Development of the Moored Buoy Array for Climate and the Integrated

Observing System

Michael J. McPhadenNOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

Gary MeyersCSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research

Indian Ocean Climate Science Drivers

Improved description, understanding and ability to predict:

Seasonal monsoon variability, Intra-seasonal oscillations

and far field impacts

Monsoon <=> ENSO <=> Indian Ocean Dipole interactions

Warming trends since the 1970s

Unique ocean circulation

Indian Ocean Climate Science Drivers

Improved description, understanding and ability to predict:

Seasonal monsoon variability, Intra-seasonal oscillations

and far field impacts

Monsoon <=> ENSO <=> Indian Ocean Dipole interactions

Warming trends since the 1970s

Unique ocean circulation

Indian Ocean Climate Science Drivers

Improved description, understanding and ability to predict:

Seasonal monsoon variability, Intra-seasonal oscillations

and far field impacts

Monsoon <=> ENSO <=> Indian Ocean Dipole interactions

Warming trends since the 1970s

Unique ocean circulation

Indian Ocean warming 1900-1970 (C per century)

40 60 80 100 120

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2Indian Ocean warming 1970-1999 (C per century)

40 60 80 100 120

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

P McIntosh

Indian Ocean Climate Science Drivers

Improved description, understanding and ability to predict:

Seasonal monsoon variability, Intra-seasonal oscillations

and far field impacts

Monsoon <=> ENSO <=> Indian Ocean Dipole interactions

Warming trends since the 1970s

Unique ocean circulation

In situ, integrated Indian Ocean observing system

ftp://ftp.marine.csiro.au/pub/meyers/Implementation%20Plan/

Standard elements XBT lines Argo floats Surface drifter

Key new element is a basin-scale array of moorings

Biological sensors Boundary arraysProcess studies

Draft Strategy for Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array

30 TAO/Triton 5 ADCP 8 Flux

Dynamical Model Design Studies

Courtesy of Gabe Vecchi, GFDL

Log(Signal to Noise) 1986-2002 100m Temperature Anomaly “O.I.” of sub-sampled data

Rationale for Flux Sites

Courtesy of Lisan Yu, WHOI

Moored Measurement Suite(All data in real-time via Argos)

Standard

Met: Wind, RH, AT, SWR, Rain

Ocean: SST, SSS, T(z:10 depths), S(z: 5 depths), P (z: 2 depths); v (10 m)

Flux Sites: Standard plus--

Met: LWR, BP

Ocean: Additional T(z), S(z), v (z) in upper 100 m

TRITON (JAMSTEC) and ATLAS (PMEL) moorings have equivalent measurement capabilities

ORV Sagar Kanya Cruise9 October-17 November 2004

41 Day Cruise 4 ATLAS & 1 ADCP

mooring

PMEL in collaboration with the PMEL in collaboration with the National Institute of Oceanography National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) and the National Center for (NIO) and the National Center for Antarctic and Ocean Research Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Goa, India.(NCAOR), Goa, India.

First Data fromIndian Ocean

ATLAS Moorings

Deployed22 October 2004

Existing and Deployed Moorings, 2005

3 additional moorings under discussion

Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Data Assembly Center (DAC)

Modeled after TAO/ TRITON and PIRATA data processing and dissemination systems.

PMEL and JAMSTEC initial contributors.

Hosted at PMEL; mirror sites outside the US (e.g. INCOIS in India?).

Data policy: all data Data policy: all data from the array will be from the array will be freely and openly available freely and openly available without restrictionwithout restriction

http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/disdel/disdel-v57.html

Argo—strategy discussion(450 needed for 3 by 3 deg. coverage)

• Essential part of the IO CLIVAR—variability of water mass composition

• Need shallow mixed layer resolution (barrier layers)

• Need deep calibrations (below Red-Sea Water)

• Need re-seeding in divergence regions

• Little gained by 5-day sampling

393 active

  Argo sampling strategies and lifetimes(1) 10-day sampling, all profiles to 2000 m:

      161 profiles possible (= 4.4 years)

(2) 5-day sampling, all profiles to 2000 m:      175 profiles possible (= 2.4 years)

(3) 10-day sampling, park 1000 m, every 4th profile to 2000m:      224 profiles possible (= 6.1 years)

(4) 5-day sampling, park 1000 m every 4th profile to 2000 m:      252 profiles possible (= 3.4 years)

India: mode 4

USA (U.Washington): mode 3

Future Argo—taking account of planned deployments

• INCOIS will be proactive to publicize deployment opportunities

• Need 120/ yr for full coverage

• Re-seeding of divergence regimes

• Add other sensors (O2..)?

XBT lines

High priority* lines IX-01, IX-08, IX-09N/IX-10E, IX-12, IX-15/IX-21, IX22 and PX-02 *see report for criteria

and assessmentIX14 recommended but

not reported to JCOMM

XBT workshop Oct 05

Drifters—Percent chance that a 5°x 5° square will be occupied by at least one float in September 2005

(R. Lumkin NOAA/AOML).

• 5°x5° sampling established >20 years ago for calibr. satellite SST

• Need full implementation• Re-seeding of northern

(upwelling) areas (clouds!)• (difficulties shipping through

India!!)• No sampling strategy for

measurement of currents—need for operational oceanography

Data managementProgress and shortfall

• XBT—Indian Ocean Thermal Archive (IOTA) CSIRO/BoM

• Historical T/S—CSIRO Atlas of Regional Seas (CARS)

• Argo T/S—Int’l DAC, INCOIS, APDRC• Moorings—IOMB DAC PMEL/JAMSTECWhat’s missing? Management of the integrated data

set—a one-stop shop for researchEnhanced capacity building—ODIN-Indio for multi-

disciplinary applications

The major issues that have to be resolved to fully establish the mooring array

include:• Ship time (~180 days)

INCOIS and CLIVAR websites will show cruise opportunities

• Fishing vandalism (or frequ. XBTs off Sumatra/glider?)

• Operational funding• International coordination • System integration (e.g. commonalities with

multi-hazard warning system)• Data management

Cross-over issues

• Observing system in the southern part of the S. Indian gyre hasn’t had a lot of attention

• What are the key research issues for this region?

Challenges: Ship Time

Requirements:

180 days per year (est.) to service entire array

Assumes 1-year mooring design lifetime and semi-annual servicing cruises

Repeat cruises are highest priority

Ships must be able to deploy and recover deep ocean moorings

Challenges: International Coordination

Partnerships are Needed to Implement and Sustain an Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array

Partnerships between institutions from nations within and outside Partnerships between institutions from nations within and outside the Indian Ocean region are need to implement and sustain the the Indian Ocean region are need to implement and sustain the array.array.

These partnerships must be long term to ensure stable base of These partnerships must be long term to ensure stable base of supportsupport

Sustained commitment of resources (funding, mooring technology, Sustained commitment of resources (funding, mooring technology, ship time, personnel) is requiredship time, personnel) is required

Regular technical and scientific exchange is needed to promote Regular technical and scientific exchange is needed to promote Indian Ocean science and array implementation goalsIndian Ocean science and array implementation goals

Technical training and capacity building for countries without Technical training and capacity building for countries without current capabilities is required to ensure broad participationcurrent capabilities is required to ensure broad participation

Challenges: Developing a Multi-Hazard Observing System

Integration of the Ocean Observing System for Climate with that for Short Term Warnings and Forecasts (weather,

storm surge, tsunami, etc) is Necessary Broadens the constituency for all components of the ocean Broadens the constituency for all components of the ocean observing systemobserving system

Shared use of scarce resources (e.g. ship time and personnel) for Shared use of scarce resources (e.g. ship time and personnel) for implementation and maintenance maximizes scientific return on implementation and maintenance maximizes scientific return on investment.investment.

Shared use of data collection platforms (e.g. moorings) for related Shared use of data collection platforms (e.g. moorings) for related or compatible measurements can lead to efficiencies in array design or compatible measurements can lead to efficiencies in array design for different purposes (e.g. tsunami and climate).for different purposes (e.g. tsunami and climate).

Technical training and capacity building can be coordinated where Technical training and capacity building can be coordinated where similar technologies are used for multiple purposes.similar technologies are used for multiple purposes.

Challenges: Funding

“$3.2 million to expand the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean array and the Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic into the Indian Ocean. This expansion will enhance NOAA's capability to accurately document the state of ocean climactic conditions and improve seasonal forecasting capability.”(http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2386.htm)

Other activities covered by this funding:Other activities covered by this funding:

Support the technological development of the next generation of moored buoys.Support the technological development of the next generation of moored buoys. Add salinity sensors to the TAO array to improve seasonal-interannual forecasting. Add salinity sensors to the TAO array to improve seasonal-interannual forecasting. Upgrades for 4 TAO and 3 PIRATA moorings to ocean reference station quality for satellite Upgrades for 4 TAO and 3 PIRATA moorings to ocean reference station quality for satellite and model research and model research Providing 4 additional buoys for the PIRATA array in the hurricane-genesis region of the Providing 4 additional buoys for the PIRATA array in the hurricane-genesis region of the Atlantic Ocean for improved understanding of ocean-atmosphere interactions on hurricane Atlantic Ocean for improved understanding of ocean-atmosphere interactions on hurricane development.development.

President Bush’s FY06 Budget for NOAAClimate Observations and Services

Challenges: Fishing Vandalism

1.5°N, 80.5°E ATLAS stopped transmitting on 23 Jan 05 after drifting 35 nm to SW.

0°, 80.5°E lost winds and SW radiation on 21 Mar 05.

Long Line

Purse Seine

&Pole/Line

Bigeye

Yellowfin

Skipjack

Tuna Catch 1989-1993

Challenges to Implementing and Sustaining a Moored Buoy Observing System for the

Indian Ocean: Summary

Ship Time

Funding

International Coordination

Capacity Building

Data Management

Fishing Vandalism

Integratation into a Multi-Hazard Observing System