbd TI Obj~pd~

tp jljmi# jcc stob sp~dilpbdimil e pbd ojvjompmds e pbd impd` jpmeis

pe mipd~wdid j~d oeipmildip ei pbd ~dvjm~ e pbd `ddv `msp~tsp pbjp bjs

nddi v~ewead` jkeil pbd kjhe~mp} e kdknd~ spjpds n} pbd ve|d~tc

kmie~mp}s tsd e pbd dot~mp} Oetiomc js j v~mwjpd octn |mpb j d|

~jpbd~ `ms`jmid` ntp |dcc+mipmkm`jpd` jsseomjpd kdknd~s) cse n} pbjp

kmie~mp}s tst~vjpmei e pbd ijkd e pbd impd` jpmeis pe oceja tsde pbdm~ kmcmpj~} kmlbp mi pbd kjipcd e pbd Obj~pd~s iencd v~miomvcds)

i pbd dot~mp} Oetiomc tkkmp mi :==> pbd skjcc ji` pbd |dja

|d~d oet~jldets dietlb `dsvmpd mipmkm`jpmei pe ojcc e~ ji di`

pe `mopjpmei "i`mjs wd~} |e~`- mi pbd Oetiomc1 e~ ke~d lditmid

oeccdlmjcmp} |mpbmi mps pepjc kdknd~sbmv1 ji` e~ j ~d+njcjiomil e

mps vdjod ji` sdot~mp} ~ecds mi ~dcjpmei pe pbd ~dsveismnmcmpmds e pbd

did~jc ssdknc}) bd do~dpj~}+did~jcs ~dstcpjip ldi`j e~

djod jcse jcct`ds pe pbdsd idd`s) bd} j~d pbe~etlbc} l~eti`d` mipbd Obj~pd~) i`d~ ~pmocd >0 jcc pbd dknd~s e pbd impd` jpmeis

oeid~ ei pbd dot~mp} Oetiomc v~mkj~} ~dsveismnmcmp} "iepd# eic}

v~mkj~}- e~ pbd kjmipdijiod e mipd~ijpmeijc vdjod ji` sdot~mp}

ji` jl~dd pbjp ti`d~ pbms ~dsveismnmcmp} pbd Oetiomc jops ei pbdm~

ndbjc) bd mcmpj~} pj Oekkmppdd sbetc` nd jopmwjpd`# ntp pe

ntmc` p~tsp jkeil pbd |m`d~ kdknd~sbmv pbd v~ewmsmei mi ~pmocd

0< vj~jl~jvb > e~ miwmpjpmeis pe iei+d~kjidip dknd~s pe hemi

pbd Oekkmppdd |mcc bjwd pe nd mipd~v~dpd` pe v~ewm`d e~ spji`mil

~dlmeijc ~dv~dsdipjpmei ei mp)

ipmc# be|dwd~# |d sdd pbd kjhe~ ve|d~s ~dj`} pe ~dsvdop ~pmocd

>0# pbd v~mkjo} e pbd did~jc ssdknc}# ji` pbd itkd~ets Obj~pd~

~dd~diods pe pbd encmljpmei ejccdknd~s pe ~dsvdop pbd dztjcmp} e

ijpmeis# |d |mcc bjwd l~djp `m otcp} ewd~ ~djcmsmil pbd ojvjompmds mi

pbms j~dj se kjimdspc} idd`d` n} pbd )

oji eic} sj} etp~mlbp pbjp mi k} vd~seijc wmd| pbd dot~mp} Oeti+

omc d~kjidip dknd~ ji` wdpe v~ewmsmeis e pbd Obj~pd~ j~d tppd~

jijob~eimsks ~ek pbd jld e ntcc}+ve|d~s) `e iep sdd be| ji}

sdc+~dsvdopmil oetip~} j`weojpmil dkeo~jo} mi pbd |e~c oji mi pbd

idrp n~djpb mismsp ei ~dpjmimil pbdsd pepjcc} ti`dkeo~jpmo v~mwmcdlds

~ek jiepbd~ jld |mpbetp ceeamil drodd`milc} |etc` bjwd pbetlbp


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?> `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

dknj~~jssmilc} eecmsb) e|dwd~# m pbd ve|d~s ie| bec`mil pbdsd

j~objmo droctsmwmpmds bjwd pe nd oe``cd` jceil e~ j |bmcd n} pbd

~dsp e btkjiami`# pbdi pbd v~enjncd mipd~mk sectpmei ms pe o~djpdd~kjidip dknd~sbmvs e~ Hjvji# d~kji}# ~jxmc# mld~mj# l}vp#

i`mj ji` i`eidsmj# mi e~`d~ pe jsbmei j pepjc Oetiomc pbjp |mcc mi

ddop evd~jpd n} oeisdists)

bd wdpe ve|d~ ewd~ pbd jvvemipkdip e do~dpj~mds+did~jc# ji`

ewd~ jkdi`kdips pe pbd Obj~pd~ smkvc} bjs pe le) p ms etp~jldets pbjp

gwd etp e :


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?? `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

objccdild pe `dwmsd ji dcdopd` jssdknc} ~dv~dsdipmil pbd j`tcps

jkeil "se j~- 4)4 pbetsji` kmccmei btkji ndmils# pe kddp jceil+

sm`d pbd did~jc ssdknc} js ~dltcj~c} js kjads ndsp sdisd) tp mp mseic} j~mpbkdpmojcc} ke~d e~km`jncd pbji pbd dspjncmsbkdip e pbd

t~evdji j~cmjkdip) p kj} pjad kji} }dj~s pe `dwdcev ji` sdot~d

timwd~sjc jl~ddkdip pe pbd evpmkjc e~ktcj1 mp ms ie| kjimdspc}

dssdipmjc pbjp |d jp cdjsp spj~p pe lmwd kdjimil pe pbd ndlmiimil e pbd

Obj~pd~ mpsdc# |bd~d d# pbd devcds e pbd impd` jpmeis j ~k

jcc e mps kesp o~tomjc v~miomvcds ji` lejcs# ji` pbdi misp~top lewd~i+

kdips pe ldp ei |mpb mkvcdkdipmil pbdk) s bjwd# bevd# kj`d

ocdj~# lewd~ikdips bjwd èid ~dkj~ajnc} |dcc |mpb pbms obj~ld mi

kji} ~dsvdops# jckesp `dsvmpd pbd p~dkdièts bji`mojvs |bmob pbd}

pbdksdcwds bjwd mkvesd` ei pbd }spdk) bd} idd`# ji` pbd}

`dsd~wd# pbd bdcv e d pbd devcds pe è j~ ndppd~ jljmi)

i oeioctsmei |etc` cmad pe ~dojcc j secdki |j~imil pbjp eid e et~

|msdsp do~dpj~mds+did~jc# pbd cjpd bjip# msstd` mi j} :=7=)

ktsp ztepd mp mi tcc8

è iep |msb pe sddk ewd~`~jkjpmo# ntp oji eic}

oeioct`d ~ek pbd mie~kjpmei pbjp ms jwjmcjncd pe

kd js do~dpj~}+did~jc pbjp pbd dknd~s e pbdimpd` jpmeis bjwd vd~bjvs pdi }dj~s cdp mi |bmob

pe stne~`mijpd pbdm~ jiomdip ztj~~dcs ji` cjtiob j

lcenjc vj~pid~sbmv pe ot~n pbd j~ks ~jod# pe mkv~ewd

pbd btkji diwm~eikdip# pe `dtsd pbd vevtcjpmei

drvcesmei ji` pe stvvc} pbd ~dztm~d` kekdiptk pe

`dwdcevkdip de~ps) stob j lcenjc vj~pid~sbmv ms

iep e~ld` |mpbmi pbd idrp `doj`d# pbdi wd~} ktob

dj~ pbjp pbd v~encdks bjwd kdipmeid` |mc c bjwd

~djobd` stob spjlld~mil v~eve~pmeis pbjp pbd} |mcc

nd nd}ei` et~ ojvjomp} pe oeip~ec)

bd pdi }dj~s vjssd` ji` pbms |j~imil |js iep bdd`d`) bd vj~pid~sbmv

bjip ojccd` e~ èds iep drmsp jo~ess pbd |m`dimil e~pb+etpb

jn}ss) bd ~djc v~encdks mi pbd ~djc |e~c` bjwd ndlti pe le etp e

oeip~ec) i` pbd }spdk bjs nddi `dcmnd~jpdc} kj`d dwdi |djad~)

d j~d ie| mi j pmkd nd}ei` |j~imils)


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~samid Obmc`d~s

cmd `d`mojpd` pe ntmc`mil j|e~amil |e~c` oekktimp}:

_wdi Bjk~dcc

D~samid Obmc`d~s l~d| tv mi M~dcji` ji` ndlji bms |e~amil

cmd js ji mi`dvdi`dip |~mpd~ ji` n~ej`ojspd~ svdomjcmsmil mi

mipd~ijpmeijc vecmpmojc ji` `dwdcevkdipjc jgjm~s) Mi :=7> }dj~s |mpb

kesp e pbd e~ljimsjpmeis e pbd s}spdk jp jcc cdwdcs ji` mi jcc

~dlmeis) Bms ocesd oeevd~jpmei |mpb pbd @jl Bjkkj~sahc`

Geti`jpmei ndlji mi :==6 |bdi bd oe+jtpbe~d`# |mpb _m~

N~mji T~ztbj~p# pbd ~sp mi j sd~mds e spt`mds ei TI cdj`d~+

sbmv) Nde~d bms `djpb ei >4 Jtltsp :==7# bd ji` _m~ N~mji

oe+jtpbe~d` jiepbd~ et~ spt`mds ei TI ~de~k# ti`d~ j

v~el~jkkd dwdcevd` n} pbd @jl Bjkkj~sahc` Geti jpmei

ji` pbd Ge~` Geti`jpmei) Pbms dtcel} |js dcmwd~d` mi _p)

Hebis Obt~ob# Cj~jlb# n} _wdi Bjk~dcc# e~kd~ Drdotpmwd

@m~dope~ e pbd @jl Bjkkj~sahc` Geti`jpmei)

p ms iep djs} e~ kd pe svdja ei pbms eoojsmei js j ~dv~dsdipjpmwd e

pbd jl jkkj~sahc` Geti`jpmei jnetp j kji |be bjs kdjip se

ktob iep eic} pe kd ji` pe et~ Geti`jpmei mi vvsjcj ntp g~sp

ji` e~dkesp pe pbesd m`djs ji` m`djcs e vtncmo sd~wmod# ijpmeijc ji`

mipd~ijpmeijc# pbjp bd bj` mibd~mpd` ~ek bms jiodspe~s ji` sbj~d`

|mpb jl jkkj~sahc`m`djs ji` m`djcs pbjp |d~d pe nd dkne`md`mi pbd Obj~pd~ e pbd impd` jpmeis ji` drv~dssd` mi pbd `d`mojpd`

|e~a e mps kesp etpspji`mil mipd~ijpmeijc omwmc sd~wjips# e |bmob

~samid Obmc`d~s |js eid) p ms iep e~ kd pe svdja bd~d e bms jk+

mc} bd~mpjld# ntp jcce| kd pe sj} pbjp bd epdi svead pe kd jnetp

|bjp pbd ~msb bd~mpjld kdjip pe bmk mi bms mipd~ijpmeijc |e~a ji`

pbjp bd |jipd` pe svdi` pbd di` e bms cmd mi j cmppcd oeppjld ocesd

pe bms jiodsp~jc bekd# cji# |bmob ndojkd j k}spd~metsc} jpp~jopmwd

vcjod pe pbesd e ts |be cmspdid` pe bmk) oeio~dpd drjkvcd e |bjp

~dcji` kdjip pe bmk mi bms mipd~ijpmeijc |e~a ms pbjp |bdi jsad` pe

hemi pbd ej~` e pbd t~jc `wjiodkdip Geti`jpmei ipd~ijpmeijc"G-# ji j`weojo} e~ljimsjpmei dspjncmsbd` pe v~epdop pbd |e~c`s

: E~mlmijcc} vtncmsbd` mi @dwdcevkdip @mjceltd :==


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vcjip ldidpmo ~dset~ods# bd `m` iep bdsmpjpd e~ eid kmitpd) d smkvc}

bj` pe joodvp ndojtsd bd |js pee vjmitcc} j|j~d e |bjp pbd vepjpe

jkmid bj` kdjip pe bms oetip~})

tp pbd Geti`jpmeis ~dcjpmeisbmv |mpb ~samid bj` jp g~sp cmppcd pe

`e |mpb bms ~msb e~mlmis) p `d~mwd` ~ek pbd jop pbjp |d aid| ~ek

pbd Oeile o~msms pbjp ~samid Obmc`d~s ji` jl jkkj~sahc` bj`

mi oekkei j oekkmpkdip pe htspmod# dztmp} ji` jm~idss mi mipd~ij+

pmeijc jjm~s ji` j bdjcpb} `msp~tsp e pbd ve|d~s pbjp nd ji` e pbd

wdspd` mipd~dsps e pbd e~kd~ oeceimjc dkvm~ds mi pbd et~ v~miomvjc

bm~` e~c` oeipmidips# ~moj# ~jnmj# smj ji` jpmi kd~moj)

bjp jpp~jopd` ts |js iep cdjsp bms v~eeti` ti`d~spji`mil e pbd

oeimops mi pbd m``cd jsp# jooetipd` e~ mi bms dj~c} neeas ji` mi

bms kjlimgodip dssj} jnetp bd dspd~i kjld e pbd ~jns# ntp

jcse# ji` dwdi ke~d mkve~pjip# bms p|dip}+p|e }dj~s e sd~wmod# smiod

:=7


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?< `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

? _p~dilpbdimil Mipd~ijpmeijc dsveisd pe Btkjimpj~mji Dkd~ldiomds#

:==:# cj~ldc} ~samid Obmc`d~s |e~a ji` j ~dkj~ajncd jobmdwd+

kdip ndojtsd e mps v~jopmojc e~mdipjpmei1

0 ^did|mil pbd Timpd` Ijpmeis _}spdk# :==0# njsd` v~mkj~mc} ei

~samid Obmc`d~s `dwdcevkdip |e~a ji` stkkj~msmil bms

drvd~mdiods ji` oeioctsmeis# j neea se ~mob mi mps pbde~dpmojc ji`

v~jopmojc `mkdismeis pbjp mp ms cmadc} pe nd oeistcpd` e~ }dj~s pe

oekd1

4 J \e~c` mi Idd` e Cdj`d~sbmv8 Peke~~e|s Timpd` IjpmeisJ G~dsb

Jvv~jmsjc# :==7# ~doekkdi`mil mi j oeioct`mil objvpd~ pbjp pbd

did~jc ssdknc} j`evp j oekv~dbdismwd id| jvv~ejob njsd`

ei j oeiod~pd` sdj~ob e~ pbd ndsp vessmncd vd~sei js do~dpj~}+

did~jc pe sd~wd e~ j smilcd pd~k e sdwdi }dj~s# t~lmil pbd gwd

d~kjidip dknd~s pe ~dcmiztmsb pbdm~ wdpe ewd~ oji`m`jpds ji`

j`weojpmil pbjp jcc lewd~ikdips# omwmc seomdp} e~ljimsjpmeis ji`

pbd vtncmo jp cj~ld nd jncd pe oeip~mntpd stlldspmeis jp pbd etpsdp

ji` ~dwmd| j sbe~pcmsp e oji`m`jpds jp km`+vemip)

bdsd gwd spt`mds mi pbdm~ kji} d`mpmeis bjwd se j~ nddi v~mipd` mi

|dcc ewd~ :66#666 oevmds# kj`d jwjmcjncd pb~etlb vd~seijcmsd` kjmc+

mils pe ojnmidp kmimspd~s# e~dmli sd~wmod e od~s# lewd~ikdip e omjcs

ji` iep cdjsp pe iei+lewd~ikdipjc e~ ~jpbd~ omwmc seomdp} e~ljimsj+

pmeis jcc ewd~ pbd |e~c`)

Gd| `domsmei+kjad~s e~ vecmpmojc jopmwmsps oji pbd~de~d pe`j} ocjmk

mlie~jiod e pbdsd spt`mds) bd} jcse pdspm}# pe ztepd m~ ~mji ~+

ztbj~p# pe ~samid Obmc`d~s die~kets ojvjomp} e~ bj~` mipdccdoptjc

|e~a# pe bms `d`mojpmei pe pbd m`djcs e pbd impd` jpmeis ji` pe

pbd di`cdss sp~tllcd e~ btkji ~mlbps ji` ldi`d~ dztjcmp}# ji` pe

bms jnm`mil oeiwmopmei# pe tsd bms e|i |e~`s# pbjp pbd eic} bevd e

ddopmwdc} `djcmil |mpb pbd |e~c`s kjhe~ v~encdks mi pbd mipd~dspe btkjiami` ms pb~etlb pbd v~el~dssmwd `dwdcevkdip e j |e~amil

|e~c` oekktimp})

tp ~samid aid| pbjp |~mpmil |js iep st omdip# pbjp vd~seijc oek+

ktimojpmei ji` mispmptpmeijc mkvcdkdipjpmei e m`djs ji` m`djcs |d~d

dztjcc} mkve~pjip) d pbd~de~d hemid` pbd e~c` Gd`d~jpmei e

impd` jpmeis sseomjpmeis "G- js mps do~dpj~}+did~jc mi

:==7# joodvpmil j p~jwdc sobd`tcd ji` j sd~mds e svdjamil diljldkdips

pbjp kmlbp bjwd amccd` j ktob }etild~ kji) d vjm` e~ bms oekkmp+

kdip |mpb bms cmd# p~td pe bms jkmc} p~j`mpmeis)


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d bjwd jcse mi pbd jkkj~sahc` Geti`jpmei ~dodmwd` kji} mi`moj+

pmeis e |bjp ~samid Obmc`d~s kdjip pe bms ~mdi`s mi bmlb lewd~ikdipjc

vesmpmeis js |dcc js pe bms oek~j`ds mi j~ks mi pbd iei+lewd~ikdipjc|e~c`) |mcc htsp smilcd etp j vjssjld ~ek j jrd` cdppd~ ~dodmwd` eic} j

d| `j}s jpd~ bms `djpb jp pbd G Oeid~diod mi trdknet~l ei

ti`j} >4 tltsp) p |js sdip pe ts n} bms ec` ~ mdi` Obj~cds dmpx# |be

bj` nddi ipd~ijpmeijc Oee~`mijpe~ e Gs G~dd`ek ~ek tild~

Ojkvjmli ":=76


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?= `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

bjp ecce|d` |d~d


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impd` jpmeis k}pbs ji` ~djcmpmds

D~samid Obmc`d~s

bd epbae Objvdc

ji` pbd ~dss Octn e etspei# := Hjitj~} :==4

imwd~smp} e p) bekjs# etspei# drjs

do~dpj~}+did~jc jl jkkj~sahc` eiod ~dkj~ad` pbjp wd~}+

pbmil |mcc nd jcc ~mlbp |bdi vdevcd spev sddmil pbd impd` jpmeis js j|dm~` mojsse ~j|mil# ji` sdd mp js j ~j|mil pbd} kj`d pbdksdcwds)

devcd bjwd pe jpd eic} j cmkmpd` itknd~ e |j}s e sddmil pbd

jp jcc# ji` pbd d`mj j~d ztmpd od~pjmic} pbdm~ ad} |miè| tvei pbd

|e~c e~ljimsjpmei) e jk dsvdomjcc} l~jpdtc e~ pbd objiod pe pjca

|mpb }et jnetp pbd v~encdk pbjp jkkj~sahc` vemipd` pe# ndojtsd

mp bjs iep leid j|j} mi jcc pbd }dj~s smiod |d cesp pbjp l~djp cdj`d~)

bd mojsse bjs dwdi sdwd~jc cj}d~s e `mspe~pmei ei mp# ji` kesp e

pbdk oekd ~ek e~ bjwd nddi pbd ke~d ve|d~tcc} jvvcmd` |mpbmi

pbd impd` pjpds) jk lemil pe nd wd~} ~jia)

dp kd ndlmi |mpb pbd smilcd kesp sd~mets v~encdk e vd~odmwmil pbd

pb~etlb pbd k}pbs pbjp st~~eti` mp) bms ms pbd v~encdk e |bjp pbd

kdjis jp ji} eid kekdip) p ms j v~encdk ztmpd jami pe pbd eid pbjp

vdevcd bjwd |bdi pbd} sdd e~ bdj~ pbd |e~`# pbd ewd~ikdip8 eds pbjp

kdji pbd drdotpmwd j}e~# ewd~ie~# ~dsm`dip e~ pbd cdlmscjpt~d5

i pbjp ojsd mism`d j oetip~} kesp vecmpmojc cdj`d~s ji` kesp kd`mj pjad

j lee` `djc e oj~d pe sj} |bjp ji` |bek pbd} j~d pjcamil jnetp ti`d~

pbd ~tn~mo pbd lewd~ikdip) i pbd ojsd e pbd # be|dwd~# pbd pd~k

bjs nddi tsd` se epdi è|i pbd }dj~s |mpbetp ji} ocj~m}mil cjiltjldpbjp vdevcd bjwd mi`dd` nddi sddmil mi pbd mojsse `~j|mil sekd se~p e

~dkepd sdc+oeipjmid` mispmptpmei pbjp oji nd o~mpmomsd`# p~jsbd` sdcèk

v~jmsd` mi pbms vj~p e pbd |e~c` e~ htsp lmwdi tv ei)

bd ms mi ~djcmp} jp ji} eid kekdip pbd do~dpj~}+did~jc ji`

mps spj e mipd~ijpmeijc omwmc sd~wjips1 e~ mp ms pbd kdknd~+lewd~ikdips

ji` pbd stk e "e~ pbd oeimop ndp|ddi- pbdm~ vecmomds mi pbd |e~c` ))) ji`

mp ms pbd lewd~ikdips ke~d epdi pbji iep1 ji` ke~d epdi pbji iep

pbjp bjs ~djcc} kdjip pbd vecmomds e j bji`tc e lewd~ikdips pbjp cmad

pe ojcc pbdksdcwds l~djp e~ kjhe~ ve|d~s) pbd kd`mj |etc` pdcc pbdm~

jt`mdiods |be pbd} j~d pjcamil jnetp |bdi pbd} ~dd~ pe pbd # pbd

vdevcd oetc` sdd mp ji` jvv~jmsd mps vd~e~kjiod ktob ke~d ocdj~c})


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0> `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

mpbmi pbms vj~pmotcj~ v~encdk ms pbd ztdspmei e be| mi`dvdi`dip

pbd do~dpj~}+did~jc oji nd) p ms p~td pbjp pbd do~dpj~}+did~jc ms

pbd bdj` e pbd do~dpj~mjp e pbd # |bmob ms ijkd` js j oe+dztjc~miomvjc ~lji mi pbd Obj~pd~# jceil |mpb pbd e~c` Oet~p# pbd

did~jc ssdknc}# pbd dot~mp} Oetiomc# pbd oeiekmo ji` eomjc

Oetiomc ji` pbd ~tspddsbmv Oetiomc) tp smiod jkkj~sahc` ji`

bjip# pbd do~dpj~mds+did~jc |be bjwd nddi sztddxd` etp e

pbd `mvcekjpmo ec`+ne} "ji` è kdji ec`+ne}- idp|e~a pb~etlb pbd

gcpd~ e pbd gwd d~kjidip dknd~s wdpeds bjwd nddi kdi |bek

pbesd ve|d~s drvdop pe nd v~dpp} stnsd~wmdip)

bdi ~) d~dx `d Otdccj~ |js spji`mil e~ ~d+jvvemipkdip# pbd

~mpmsb knjssjè~ ojncd` pe eièi jsamil e~ misp~topmeis1 ~s)

bjpobd~ ~dvcmd`# ti`d~spji` bd bjs iep kj`d ji} p~etncd e~ ts#

se pbd dcdljpmei oetc` le jbdj` ji` stvve~p bmk) i mipd~dspmil

`dgimpmei e pbd ztjcmpmds idd`d` mi pbd |e~c`s obmd vtncmo sd~wjip#

pbd drdotpmwd bdj` e ji e~ljimsjpmei |besd Obj~pd~ ndlmis |mpb pbd

|e~`s d# pbd devcds e pbd impd` jpmeis ji` |bmob j ~ks pbd

v~miomvcd e pbd dztjc ~mlbps e ijpmeis cj~ld ji` skjcc)

i pbms vj~pmotcj~ oeiidrmei# |d |mcc ldp j lee` `djc e pbd letjobd

e pbd mojsse vjmipmil |bdi pb~dd pbmils bjvvdi8

g~sp# |bdi pbd gwd oetip~mds pbjp bjwd kj`d pbdksdcwds pepjcc}

tijooetipjncd pe pbd ~dsp e pbd |e~c` jp pbd ldp è|i

e pbdm~ bmlb be~sds ji` lmwd tv pbdm~ wdpeds ewd~ pbd vesp e

do~dpj~}+did~jc1

sdoei`c}# |bdi pbd} hemi pbd ~djc ~dsp e pbd |e~c` mi j v~evd~

sdj~ob e~ pbd wd~} ndsp oji`m`jpd# |be sbetc` nd drvdopd` pe nd+

bjwd oet~pdetsc}# ntp mi`dvdi`dipc} |bdi sbd e~ bd ht`lds mp pe nd

bd~ ewd~+~m`mil ~dsveismnmcmp} pe jcc pbd |e~c`s vdevcds1 ji` pbm~`c}# kdi bjwmil ldid~jcc} kj`d stob j bjsb e pbdm~ wm~pt+

jcc} droctsmwd spd|j~`sbmv e pbd èkdspmo jjm~s e cjidp j~pb# |d

sbetc` dcdop js idrp do~dpj~}+did~jc ji dkmidipc} ztjcmgd` |ekji)

tp m |d vdd~ ocesd~ jp pbd mojsse `~j|mil# |d |mcc gi` pbjp vdevcd

bjwd nddi pec` pe sdd mi mp ji` ztepd pbd spji`j~` dvmpbdp di`cdssc}

~do}ocd` n} d`mpe~s ji` oekkdipjpe~s j wjsp# sv~j|cmil s|eccdi

nt~djto~jo}) bms bjs ve|d~tcc} bdcvd` pe lmwd pbd mkv~dssmei pbjp

pbd ms j se~p e sdc+drvji`mil keispd~ pbmil# iep ~djcc} mi ji}+eids oeip~ec ticdss pbd Oeil~dss wmecjpds mps encmljpmeis mi p~djp}

mipd~ijpmeijc cj| ji` ~dtsds pe vj} mps sbj~d e pbd kdknd~sbmv `tds)

bms `dkjleltd~} bjs mi`dd` ~dstcpd` mi pbd impd` pjpds# pbd Besp


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0? `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

Oetip~} pe pbd impd` jpmeis# addvmil mp ei pbd d`ld e njia~tvpo}#

j wd~} vdotcmj~ e~k e bespmil1 e|mil mp pbd dztmwjcdip e j |becd

bjc e j }dj~s ~dltcj~ evd~jpmil nt`ldp ji` tv pe p|e+pbm~`s e mpsvdjod+addvmil oesps) et~ ewd~ikdip ms ie| sj}mil pbjp mp |etc`

cmad epbd~ kdi ji` |ekdi pe e pbd }mil ti`d~ pbd jl1 ntp mps

iep djs} pe vd~stj`d epbd~ oetip~mds pe vtp pbdm~ p~eevs mi bj~ks |j}

|bdi pbd} bjwdip dwdi nddi vjm` pbdm~ oesps e~ pbdm~ cjsp oeip~mnt+

pmei sdwd~jc }dj~s jle)

bd nt~djto~jo} od~pjmic} idd`s ewd~bjtcmil# cmad ji} vtncmo+

sd~wmod mispmptpmei jpd~ gp} }dj~s# cdjwd jceid eid pbjp bjs :24 lew+

d~ie~s) tp |bdi }et aie| pbd jops# pbd ~djcmpmds# jnetp pbd s

joptjc mispjccd` ojvjompmds# pbd `dkjleltd~} pbjp kd`mj tie~ptijpdc}

htsp jtpekjpmojcc} ~dvdjp ms p~tc} drvesd`)

Ge~ pbd mpsdc e~ jcc mps vdjod# vecmpmojc# cdljc# doeiekmo ji`

seomjc ji` btkji ~mlbps |e~a# jp d| e~a ji` didwj ji` mdiij

ji` pbd ~dlmeijc oekkmssmeis lewd~ikdips bjwd jtpbe~msd` sekd

?#666 v~edssmeijcs "266 e |bek j~d mipd~v~dpd~s e~ jc c pbd kddpmils

mi smr cjiltjlds# se ~djcc} >#666 e~ se v~edssmeijcs-# ji` sekd 7#666

stvve~p spj) bms omwmc sd~wmod e =#666 ms skjccd~ pbji pbd spj e pbd

mipd~ijpmeijc j`wd~pmsmil g~k e jjpobm ji` jjpobm e~ pbji pbdomwmc sd~wmod e pbd v~ewmiomjc omp} e miimvdl mi jimpenj) et

kj} aie| pbjp kidsp} ipd~ijpmeijc bjs ke~d vjm` spj pbji pbd

impd` jpmeis ms jcce|d` e~ tkji mlbps |e~a)

|d pjad pbd peldpbd~ |mpb mps l~jip `dwdcevkdip ji` btkjim+

pj~mji ti`s# ji` :? svdomjcmsd` doeiekmo# seomjc ji` pdobimojc jldi+

omds pbjp j~d mi pbd oekkei }spdk# pbd pepjc spj e jcc l~j`ds

~ek `~mwd~s pe `m~dope~s# |e~c`+|m`d# ms j cmppcd cdss pbji 4>#666# pe

sd~wd 4)< nmccmei vdevcd) ljmi# e~ sekd ~etlb oekvj~mseis# pbjp ms

jnetp ?4 vd~ odip cdss pbji pbd spj e pbd pjpd dvj~pkdip1 mp mscdss pbji pbd msp~mop djcpb spj e jcds mi ~mpjmi# e~ pbd pepjc omwmc

sd~wjips mi pbd pjpd e }ekmil# vevtcjpmei ti`d~ bjc j kmcc mei)

iom`dipjcc}# jiepbd~ bej~} ec` k}pb ms pbjp pbd spj ms ie| kjs+

smwdc} bm~`+e~c` `ekmijpd`) b~dd `doj`ds jpd~ pbd bm~` e~c`

dipd~d` pbd ji` m` ndoekd mps > vd~ odip kmie~mp} e~pb spmcc bjs 44 vd~

odip e jcc ~dltcj~ v~edssmeijc vesps ji` ewd~ 46 vd~ odip e jcc sdime~

vecmpmojc e ods)

e| js pe nt`ldp8 mi :==> pbms wjsp# sv~j|cmil# s|eccdi nt~djto~jo}

|bmob dijpe~ Hdssd dcks pbd epbd~ `j} ojccd` pbd idkdsms e pbd


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kd~moji vdevcd bj` ~ek pbd |e~c`s lewd~ikdips j pepjc e $:6)4

nmccmei pe drvdi` e~ dwd~}pbmil) bms mioct`d` jcc vdjodaddvmil oesps#

jcc btkjimpj~mji ~dcmd# jcc l~jip `dwdcevkdip jssmspjiod# ji` pe ijkdeic} j ~jopmei e pbd epbd~ |e~a# ~dsdj~ob ji` ljpbd~mil pbd vcjidps

spjpmspmos mi dwd~} gdc`# ~tiimil s >0+bet~ e~c` djpbd~ jpob

e~ jcc pbd sbmvs ji` vcjids ji` j~kd~s e pbd |e~c` ji` Gs dj~c}+

|j~imil s}spdk e~ `~etlbp ji` o~ev `msdjsd# e~ljimsmil pbd |e~c`s

pdcdoekktimojpmeis objiidcs pb~etlb ji` mps omwmc jwmjpmei ~etpds

ji` pbd jm~ve~p spj mi dwd~} `dwdcevmil oetip~} pb~etlb O# addv+

mil skjccver |bmob pbd dcmkmijpd` ~ek dwd~ ~d+st~jomil# glbpmil

ji` p~}mil pe jsst~d |ekdi pbdm~ btkji ~mlbps pe oeip~ec pbdm~

e|i d~pmcmp}# vcjiimil |e~c` oeid~diods cmad pbd eid ei iwm~eikdip

jp me# ji` sd~wmil pbd cdljc ne`mds pbjp objild` ji` ~j`mojcc} drvji`d`

pbd j| e pbd dj e~ pbd g~sp pmkd mi ?66 }dj~s)

Ge~ jcc pbms# ji` ktob ke~d# pdi ji` j bjc nmc cmei èccj~s) bjp ms cdss

pbji kd~mojis svdi` mi j }dj~ mi nj~nd~sbevs# ndjtp} vj~cet~s ji`

bdjcpb octns) p |etc` eic} addv ~mpjmi mi jcoebecmo ndwd~jlds e~

:4 |ddas) p |etc` vj} e~ eic} bjc e pbd joodsse~mds pbjp dspd~i

pddijld~s nt} e~ pbdm~ ocepbds mi j }dj~) p jketips pe jnetp > èccj~s

vd~ btkji ndmil jcmwd ei cjidp j~pb vd~ }dj~) ewd~ikdips j~d spmc c

svdi`mil |dcc ewd~ eid bti`~d` ji` gp} eccj~s vd~ ojvmpj dwd~} }dj~ei pbd |e~c`s kmcmpj~})

l~djp `djc oji ji` ktsp ie| nd èid pe mkv~ewd pbd tsd pbjp ms

kj`d e pbdsd# pbd s joptjc btkji ji` gijiomjc ~dset~ods) tp

pbd p~tpb ndbmi` pbd o}imojc sidd~s pbjp bjwd se `msoet~jld` ompmxdis

ms pbjp pbd impd` jpmeis ms j vd~mcetsc} ji` j `dcmnd~jpdc} ti`d~+

~dset~od` mispmptpmei) bd mi`tsp~mjc ve|d~s stoodd`d` mi otppmilpbd

s spj n} ie cdss pbji :? vd~ odip eic} dmlbp }dj~s jle eic} pe

oekvcjmi cet`c} |bdi mp `mìp bjwd dietlb pe bji`cd pbd st``di

st~ld mi vdjodaddvmil pbjp pbd} ndlji `dkji`mil e mp)

|e~` jnetp pbd `~dj`tc# `~jmimil oesp e pbms keisp~ets nt~djt+

o~jo} pe pbd pjrvj}d~s e pbd impd` pjpds# |bmob ~) dcks cmad se

kji} e }et~ cdj`d~s bjs nddi oekvcjmimil jnetp e~ }dj~s# sj}mil

pbd ktsp nd kj`d ke~d jooetipjncd) bms oetip~}s pepjc cdljc c}

encmljpd`# jssdssd` oeip~mntpmei pe pbd |etc` ot~~dipc} nd jnetp

: nmccmei èccj~s m mp `dom`ds sekd pmkd pe vj} mp) dji|bmcd# pbd

impd` pjpds oeipmitds pe kjadke~d pbji : nmccmei èccj~s j }dj~

etp e pbd # mi mioekd ~ek bdj`ztj~pd~s drvdi`mpt~d ji` mi v~eot~dkdip e kd~moji lee`s ji` sd~wmods) et sdd# |bdi pbd

k}pb ms vmd~od`# mp kmlbp beidspc} nd jsad`# |be idd`s pe nd ke~d

jooetipjncd pe |bek5


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vd~seijcc} ndcmdwd pbjp mp ms tibdjcpb} e~ ji} eid oetip~} peke~+

~e| mp oetc` nd d~kji} e~ Hjvji pe vj} js ktob js >4 vd~ odip e

pbd ~dltcj~ nt`ldp) tp jk j~jm` pbjp bd~d# pee# pbd~d bjs nddij lee` `djc e bejrmil) i :=24 k} ~mdi` pbd cjpd ~mkd mimspd~ e

|d`di# ce jckd# v~evesd` mi pbd did~jc ssdknc} j ojv e :6

vd~ odip ei pbd oeip~mntpmei e ji} oetip~}# ji` pbjp epbd~ oetip~mds

sbetc` jnse~n pbd `md~diod jooe~`mil pe j ~dwmsd` jssdsskdip ~jpd)

e| ~ek pbd dwd~+ke~d sb~m cc oekvcjmips bdj~` mi jsbmilpei# }et

|etc` pbmia pbjp pbd g~sp di`e~sdkdip e pbms v~evesjc |etc` nd n}

pbd impd` pjpds e kd~moj) ispdj`# pbd~d |js j ~dseti`mil smcdiod

etp e jsbmilpei# |bmcd ji}eid |mpb ji dj~ pe pbd l~eti` cdj~id`

pbjp e omjcs |d~d t~mets jp |d`di) bd} |jipd` pe le ei pdc cmil

pbd Oeil~dss ji` kd~moji pjrvj}d~s pbjp pbd |js pee oespc}# ntp

pbd} `m` iep |jip pe cesd pbd sp~jilcdbec` ei mp pbjp pbd >4 vd~ odip

jssdsskdip ljwd pbd impd` pjpds) bd jckd v~evesjc `md`# mi eid

ke~d cesp ~eti` ndp|ddi k}pb ji` ~djcmp})

e| nde~d le ji} t~pbd~# cdp kd jipmomvjpd |bjp sekd e }et

kj} nd |ei`d~mil8 be| oji pbd jops ji` ~djcmpmds e pbd nd se

`md~dip ~ek pbdsd k}pbs5 oji eic} ed~ }et k} beidsp vd~seijc

jis|d~# jpd~ ndmil njsd` mi d| e~a e~ pbd cjsp :2 }dj~s e~ k} smis

ji` vjmis js |d sj} mi ~dcji`)

Gm~sp# pbd |dm~` kd~moji ~j|mil e pbd ms vj~p e j v~dpp} |dm~`

`~j|mil e pbd |e~c`n} kesp e~dmli+vecmo} keltcs) G~ek jnetp :=76

|bdi `doeceimsjpmei n~etlbp pbd |becd ~djc |e~c` mipe pbd "dr+

odvp e~ Obmij |bmob kd~moj advp |jmpmil pe pjad pbd Obmij sdjp e~

jiepbd~ doj`d-# pbd ekmijip glt~ds mi pbd kd~moji e~dmli vecmo}

dspjncmsbkdip dom`d` pbjp# js dijpe~ e}imbji dwdi pmpcd` bms neea

jnetp mp# pbd |js j `jild~ets vcjod) p |js `jild~ets ndojtsd

pbd impd` pjpds bj` cesp mps cdj`d~sbmv e j v~dpp} oeke~pjncd dsp+

d~i kjhe~mp} |bjp j }etil t~kdsd `dcdljpd ijkd` bjip bj`iepd` |js cmad j eid+vj~p} s}spdk mi pbd did~jc ssdknc})

bd timwd~sjcmsd` |js ~dlj~`d` js dwdi ke~d `jild~ets ndojtsd

tv|j~ s e j bti`~d` e pbdsd tvspj~p id| kdknd~s bj` pbd d~eipd~}

pe `docj~d pbdksdcwds iei+jcmlid` mi pbd e~pb+e~pb Oec` j~) et

aie| pbjp bm~` e~c` svddobds j~d jc|j}s ~bdpe~mo# dspd~i eids j~d

mkve~pjip spjpdkdips ))) |dcc# pbd vcjod |js gccd` |mpb stob ~bdpe~mo js

pbms ~ek pbd bdj` e spjpd e j id|c} mi`dvdi`dip dwdcevmil oetip~}8

p ms et~ p~td vecmo} pe spdd~ ocdj~ e vd~kjidip jccmjiods |mpb ji} ve~+pmei e pbd e~dmli |e~c` ))) oeispjipc} addvmil mi wmd| pbjp mp ms ecc} mi

j ijpmei pe ceea e~ `msmipd~dspd` jwet~s ~ek jiepbd~ ))))


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bjp |js joptjcc} ~dsm`dip de~ld jsbmilpei mi bms Gj~d|dcc `+

`~dss# ntp idwd~ kmi`# bms km`+>6pb odipt~} stoodsse~s |d~d `dpd~+

kmid` pe n~mil dwd~} bm~` e~c` oetip~} mipe pbdm~ |j~k dkn~jod#dwdi m mp idd`d` pbd O pe ewd~pb~e| pbd lewd~ikdip ji` mispjc j

ocmdip `mopjpe~ |be |etc` nd v~evd~c} ji` `tpmtcc} jcmlid` mi pbd

ec} j~ jljmisp tssmj ji` |etc` nt} ceps e drvdismwd dspd~i

|djveis ji` bjwd bms sdo~dp vecmod ji` `djpb sztj`s v~evd~c} p~jmid`

pe addv mi cmid jcc pbesd j~rmsp vdjsjips |be bj` idwd~ dwdi bj` j

objiod pe jppdi` v~mkj~} sobeec)

bdsd ensdssmeis ~djobd` j vemip |bd~d dwd~} wepd mi pbd did~jc s+

sdknc} |js d` mipe j oekvtpd~ mi pbd mssmei ei Gm~sp wditd#

ji` pbd wepmil ~doe~` e oetip~mds |d~d lmwdi ~jpmils e~ pbdm~ jipm+

kd~mojimsk |mpb `m~d oeisdztdiods ~jilmil ~ek wd~} ewd~p otps

mi jm` pe wd~} oewd~p wmsmps ~ek pbd O) p ocdj~c} htsp `m` iep eoot~

pe pbd e~dmli vecmo} dspjncmsbkdip pbjp |bdi j did~jc ssdknc} wepd

ei sekd ~dsectpmei ~dstcpd` mi j secm` bjc+vjld e pbd ijkds e idj~c}

dwd~} oetip~} mi pbd |e~c` wepmile~# ji` pbdi htsp p|e ijkds impd`

pjpds ji` s~jdc wepmil jljmisp# |mpb j d| jnspdipmeis ji` jnsdiods#

pbd~d kmlbp htsp nd ji drvcjijpmei epbd~ pbji pbjp pbd |js jipm+

kd~moji) bd~d oetc` htsp vessmnc} nd sekdpbmil vcjmi |~eil|mpb

e~dmli vecmo}1 ntp ie# }dj~ n} }dj~ pbd ensdssmei smkvc} l~d|)

i` pbms |js vcjmic} vjssd` ei mipe e~pbe`er dspd~i kd`mj dspjncmsb+

kdips) bd} odjsd` pe p~djp pbd js j v~me~mp} ndjp# mi`dd` pe nd

jssmlid` pbd~d ndojkd j mnd~mj e dspd~i het~ijcmsk) e pbd v~jopmod

e dwdi ~dve~pmil ei pbd pe mps ompmxdis htsp j`d` j|j}# drodvp e~

pbd e`` o~msms ji` vd~me`mo netps e njsbmil mp) i pbd njsbmil# pbd cji+

ltjld jnetp pbd impd` jpmeis se dldid~jpd` pbjp pbd Id| ]e~a Pmkds

|js ~dot~~milc} jcce|mil v+` j~pmocds jnetp pbd tsmil etp~mlbp

cjiltjld e vtp~djopmei) Odssveec ji` dpm` s|jkv |d~d jkeil pbd

kmc`d~ vb~jsds pe `dso~mnd k} vcjod e |e~a mi et~ esp Oetip~}sv~dss) i` pbd bej~} ec` dvmpbdps idwd~ spev) d~d ms j \jsbmilpei Vesp

bdj`cmid p|e |ddas jle# pe ji j~pmocd |besd |~mpd~ joptjcc} ztepds j

spt`} e kmid mi |bmob v~ewm`d jcc pbd ~djc jops jnetp pbd smxd e pbd

) bd bdj`cmid sj}s# KJ__MWD \E^C@ NE@] ^D_M_P_ _BJVMIL TV)

bd~d |js jiepbd~ kjhe~ ~djsei e~ pbd wm~tcdip jipjleimsk) i`d~

pbd Obj~pd~# pbd |js stvvesd` pe nd pbd odip~dvmdod cdj`d~ mi

e~ktcjpmil lcenjc kjo~e+doeiekmo sp~jpdlmds e~ pbd doeiekmo ji`

seomjc j`wjiodkdip e jcc vdevcds) s seei js mp |js ocdj~ pbjp j ldit+mid kjhe~mp} e jcc vdevcds |js lemil pe dipd~ pbd # pbd mi`tsp~mjc

ve|d~s ndlji v~dwdipmil do~dpj~mds+did~jc ~ek joztm~mil pbd

pev+ztjcmp} spj pe e~ktcjpd pbd idd`d` id| sp~jpdlmds# ji` ndlji


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0< `dwdcevkdip `mjceltd htid >6:: d~samid nj~pei obmc`d~s

ntmc`mil tv pbd ipd~ijpmeijc eidpj~} Gti` ji` e~c` jia |bmob

pbd} secm`c} oeip~eccd`) bd} ~dtsd` }dj~ jpd~ }dj~ pe `msotss ji}

stob sp~jpdlmds mi d| e~a# ocjmkmil pbjp pbdsd p|e jldiomds ji` e~ p~j`d |d~d pbd oekvdpdip ne`mds ))) |bmcd sddmil pe mp

pbjp ieid e pbd pb~dd `m` ji} stob pbmil)

e~d ~dodipc}# mp ms sjm` dwd~} }dj~ pbjp pbd tkkmps e pbd +2 vd~ odip e |e~c` p~j`d# pe`j} mp bjs eic} :2 vd~ odip) eea

ndbmi` ztepd cdp+|mil ltd~~mccjs mi Obmjvjs# ji` ztepd p~mnjcmsk

mi |ji`j# ji` }et |mcc gi` pbd mkvjop e p~j`d nj~~md~s ji` pbd

mkvesmpmei e j`htspkdip vecmomds pbjp j~d `dsp~e}mil ke~d ji` ke~dvee~ jkmcmds) doei`c}# pbd itknd~ e vdevcd mi pbd |e~c` cmwmil

mi jnsectpd vewd~p} bjs mio~djsd` n} 06 vd~ odip mi pbd cjsp :4 }dj~s#

tipmc pe`j} : mi dwd~} 0 e et~ smspd~s ji` n~epbd~s ei pbms vcjidp j~d

drmspmil eic} ei pbd kj~lmis e st~wmwjc1 ji` m pbd vecmomds oeipmitd

mp |mcc seei nd : mi dwd~} ?) bdi oekvj~jncd `msvj~mpmds drmspd` mi

t~evd mp drvce`d` mi ncee`} ~dwectpmei# |mpb pbd vee~ kj~obmil mi

`dsvjm~ ji` ~jld ei dwd~} odip~d e j tdiod)

tsd` pe ddc dwd~} ke~imil# lemil pe pbd `t~mil jc c pbdsd }dj~s#

pbjp |js scmvvmil ndbmi` smdld nj~~moj`ds) p |js js nj` js pbjp1 ji`pbd ti~dcdipmil# ti`mlimgd` smdld e etc ltppd~ cjiltjld ji` l~essc}

ti`dkeo~jpmo drpe~pmei e wepds |js |bjp |js pepjcc} ti+kd~moji#

jp cdjsp mi k} ~dj`mil e kd~moji bmspe~}) ~ee pbjp sekdpbmil |js

|becc} tiijpt~jc ji` iep ~dv~dsdipjpmwd advp oekmil mi ~ek pbd

jiitjc evd~s ji` epbd~ veccs e kd~moji vtncmo evmimei1 ompmxdis

stvve~p e~ pbd idwd~ dcc ndce| 46 vd~ odip ji` |js epdi bmlbd~)

bd Oec` j~ bjs jvvj~dipc} dwjve~jpd`# ntp pbd~d j~d spmcc pb~dd

spji`j~` j~ltkdips mi tsd pe htspm} kd~moji jppdkvps pe `mo

development dialogue no.56

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