ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM

All electrical power supplied worldwide is in the form of alternating current (AC) but the voltage differs. Malaysia is following the British standard. The voltage used in Malaysia is 230/240 volts, range +10%, -6%. Frequency is 50Hz + 1%). There are two types of systems which are single phrase and three phase systems. The systems that I chose is three phase systems because a school may have high demand for electricity.

Three Phase System Three phase electrical system consists of 5 wires which are 3 Live wires, 1 Neutral wire and 1Earthing wire.Three phase supply with nominal voltage of 400V, range +10%, -6%, with the permitted frequency is 50Hz + 1%.

Live wire- Red, Yellow, Blue wire Neutral wire- Black wire Earth wire- Green/ Green and yellow combination wire

Advantage of having 3 phase system: a. Able to cope with higher electricity demand b. If one live source has a blown fuse or the line faulty, there still will have electricity in certain

parts of the building.

Caution a. Never short live and neutral wires as this would cause fires. b. Never installed live and neutral wires wrongly in electrical appliance. Live wire is the point of

entry for the current and Neutral the point of exit. The safety fuses should installed at live wire so that any fault will blow the fuse and cut off the current supply to the appliance to avoid electrocution.

EQUIPMENTS 1. Incoming fuses The main cables that carries the electricity are terminated at the incoming service fuses which prevent a major fault in your house from affecting the rest of the neighbourhood.

2. Electric meter From the service fuses, the electricity is fed to the electrical meter to measure the usages in terms of Kilowatt for billing purposes.

3. Distribution board A main isolating switch that used to protect the circuit and electrical equipments. It distributes electricity to other areas in the building.

The elements in this sequence are protecting the wiring, appliances and the occupants from dangers caused by over current, earth leakage current, short circuit, and lightning.

Electric meter

Service fuses for live wires

i) Components a. Main switch -Mechanical control to open or connect the circuit manually b. Miniature Circuit Breaker Different rated miniature circuit breaker are used to protect the individual circuits.When there is overload or sudden fluctuation, power will be trip and cut.

4. Switch Final distribution point to surrounding appliances. It used to connect or disconnect parts of the circuit to the power supply. When the circuit is open, no electricity flow while the circuit is closed, electricity flows though the circuit. Serves various appliances including fluorescent light and ceiling fan.

5. Electric Socket (Outlet Type G) A device on a wall which allow electrically operated equipment to be connected to the electricity supply. Type G is the plug and electric socket that mainly used in Malaysia.

This 13 amp plug has three rectangular prongs that form an isosceles triangle. The insulated sleeves help prevent accidental contact with a bare connector while the plug is partially inserted.

Two gang switch Three gang switch

Socket 13 amp plug

One`gang switch

6. Ceiling Fan A suspended fan from the ceiling of a room that uses rotating paddles to circulate air. Plus, it also provides evaporative cooling to reduce the stratification of warm air in a room by forcing it down to affect both occupants' sensations and thermostat readings, thereby to improve climate control energy efficiency.

7. Exhaust Fan Exhaust Fan is a appliances typically placed in washroom to move the moisture out of the washroom to reduce humidity. It also helps to drawn out unpleasant odours.

RULES, REGULATIONS & BY-LAWS:

1. TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD (TNB) The height of the meter board at he wall shall be 1.75m(top of the meter) to 1.85m above ground level.

Reason: a. Safety purpose b. Standardised meter installation c. Improved reading accuracy and reduced estimated bill

2. ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM ACT 1990& ELECTRICITY REGULATIONS 1994

REGULATION 15- APPARATUS, CONDUCTOR, ACCESSORIES Any apparatus, conductor or accessory for she purpose of connection to an installation shall be sufficient in size. power and number to serve the purpose for which it is intended and shall be constructed installed, arranged protected, worked and maintained in such a manner as to prevent danger.

REGULATION 16- SWITCH, SWITCH FUSE, CIRCUIT BREAKER,FUSE, ETC Any fuse or circuit breaker shall be: - Constructed and arrange in such a manner so as to break the circuit when it exceeds the given

value for a sufficient time to prevent danger. - Constructed, guarded or placed in such a manner as to prevent danger of overheating or from the

scattering or not metal and other substances.

3. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION OF BUILDING- Guide to IEC 60364 1.3 Selection of electrical equipment Electrical equipment used shall have characteristics appropriate for the design and fulfill the following requirements:

b) the current rating shall be suitable for the maximum steady current in normal service. It should take into consideration the current likely to be carried in abnormal condition and the period it may be expected to flow

e) all electrical equipment shall be selected to withstand the stresses and environmental conditions of the location of its use. The standard allows an item of equipment to be used although it does not have the properties corresponding to the location provided that additional protection is taken

HOT AND COLD WATER SUPLY SYSTEM Water supply system provides and distributes water to the different parts of a building for purpose such as drinking, cleaning, washing, cooking and so on. There are two types of water supply system, direct system and indirect system. The system that I chose for my school is indirect system.

Indirect System It is a system whereby all the drinking water used in the building is supplied from the main and water used for all other purpose is supplied indirectly from water tank.

Advantages: 1. Water tank with large capacity provides a reserve of water during interruption of supply. 2. Reduce water pressure on the taps supplied from the water tank to minimises wear on taps and

noise. 3. Fittings supplied with water from the cistern are prevented from causing pollution of the

drinking water by back siphon age. 4. Lower demand on the water main. 5. Accommodate peak demand

1. COLD WATER SYSTEM a. Portable Water - Drinking purpose - Culinary purpose

b. Non-portable water -Flushing water -Fire service -Cleaning water -etc.

2. HOT WATER SYSTEM -Kitchen

Pipe sizing: Correct pipe size ensure adequate flow rates at appliances.

Over sizing may cause: - Delays in obtaining hot water at outlet - Increase heat losses from hot water distributing pipes

Under sizing may cause: - Inadequate delivery from outlets and possibly nondelivery at some outlets during simultaneous

use. - Variation in temperature and pressure at some outlets - May increase in noise levels.

EQUIPMENTS

1. Water Meter A water meter is a device that use to record the amount of water being used in cubic meter for billing purposes.

2. Stop Valve Stop valve used as regulating valve that can be closed or opened at will, as by hand, for preventing or regulating flow in the pipe.

3. Gate Valve A gate valve functions as an isolating valve in pipeline by lifting a round or rectangular gate of the path of the fluid. It permit or prevents the flow of water. It is designed for fully open or fully closed service.

4. HDPE Water Tank A water tank is a container used to store water before water distributing in the building. Water tank made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a popular due to its corrosion resistance.

5. Storage Tank Water Heater An insulated tank in which heated water is stored until needed. Temperature and pressure relief valve will be open if water exceeds a preset level.

6. Copper Pipes Copper pipe is most often used for the supply of hot and cold tap water, and as a refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two basic types of copper tubing, soft copper, and rigid copper. Copper tubing is joined using flare connection, compression connection, or solder. Copper offers a high level of corrosion resistance but is becoming very costly.

7. PVC Pipes Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) PVC is strong but lightweight plastic plastic which often used in plumbing to distribute non-portable water. It is non-corrosive but will soften and deform if exposed to temperature over 65 ºC.

8. Flush Toilet A toilet that disposes of human excreta by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location for disposal. The wastewater flows into a septic tank or sewage system and from there to a sewage treatment plant.

9. Urinal A flushable wall fixture, used by men for urinating.

10. Washroom Basin A bowl with running water and drain pipe for washing purposes.

RULES, REGULATIONS & BY-LAWS:

1. UNIFORMED BUILDING BY LAW (UBBL)

84. (1) Suitable measures shall be taken to prevent penetration of dampness and moisture into a building

89. A chase made in a wall for pipes and the service facilities shall leave the wall at the back of chase not less than 100mm thick in external walls and not less than 100mm thick in a party ll and shall be not wider than 200 mm.

123. (1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided any building to accommodate pipes, cables conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be— (a) adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables conduits and for crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and (b) sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, top cocks and other controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated.

SEWERAGE AND SANITARY SYSTEM Sewerage and sanitary system helps people to transport the wastes or sewage away from the building to treatment or disposal. The improper functioning system will lead to pollution and contamination of various aspects of our surrounding which affect human life and health.

Aims of sewerage and sanitary system - To maintain healthy condition in the building - Collect and remove waste matters more easy and systematically - Dispose off waste water

EQUIPMENTS 1. uPVC Pipes Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride pipe (uPVC) uPVC is resistant to chemical erosion, durable and does not flex which is safe for transport water so is often used for sewerage lines and exterior drainage pipes. Plus, it aslo fire-resistant and recyclable.

2. Vent Cowl Venting cowl is used to ventilate risers of sewage installations, tanks, and canals in holding tanks. It enables polluted air discharge out of the building.

3. P-Trap P-trap helps trap debris that has drained from the sink and prevents it from forming a clog within the plumbing system.

4. Floor Trap This trap is provided on the floor to collect waste water from the wash basin, shower, sink, and bathroom etc.

5. Gully Trap This trap is provided outside the building to disconnect waste water flowing from the kitchen, washroom and so on from main drainage system.

6. Grease Trap This trap is a device to collect the grease contents of waste and can be cleaned from the surface.

7. Manhole A manhole is a top opening to an underground utility vault used to house an access point for making connections, inspection, valve adjustments or maintenance on underground.

RULES, REGULATIONS & BY-LAWS:

1. UNIFORMED BUILDING BY LAW (UBBL) 58. The weight of tanks and other receptacles, and of their contents shall be treated as dead loads; account shall be taken of the load conditions when a tank or receptacle is full and when it is empty.

82. (1)Wherever the dampness or position of the site of a building renders it necessary, the subsoil of the site shall be effectively drained or such other steps hall be taken as will effectively protect the building against damage from moisture.

2. LAWS OF MALAYSIA ACT 133 - Street, Drainage, and Building Act 1974

56. (1) No pipe used for the carrying off of rainwater from any roof shall be used for the purpose of carrying off the soil or drainage from any privy or water-closet or any sullage water.

RAINWATER/ SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM A storm or surface water drainage system is to drain excess rain and ground water from impervious surfaces.

Caution: Many storm drainage systems are designed as gravity sewers draining untreated storm water into rivers or streams. Therefore, it is strictly not acceptable to pour chemicals into the drains because this may affect the ecosystem of the river or steam.

EQUIPMENTS 1. Gutter A narrow trough fixed beneath the edge of a roof for leading off the surface water from the roof and diverts it into the downpipe.

2. Downpipe A vertical pipe that connecting gutter to ground level. It used to divert rain water away from the foundation of a building.

Downpipe

3. Precast Concrete Drain Precast concrete is durable, strength to withstand volumes of flowing water as well as extreme loading conditions for stormwater treatment and release.

4. Drain Sump A device which at the lowest point in a drainage system that used to channel unwanted water or collect heavier materials such as garbage, rocks or other impurities.

RULES, REGULATIONS & BY-LAWS:

UNIFORMED BUILDING BY LAW (UBBL) 63.(3) On surfaces where accumulation of rainwater is possible the loads due to such accumulation of water and the imposed loads for the roofs as given above shall be considered separately and the more critical of the two shall be adopted in the design.

115. All roofs of building shall be so constructed as to drain effectually to suitable and sufficient channels, gutters, chutes or troughs which shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of the By-Laws for receiving and conveying all water which may fall on and from the roof.

LAWS OF MALAYSIA ACT 133 - Street, Drainage, and Building Act 1974

57. (1) No water pipe, stack pipe or down spout used for conveying surface water from any premises shall be used or be permitted to serve or to act as a ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer.

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