diaphragmatic hernia
DESCRIPTION
Dr. Vu Thi DinhTRANSCRIPT
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Imaging department Imaging department
reportreport Dr DinhDr Dinh
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Nguyen Hong Linh , F, 19 Nguyen Hong Linh , F, 19 months, A16 months, A16
Dx: Dx: Sus Sus LungLung abscesabsces
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DiagnosisDiagnosis
Hiatal hernia, Hiatal hernia, paraesophagealparaesophageal type type
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Diaphragmatic herniaDiaphragmatic hernia
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Diaphragmatic herniaDiaphragmatic hernia
Congenital: Congenital: two main types:two main types:
Bochdalek hernia : most common (75-90%), located Bochdalek hernia : most common (75-90%), located posteriorly, presents earlierposteriorly, presents earlier
Morgagni hernia : smaller, anterior and presents Morgagni hernia : smaller, anterior and presents later later
Congenital hiatus hernias may also occur, but are Congenital hiatus hernias may also occur, but are uncommon and distinct.uncommon and distinct.
AcquiredAcquiredTraumatic diaphragmatic ruptureTraumatic diaphragmatic rupture Hiatus herniaHiatus herniaIatrogenic
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BochdalekBochdalek hernia hernia
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A 4-day-old infant with a Bochdalek defect and herniation of solid viscera presenting with mild respiratory distress. A Chest radiograph shows bowel in the left hemithorax and a softtissue retrocardiac mass (arrows). b Coronal reconstructed, contrast-enhanced CT image shows intrathoracic herniation of the spleen and left kidney through a large Bochdalek hernia
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MorgagniMorgagni hernia hernia Herniation through the Herniation through the foramen of foramen of
MorgagniMorgagni which is located immediately which is located immediately adjactent to the adjactent to the xiphodxiphod process process. The . The majority of hernias occur on the right side majority of hernias occur on the right side and are generally asymptomatic.and are generally asymptomatic.
As compared to the Bochdalek hernia, the As compared to the Bochdalek hernia, the Morgagni hernia is:Morgagni hernia is:
-Rare -Rare - Small - Small -Anterior -Anterior -At low risk of prolapse -At low risk of prolapse
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A 2-week-old boy with Morgagni defect presenting with respiratory difficulty. Anteroposterior (a) and lateral (b) chest radiographs show intrathoracic bowel herniating through an anterior foramen of Morgagnidefect
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A 7-day-old boy with aMorgagni hernia. a, b Anteroposterior
(a) and lateral (b) chestradiographs show a poorly defined
right chest mass and rightupper lung atelectasis. c Sagittalcolor Doppler sonogram of the
right chest obtained on the sameday shows herniation of the liver(L) through an anterior foramen
of Morgagni hernia (arrows).Note the abnormal course of thehepatic vein and the difference
in echotexture of the intrathoracic(T) and intraabdominal (A)
portions of the liver. d, e Sagittal(d) and coronal (e) contrastenhanced
CT reconstructionsobtained the same day confirm
anterior liver (L) herniation
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Hiatus hernia
A A hiatus herniahiatus hernia occurs where there occurs where there is herniation of is herniation of stomach stomach through the through the oesophagealoesophageal hiatus hiatus of the of the diaphragmdiaphragm
Sub types:Sub types:
- Sliding hiatus hernia (95%)- Sliding hiatus hernia (95%)
- Rolling (para-oesophageal) hiatus - Rolling (para-oesophageal) hiatus hernia (5%)hernia (5%)
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Radiograph of a patient with a small axial hiatal hernia
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A well-developed A ring is evident, A well-developed A ring is evident, but no B ring. In such cases the but no B ring. In such cases the criterion for defining hiatus hernia is criterion for defining hiatus hernia is the appearance of rugal folds the appearance of rugal folds traversing the diaphragmatic hiatus. traversing the diaphragmatic hiatus. The A ring has no anatomic correlate The A ring has no anatomic correlate but physiologically corresponds to but physiologically corresponds to the superior aspect of the lesthe superior aspect of the les
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A 4-month-old girl with a paraesophageal hernia who presented with vomiting. A Chest radiograph obtained during an upper gastrointestinal series shows intrathoracic herniation and organoaxial volvulus of the stomach into a paraesophageal hernia. b Delayed radiograph of the upper abdomen shows herniation of the transverse colon
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Sliding hiatus herniaSliding hiatus hernia
The The gastro-gastro-oesophagealoesophageal junction junction (GOJ) is (GOJ) is usually displaced by more than 1cm usually displaced by more than 1cm above the hiatus. The oesophageal hiatus above the hiatus. The oesophageal hiatus is often abnormally widened to 3 - 4cm : is often abnormally widened to 3 - 4cm : the upper limit is 15mm. the upper limit is 15mm.
The gastric fundus may also be displaced The gastric fundus may also be displaced above the above the diaphragmdiaphragm and present as a and present as a retrocardiacretrocardiac mass mass on a chest radiograph. on a chest radiograph. The presence of an air-fluid level in the The presence of an air-fluid level in the mass suggests the diagnosis. mass suggests the diagnosis.
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Newborn with a congenital short esophagus presenting withrespiratory distress and gagging. a Chest radiograph shows a largecystic structure in the right hemithorax within which is coiled anasogastric tube. Note a lens-shape density overlying the right lowerchest (arrows) b Radiograph obtained after administration of watersolublecontrast material via the nasogastric tube confirms a shortesophagus with a fixed intrathoracic stomach. Note the malfixatedsmall bowel in the abdomen. c Sagittal T2-W MR image through theright chest shows a small additional posterolateral (Bochdalek) herniawith liver herniation (arrow)
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A 2-year-old girl whopresented with intermittent abdominalpain and mild shortnessof breath caused by a smallBochdalek hernia. a Chest radiographshows a moderate leftplural effusion and mild smallbowel dilatation. b Close-upimage of the splenic flexure ofthe colon obtained during anenema using water-soluble contrastmaterial shows a completeobstruction of the colon with abeak-like appearance. At surgery,ischemic colon was foundin the left chest incarcerated bya 7-mm Bochdalek hernia
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Rolling (para-oesophageal) Rolling (para-oesophageal) hiatus herniahiatus hernia
The GOJ remains in its normal The GOJ remains in its normal location while a portion of the location while a portion of the stomach herniates above the stomach herniates above the diaphragm diaphragm
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DiagnosisDiagnosis
UltrasoundUltrasound Chest radiographChest radiograph CTCT MRIMRI
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UltrasoundUltrasound
Sonographic findings includeSonographic findings include cardiomediastinal shift + / - abnormal cardiac cardiomediastinal shift + / - abnormal cardiac
axis axis the stomach being at same transverse level as the stomach being at same transverse level as
the heart : this makes left sided hernias the heart : this makes left sided hernias comparatively easier to detect on ultrasound comparatively easier to detect on ultrasound (as opposed to herniaion of echogenic liver on (as opposed to herniaion of echogenic liver on the right side) the right side)
portal veins in thorax (Doppler) portal veins in thorax (Doppler) absent bowel loops in the abdomen absent bowel loops in the abdomen there may be polyhydramnios as an ancilliary there may be polyhydramnios as an ancilliary
sonographic feature sonographic feature
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US of chest-there are multiple fluid-filled loops of the bowel within the left hemithorax
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Chest radiograph Chest radiograph
indistinct diaphragm with opacification indistinct diaphragm with opacification of part of or all the hemithorax of part of or all the hemithorax (typically left sided) (typically left sided)
scaphoid abdomen scaphoid abdomen deviation of lines 3deviation of lines 3
endotracheal tube endotracheal tube nasogastic tube nasogastic tube umbilical arterial and venous catheters umbilical arterial and venous catheters
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Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis
congenital cystic adenomatoid congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) malformation (CCAM)
retrocardiac lung abscess retrocardiac lung abscess retrocardiac empyema retrocardiac empyema Pulmonary sequestration Pulmonary sequestration epiphrenic oesophageal diverticulum epiphrenic oesophageal diverticulum