development of e-waste management and technology in...

Ministry of Industry and UNDPSanur Paradise Plaza Suite

Bali, 8 - 9 Januari 2018

Enri [email protected]

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering – ITBJalan Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

SeminarElectronic industrial waste management

and waste as industrial resources to support reducing releases of PBDEs/UPOPs

Development of e-waste management and technology in Indonesia

Outline

1. Introduction

2. EEE and e-Waste flow in Indonesia

3. Informal sectors in e-Waste handling

4. Formal sectors in e-Waste handling

5. PBDE as flame retardant in EEE

6. Can we reduce the release of the PBDE in ‘old’ e-Waste

7. Closing remark

Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 2

Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - 06122017

Introduction

• E-waste is a relatively a new issue in Indonesia. Its physical existence, except used batteries, is not being so real yet, especially within the chain of waste management.

• In some area, particularly in Java, e-waste recovery and handling such as dismantling, segregation of parts, refurbishments of old products and recovery of metals are done by informal sectors. It handles almost 90% of the total waste generated, particularly from household, office, commercial areas, recovering materials and refurbishing products.

• These recyclers use processes and practices such as open burning, acid baths and heating of circuit boards, resulting in emissions and release of toxic elements (included brominated flame retardant) into environment.

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• These activities have been in operational for many years, and handling extensively large volumes of e-waste without enough any personal protective equipment and pollution-control devices.

• There is very limited data generated from this sector to understand the relationship between such activity and its impacts on the environment and human health.

• There has been very few information regarding the issue of cross contamination from brominated flame retardants (BFR) in plastic.

Introduction

EEE and e-Waste flow in Indonesia


Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017

Tendency EEE and e-Waste Flow in Indonesia

• The path flow for e-waste in Indonesia is different from developed countries. In Indonesia, e-waste is not disposed directly to final disposal sites or recycling plants, rather it is reused or deformed to be used again.

• E-waste cycle in Indonesia is unique. The life time of a product becomes longer. The path of e-waste is even more varied because it does not only involve the formal sectors but also the informal sectors.

New electric-

electronic

equipment

(New-EEE)

Secondhand

of EEE

e-Waste

Final disposal?

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Tendency EEE and e-Waste Flow in Indonesia

• Exchange• Repair-refurbish• Pawn-shop

Municipal waste collection system

2nd EEE

E-Waste

• Local manufacturers• Formal importers

NEW EEE

• Distributors• Retailers

• Illegal ‘importers’

Formal collector

Consumers 2nd Consumers

Waste-tradersInformal collectors

Formal hazardous wastefinal disposal

or co-processing

Municipal landfillfinal disposal

Formal recyclersmostly scavengers

Uncontrolleddischarge

Electrical-Electronic Equipment (EEE) Flow

Electrical-Electronic waste (e-Waste) Flow


Results from interviewed of 103 scavengersat Bandung Municipal Final Disposal (Sarimukti)

Broken lamp Small piece of PCBSmall capacitor and

small piece of wire

Most of those e-wastes have been

recovered before they arrival at the

final disposal

Obsolete electronics (TV, radio, and PC, etc.) never being found

They rarely found used EEE components, except batteries, and several

component such as broken lamps, small/broken PCB

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In developed country we will easy find obsolete TV, PC, refrigerator, or washing machine, but not in Indonesia

In disposal site, practically will be very hard to find such goods. Sometime it can be found as small piece of wire etc., that maybe miss from scavengers attention

The end-of-life of an intact electronic goods can not be predicted easily. It will be longer than developed countries

With the application of “cannibal system” of electronic/electrical components, the end-of-life should be addressed to the elements of any 3E

Material flows of e-waste in Indonesia

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Informal sectors in e-Waste handling


e-Waste Computer FlowIn Greater Bandung

Consumers Repair service

Appointed Distributor

IntremediateCollector

Collectors

Trade wasteMarket of Used goods

End-Collector

Collector of e-waste computer

Producer Manufacture

Home Industri

Out Bandung

Out BandungJakarta

Out Bandung

?

Jakarta


Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - 06122017 12

Used Electrical Equipmentat a big public utility at Cengkareng

Stock of e-waste at a big informal collector at Denpasar

Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - 06122017 13

ComputerrepairedRepair service activity

Without components exchange

Up-Grade

Computer and its component

Monitor CRT

159,030Monitor LCD

15,360

Processor

104Motherboard

21,126

Hard Disk

7,497CD/DVD

5,921

VGA Card

559Memory

129

Others572

Sound Card

131Power Supply

4,880

To be sold

For ‘Cannibal’

Re-sold

Others

For ‘Cannibal’

Discarded

Storage54.311

Discaharded

With exchange components

Reject

InputStorageOutput

34,746

36,999

143,595

1,404 87,449

36,417

6,106

33,139

36,999

143,595

10,74375,662

Others

180,594

33,139

22,136

3,629

5,341

3,638

3,638

Unit : kg/year

‘Cannibal’ from stock

New components

‘Cannibal’From outside

to repair services

PC(91,080 unit)

Laptop(28,572 unit)

52,882

87.449

e-Waste flow in BandungExample of an academic study


IC BurningProbably:

Halogenated dioxin

IC Grinding IC panning Heating of tin

Gold smelting

Gold purification

Purified gold

Waste: PCB probably source of Brominated FR

PCB Copper Wastewater

Gold recovery from e-waste in informal sector

Formal sectors in e-Waste handling




E-WastePrinted

Circuit board

HIGH QUALITYWith IC

Formalcollector

Informalcollector

Exported(Singapore, ….)

Recovery of precious metals

LOW QUALITYWithout IC

Informalcollector

InformalRecycler

Plastics are used as fuel for ‘dismantling’ process of metal recovery

FormalRecycler

Metal recovery Plastics are mixed with other materials

for co-processing in cement industry

Formalcollector



TLI – one of formal e-waste processing center – West Java


Collectionof PCB

Dissambly Shred & mill Material recoverySeparation

Fibre waste

Metal recoveryand Copper concentrate

Electro-winningCu-Purification

(will be installed)

Capacity: 1.5 tonnes/hour Idle capacity due to limitation of PCB input

Formal sectors in e-Waste handlingPrinted Circuit Board (PCB) recovery-recycling process at TLI

Co-processing in cement industry

PBDE as flame retardant in EEE


PBDE as Flame Retardant


• Concerns about BFR emerged in 1999, when Swedish researchers reported that

levels of these chemicals in human breast milk had increased 60-fold between

1972 and 1997.

• Follow-up studies in the San Francisco Bay Area found PBDE levels in breast milk

were 6-10 times higher than levels in Sweden.

• Laboratory studies predicted that the health effects might be ranging from

interference to brain development, altered hormone function and cancer.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)Flame retardant = penghambat nyala api

Brominated flame retardant (BFR)


Transportation

Electronic Electrical

Construction, buildingfurniture, foam, wire, …

c-Penta BDE

c-OctaBDE

YesYes: majorPolyurethane foam at plafond and furniture, acoustics,…

Yes: minorPlastics for desk-board, door-panels, …

Yes: minor

Yes: majorPlastics ABS, HIPS, PBT at: casings (TV, CRT, Computer, monitor, LCD monitor, printer, HP, photo-copier, …)

Yes: majorMostly used in USA, UK, Chine.Indonesia: no standard for flammability (?)

No

PBDE as Flame Retardant

PBDEs as Flame Retardant


Significant benefits of flame retardant (in USA):• 1992 – 2001: an average of over 4,200 people were killed

by fires each year in the USA and 25,000 injured. • In 2001 (exclusive of September 11), there were over a half

million structure fires in the U.S. with a total property loss of $10.6 billion.

• PBDEs are added to products rather than chemically bound into them, they can be slowly and continuously released from the products during their manufacture, while in use or after their disposal.

https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/flame-retardants-under-fire

Brominated Flame Retardant: in wider range of materials


Electronic equipment: plastic casing, PCB, wire

Interior in transportation:Wire, insolation, foams in furniture, upholstery

Interior in building:Wire, foams in furniture, upholstery, carpet backing

BFR found in wider range of materials: children's toys.

food contact etc. as a result of recycling practices that mix BFR-containing waste plastics with “virgin” one(IPEN, Nov 2017)


E-WastePrinted

Circuit board

HIGH QUALITYWith IC

Formalcollector

Informalcollector

Exported(Singapore, ….)

Recovery of precious metals

LOW QUALITYWithout IC

Informalcollector

InformalRecycler

Plastics are used as fuel for ‘dismantling’ process of metal recovery

FormalRecycler

Metal recovery Plastics are mixed with other materials

for co-processing in cement industry

Can we reduce the release the PBDE in ‘old’ e-Waste?Minimize the plastic recycling of these old-eWasteMinimize the burning process practices in informal sectorIntegrate ‘Informal’ and ‘Formal’ sectors in recovery of old-eWaste

X

Alternative fuel for co-processing:• Diameter 1-2 cm• Heating value ≥ 2,500 kca/kg

Co-processing in high temperature process will reduce significantly the release of PBDE In the environment

Formalcollector

Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - 06122017

Closing remarks

Electronic equipment, automotive goods and similar equipment have higher economic value status. Those wastes would be rarely available in ‘discarded’ position within urban management chain. In the developed countries the consumers have to spent some money to collect and to handle these wastes. In a country like Indonesia, the same equipment could be reused by another partyIntegration of formal and informal sectors in e-waste handling is necessary, both to increase the economic values of e-waste, and the most important things is to reduce the release of pollution, included that from brominated flame retardant.

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