development subtitle. overview big questions: nature vs. nurture stability vs. change continuity vs....
TRANSCRIPT
Overview
• Big Questions:
• Nature vs. Nurture
• Stability vs. Change
• Continuity vs. Stage development
• People: Piaget, Erikson, Freud, Kohlberg, Lev Vygotsky (Zone of Proximal development/Scaffolding), Harlow, Ainsworth, Baumrind, Gilligan
Research
Longitudinal• Same group over time
• Better data
• More difficult, time-consuming
Cross-Sectional• Different age groups at
same time
• Easier/faster
• Data not as reliable
Prenatal Development
• Genetics
• Twin: Identical vs. Fraternal
• Temperatment: Jerome Kagan• Bold vs. Shy babies tend to be
similar when older
• Teratogens
• FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
• Zygote to Embryo to Fetus
• Most developmental damage to major body systems occurs during the embryonic stage
Newborn Senses
• Like sweet tastes
• Rely on hearing
• Best sight range is 8-12 in.
• Like faces
• Motor skills: Most roll over, then stand, then walk
Attachment
Harry Harlow: Mother Love• Baby monkeys prefer soft mother
over wire/food mother
• Deprivation of attachment had long term effects
• Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting in geese (humans don’t)
Mary Ainsworth: Strange Situation• Secure vs. Insecure (Avoidant &
Anxious/Ambivalent) Attachments
• Long-term: Secures are better socially
Parenting Styles: Diana Baumrind
• Authoritative (most beneficial)
• Authoritarian
• Permissive
• Neglectful
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
• Fixation: Anal Retentive v. Expulsive, Oral
• Oedipus Complex & Electra Complex
Piaget: Cognitive Development• Kids think differently than adults
• Use Schemata to Assimilate & Accommodate new experiences
• Sensorimotor: Object Perm.
• Preop: Symbolic thought; Centrated; Egocentric, Lack conservation, reversibility & hierarchical classification, Animistic (ex: flowers have feelings)
• Concrete: Fix preop issues
• Formal: Abstract, Hypothetical & Metacognition (think about how we think)
Criticisms of Piaget
• Underestimated young children: Habituation studies now show infant thought
• Development is more continuous
• Information Processing Model: Our abilities to memorize, interpret and perceive gradually develop
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
• Heinz’s Dilemma: Steal drug for wife?
• Criticisms:
• Western Culture bias
• **This is important! Carol Gilligan suggests gender differences may exist in moral reasoning (men are more cut/dry; women evaluate situation/relationships more)