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Diesel Emissions TestingDiesel Emissions TestingAsian Vehicle Emission Control Conference 2004Asian Vehicle Emission Control Conference 2004
Terry L. UllmanTerry L. UllmanSouthwest Research InstituteSouthwest Research Institute®®
Office of Automotive EngineeringOffice of Automotive EngineeringApril 27April 27--29, 200429, 2004China World HotelChina World Hotel
Beijing, ChinaBeijing, China
Southwest Research Institute®Southwest Research Institute®
Emission Testing RequiresEmission Testing Requires
•• Defined Processes to:Defined Processes to:Generate EmissionsGenerate EmissionsSample and Quantify Pollutant EmissionsSample and Quantify Pollutant Emissions
Process to Generate EmissionsProcess to Generate Emissions
Engine TestEngine Test, , Mass Pollutant/Work PerformedMass Pollutant/Work Performed•• Variety of Applications Variety of Applications –– Truck, Nonroad Equipment, etc.Truck, Nonroad Equipment, etc.•• Engine Only Engine Only –– Must SupplyMust Supply
Fuel, Air, Cooling, Load, Exhaust SystemFuel, Air, Cooling, Load, Exhaust System•• Specific Test CycleSpecific Test Cycle
-- SteadySteady--State PointsState Points-- Transient CycleTransient Cycle
TorqueMeter
Fuel Engine DynamometerLoad
Air
Process to Generate EmissionsProcess to Generate EmissionsVehicle TestVehicle Test, , Mass Pollutant/Distance TraveledMass Pollutant/Distance Traveled•• Special Purpose Special Purpose –– Cars, Buses, etc.Cars, Buses, etc.•• Integrated System Integrated System –– Natural Gas, Hybrid, etc.Natural Gas, Hybrid, etc.•• Engine Driveline, Fuel, Exhaust System, Cooling, Air Engine Driveline, Fuel, Exhaust System, Cooling, Air
HandlingHandling•• Chassis Dynamometer, Specific Inertia, Road LoadChassis Dynamometer, Specific Inertia, Road Load•• Specific Driving CycleSpecific Driving Cycle
DynamometerLoad
Fuel
Air
TorqueMeter
Engine
Process to Sample and Quantify Process to Sample and Quantify PollutantsPollutants
•• Concentration of PollutantConcentration of Pollutant•• Mass of ExhaustMass of Exhaust•• Distance or WorkDistance or Work•• SteadySteady--StateState
-- Sample Raw ExhaustSample Raw Exhaust-- Measure Air & Fuel, Fuel + COMeasure Air & Fuel, Fuel + CO22, ,
Direct MeasureDirect Measure-- Distance, km or Work, kWDistance, km or Work, kW--hrhr
SteadySteady--State Test CycleState Test CycleISO 8178 ISO 8178 –– C1 CycleC1 Cycle
Speed (%)
40 60 80 100
Load
(% a
t spe
ed)
0
25
50
75
100 15%
15%
15%
15%
10%
10%
10%
10%
Inte
rmed
iate
Spe
ed
Idle
SteadySteady--State Test CycleState Test CycleEuropean Stationary Cycle (ESC)European Stationary Cycle (ESC)
SteadySteady--State TestingState TestingFixed Flow ExhaustFixed Flow Exhaust•• Not Limited by Engine SizeNot Limited by Engine Size•• Raw Sample for Gaseous Raw Sample for Gaseous
(HC, CO, NO(HC, CO, NOxx, CO, CO22))•• Partial Sample DilutedPartial Sample Diluted
for Particulate (PM)for Particulate (PM)
D ynam om eterLoad
Fue l
A ir
T orqueM ete r
E ng ine
S am ple P M
H eated F ilte r
H C C O N O C O 2
Transient TestingTransient TestingDo Engines Operate in SteadyDo Engines Operate in Steady--State Modes?State Modes?Generally NOT!Generally NOT!•• Several Recognized Transient CyclesSeveral Recognized Transient Cycles•• Engines CyclesEngines Cycles•• Vehicle Driving CyclesVehicle Driving Cycles
The HeavyThe Heavy--Duty Transient Cycle Duty Transient Cycle for On Roadfor On Road
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
NO
RM
ALI
ZED
TO
RQ
UE,
%
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TIME, SECONDS
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
NO
RM
ALI
ZED
SPE
ED, %
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TIME, SECONDS
Engine Test SetEngine Test Set--Up for SteadyUp for Steady--State and TransientState and Transient
CVS for Emissions with Variable Flow CVS for Emissions with Variable Flow Exhaust, TransientExhaust, Transient
Filter Pack
Engine
Gas Meter
Pump
Bag Sample
Gas Analyzer
Sample Line
Heated Line
90mm PM Filters
SampleZone
Heat Exchanger
CO, CO2, HC, and NOx Background Bag Sample PM
RawExhaustPipe
CO, CO2Sample Bag
NOxAnalyzer
HCAnalyzer Positive Displacement
Pump (PDP)
DilutionAir
10 DiametersMixingOrifice
Air
TorqueMeter
DynamometerLoad
Fuel
HeavyHeavy--Duty Vehicle Chassis DynoDuty Vehicle Chassis Dyno
•• Inertia SimulationInertia Simulation•• Single and Tandem AxlesSingle and Tandem Axles•• Road Load MatchingRoad Load Matching•• Driver’s Aid for CyclesDriver’s Aid for Cycles•• Full Flow CVSFull Flow CVS•• Emission BenchEmission Bench
Transient Vehicle CyclesTransient Vehicle Cycles
HD UDDS CycleHD UDDS Cycle
ETC TransientETC TransientCycleCycle
From: dieselnet.comFrom: dieselnet.com
Diesel Emission of THCDiesel Emission of THCTHC, Total Hydrocarbon Emission THC, Total Hydrocarbon Emission
•• Heated Flame Ionization DetectorHeated Flame Ionization Detector•• HH22 + Air + Air →→ FlameFlame•• Ionization Proportional to Carbon AtomsIonization Proportional to Carbon Atoms•• Sample Transfer at 375Sample Transfer at 375°°F, 190F, 190°°CC•• Heated FilterHeated Filter•• Overflow Calibration and SpanOverflow Calibration and Span•• Equal Response to Paraffins, Olefins, AromaticsEqual Response to Paraffins, Olefins, Aromatics•• Variation in Response to HC + OVariation in Response to HC + O22 or Nor N22 AtomsAtoms•• Linear ResponseLinear Response•• WetWet
Diesel Emission of THCDiesel Emission of THC
Diesel Emission of THCDiesel Emission of THC
Diesel Emission of NODiesel Emission of NOxxChemiluminescent Analysis of Nitrogen Oxides Chemiluminescent Analysis of Nitrogen Oxides
NONOx x == NONO22 + NO + NO
NONO22 Converted to NO,Converted to NO,NO + ONO + O33 →→ NONO22* * →→ NONO22 + hy + hy
NO Nitric OxideNO Nitric OxideNO + ONO + O33 →→ NONO22* * →→ NONO22 + + hyhy
Heated Sample Line 212Heated Sample Line 212°°F, 100F, 100°°CCWet or DryWet or Dry
Diesel Emission of NODiesel Emission of NOxx
Diesel Emission of PMDiesel Emission of PMPM, Total Particulate MatterPM, Total Particulate MatterGravimetric to 1 Gravimetric to 1 µµgg90, 70, 47 mm Filter Media, Two Filters90, 70, 47 mm Filter Media, Two FiltersFluorocarbon Coated GFFluorocarbon Coated GFSample Diluted, Sample Diluted, << 125125°°F, 52F, 52°°CCLoading 20 to 1000 Loading 20 to 1000 µµggDouble Dilution Double Dilution –– HDHDSingle Dilution Single Dilution -- LDLD
Diesel Emission of PMDiesel Emission of PM
19880.600.60
NONOxx, G/HP, G/HP--HRHR
0.100.10
0.050.05
0.250.25
2.52.5 33 44 55 66
Part
icul
ate,
G/H
PPa
rtic
ulat
e,G
/HP --
HRHR
11 22
1991
199419982002
(NOx + HC)StandardsStandards
For 2007/2010For 2007/2010
The Legislative Environment The Legislative Environment -- Regulations (HD)Regulations (HD)
Typical Diesel Engine Exhaust Particle Typical Diesel Engine Exhaust Particle Size DistributionsSize Distributions
00.020.040.060.08
0.10.120.140.160.18
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000Diameter ( µm)
Nor
mal
ized
Con
cent
ratio
n,
dC/C
tota
l/dlo
gDp
Mass Weighting
Fine ParticlesDp < 2.5 µm
Ultrafine ParticlesDp < 100 nm
NanoparticlesDp < 50 nm
NucleiMode
Number Weighting
AccumulationMode
CoarseMode
PM10Dp < 10 µm
CARBON+OTHER OIL FUEL SO4
+H2
O
Particulate Matter Composition with Particulate Matter Composition with Engine Speed and LoadEngine Speed and Load
Carbon + Others Oil Fuel SO2-H2O
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Particles Emitted from DieselParticles Emitted from Diesel
Soot Particles (Elemental Carbon, 10 nm to 20 nm in diameter)
Metallic Ash Particles Formed from Lube Oil (10 nm to 20 nm)
Hydrocarbon Particles (10 nm to 30 nm after growth)
Sulfuric Acid /Hydrocarbon ( 10 nm to 30 nm after growth)
Chain Agglomerate of Soot Particles (40 nm to 500 nm)
Chain Agglomerate of Soot Particles with adsorbed/condensed layers of hydrocarbon and sulfate and Metallic ash (40 nm to 500 nm)
Particle Size, Number, and Mass Particle Size, Number, and Mass of Engine Emissionsof Engine Emissions
•• Ultrafine and Nanoparticle Ultrafine and Nanoparticle Measurement Measurement
•• StateState--ofof--thethe--Art InstrumentsArt Instruments•• SteadySteady--State and Transient State and Transient
ApplicationsApplications•• PM Sampling Protocols PM Sampling Protocols
DevelopmentDevelopment•• Interpretation of Instrument Data Interpretation of Instrument Data
and Sampling Conditionsand Sampling Conditions•• Current and 2007 PM Sampling Current and 2007 PM Sampling
ProtocolsProtocols•• CVS and MicroCVS and Micro--Dilution SystemsDilution Systems•• Experimental and Theoretical Experimental and Theoretical
Particle Deposition AnalysisParticle Deposition Analysis
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 300 600 900 1200
Time (seconds)
Eng
ine
Spe
ed (R
PM
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.0E+13
Par
ticle
Num
ber
Em
issi
oR
ate
(Par
t./se
c)
Engine Speed Particle Number
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.00E+10
1 10 100 1000Dp (nm)
DN
/DLo
g D
p (P
art./
cm³) PRT~1000 ms
PRT ~230 ms
PRT ~100 ms
ELPI
SMPS
Particle Instruments for Engine Particle Instruments for Engine EmissionsEmissions
•• Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS & nanoScanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS & nano--SMPS)SMPS)•• Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI)Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI)•• Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)•• Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS)Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS)•• Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM)Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM)•• Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)•• MicroMicro--Orifice Uniform Impactor (MOUDI & nanoOrifice Uniform Impactor (MOUDI & nano--MOUDI)MOUDI)•• Solid Particle Measurement System (SPMS)Solid Particle Measurement System (SPMS)•• ElectroElectro--Spray Particle Generator (ESPG)Spray Particle Generator (ESPG)
Large Engine TestingLarge Engine Testing
• • Large Engine use SteadyLarge Engine use Steady--State OperationState Operation• • Gaseous EmissionGaseous Emission--Raw Exhaust AnalysisRaw Exhaust Analysis• • Particulate Emission Particulate Emission –– Partial Sample Partial Sample –– DilutedDiluted
Split and Dilute . . . . .Split and Dilute . . . . .
DynamometerLoad
EngineFuel TorqueMeter
Positive DisplacementPump (PDP)
Heat Exchanger
MixingOrifice
Sample PMCO
Air
HC NO CO2
DilutionAir
Nonroad Transient CycleNonroad Transient Cycle•• Tier 4 Nonroad EnginesTier 4 Nonroad Engines
–– SteadySteady--State TestingState Testing–– NotNot--toto--Exceed TestingExceed Testing–– Transient Cycle TestingTransient Cycle Testing–– Composite CycleComposite Cycle–– Smoke LimitsSmoke Limits
Composite Nonroad Transient Duty Cycle
Process to Sample and Quantify Process to Sample and Quantify Pollutants?Pollutants?
CVS Apparatus for Sampling TransientCVS Apparatus for Sampling Transient•• Accurate But Low Dilute ConcentrationsAccurate But Low Dilute Concentrations•• Too LargeToo Large
Gaseous Emissions Gaseous Emissions –– Real TimeReal Time•• Exhaust FlowExhaust Flow•• ConcentrationConcentration
Particulate Emission Particulate Emission –– Real Time Real Time –– Partial Flow Sampling SystemPartial Flow Sampling System•• Exhaust FlowExhaust Flow•• Raw Exhaust Proportional Sample for GravimetricRaw Exhaust Proportional Sample for Gravimetric
-- SteadySteady--State State –– AcceptedAccepted-- Transient Transient –– PendingPending
Sierra BGSierra BG--3/TDAC 3/TDAC (Transient Dilution Airflow Control)(Transient Dilution Airflow Control)
Horiba PartialHoriba Partial--Flow Dilution Tunnel Flow Dilution Tunnel MDLT 1300TMDLT 1300T
AVL Smart SamplerAVL Smart Sampler
SteadySteady--State vs TransientState vs Transient
EPA has Established Goals for Portable Diesel EPA has Established Goals for Portable Diesel OnOn--Vehicle Emission MeasurementVehicle Emission MeasurementSystems/DevicesSystems/Devices
InIn--Use TestingUse Testing•• Gaseous and Particulate EmissionsGaseous and Particulate Emissions•• Truck and BusTruck and Bus•• Nonroad EnginesNonroad Engines•• LightLight--Duty Vehicles and TrucksDuty Vehicles and Trucks
InIn--Use Vehicle Emission Use Vehicle Emission MeasurementMeasurement
•• Transient CapableTransient Capable•• Quantify Exhaust Mass + NOx ConcentrationQuantify Exhaust Mass + NOx Concentration
+ HC Concentration+ HC Concentration•• ParticulateParticulate
-- Special Challenge Special Challenge –– GravimetricGravimetric-- Proportional Raw Sample CaptureProportional Raw Sample Capture-- DiluteDilute-- Accumulate on FilterAccumulate on Filter-- Weigh FilterWeigh Filter-- Special Challenge Special Challenge –– ConcentrationConcentration-- Instrument for Size and NumberInstrument for Size and Number-- Correlate to Gravimetric, Subject of CRC ECorrelate to Gravimetric, Subject of CRC E--66 Project66 Project
InIn--Use Vehicle Emission Use Vehicle Emission Measurement (Cont’d)Measurement (Cont’d)
•• Define Engine LoadDefine Engine Load-- Estimate by OnEstimate by On--Board ComputerBoard Computer-- Fuel ConsumptionFuel Consumption-- COCO22
•• System Must be RobustSystem Must be Robust•• PortablePortable•• Low Power ConsumptionLow Power Consumption•• Test CycleTest Cycle
-- “The Real World”“The Real World”-- NotNot--toto--Exceed SteadyExceed Steady--State PointsState Points
Heavy-Duty Diesel Emission RegulationsNew Test Cycles, Steady-State 13-Mode
ESC + Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%Normalized Speed
Nor
mal
ized
Tor
que/
Pow
er
%torque%power
ESC
NTE
ESC 13-MODE TEST PTESC REGION
NTE REGION
SEMTECHSEMTECH--DD
SEMTECH PMSEMTECH PM--300300
Thank You,Thank You,
Terry L. UllmanTerry L. UllmanAssistant DirectorAssistant Director(210) 522(210) 522--26542654
[email protected]@swri.org
www.oae.swri.orgwww.oae.swri.org