Dialect varieties within Great BritainScottish English (Scots) - perhaps nearest to the self-confident independence of BrE and AmE, though the differences in grammar and vocabulary are rather few - a variety of English used already in the Middle Ages when Scotland was independent- has a strong literary tradition in present-day Scotland, although it is not used publicly outside some local media, literature and folklore - Scots vocabulary has been influenced by Gaelic (Celtic), Norwegian and French- Gaelic loans: cairn (a small pile of stones), ceilidh (an event at which people dance to traditional music), gillie, sporran (a small bag made of fur worn in front of the kilt), whisky - some of these Scots words have become part of Standard English- some other Scots lexical items borrowed from Gaelic are shared by North English dialects: lass (a girl or young woman), bonny (beautiful and healthy) - vocabulary restricted to Scots: ay (=always), dominie (=teacher), fash (=bother), kirk (=church), wee (=small) - some words present also in Standard English have a different meaning in Scots: gate (=road), travel (=go on foot), scheme (=local government or housing estate), advocate (=barrister), apprehension (=arrest), defendant (=defender), tort (=delict)

Irish English- is under strong influence of both British and American English- may also be considered as a national standard, for though we lack descriptions of this longstanding variety of English it is consciously and explicitly regarded as independent of BrE by educational and broadcasting services - Ireland was invaded by Anglo-Nomrans in the 12th century it means that it was inhabited by Gaelic-speaking people- the area of English settlement (the so-called Pale around Dublin the only area) was small till the 16th century when new waves of Protestant English and Scottish settlers migrated to the island- the Gaelic language was suppressed- by the mid 19th century, English was the majority language spoken in the country - Gaelic-based words: cleeve = basket, spalpeen = rascal, Taoiseach = prime minister- adapted English words: youse (plural of you), bold = naughty

Welsh English- Wales and England were united by the Statutes (1535, 1542), much earlier than Scotland (1707) and Ireland (1800) the Statutes having promoted the dominance of English in Wales, this, coupled with the closure of the monasteries, which closed down many centres of Welsh education, led to decline in the used of the Welsh language - Welsh loan words eisteddfoad, Duw (=God) in exclamations, del (=dear), nain (=grandma), taid (=grandpa)- Welsh influences the tag Look you (a calque from Welsh), a universial Welsh tag question isnt it?, the predicate precedes the subject to express emphasis Fed up I am.