Diesel Technology and Black Carbon

Allen Schaeffer

Executive Director

Overview

Diesel Engines 101

Uses, diesel vs. gasoline, unique aspects of diesels

New Technology vs. old technology

Diesel Engines and the Environment

Clean Diesel System yields impressive clean air and BC benefits

Measures to reduce emissions are proven, effective and in place

Performance of clean diesel technology

Black Carbon emissions and Diesel Engines- Policy issues

Growth in light duty diesel cars and light trucks

Modernizing and Upgrading existing engines and equipment

Introduction to Diesel Engines

Compared to gasoline engines diesel…

has 10-12% more energy per gallon than gasoline

is most efficient internal combustion engine; (20-40% more fuel efficient than gasoline

Engines have no spark plugs –uses compression ignition

• Diesel has unmatched unique combination of

•power density,•performance, •fuel efficiency, •cost-effectiveness,•scalability•reliability, •fuel availability,•established nationwide fuel & maintenance infrastructure.

How important are diesel engines?

Diesels Power…

Over 94% of all goods movement (Barge, Truck, Rail);

Over 2/3 of all farm and construction equipment

Over 70% of all transit buses; over 90 percent of all school buses

100% of freight locomotives; passenger rail– Nearly all powered by diesel (except Amtrak NE corridor); 100% of marine work boats, Majority of fire and rescue equipment, larger emergency generators.

What is Clean Diesel?

Emissions

TreatmentFuels

EnginesClean Diesel System

Clean Diesel Technology

Systems Approach to Reduce Emissions

USE of CLEANER FUEL-- Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel – (California Sept 2006 – all sectors; Federal Oct 2006 – highway only; all sectors by 2010)

ENABLES ENGINES -- to produce fewer emissions and then

USE EXHAUST FILTERS AND CATALYSTS for final clean-up

Result is Near-zero Emissions and Clean Technology

99+% Cleaner than Uncontrolled Engines

Further NOx Emission Reductions in 2010 -2014

Near Zero Emissions Path for All Diesel engines

Results

Air quality impacts: diesel PM a declining part of California’s air emissions inventory

South Coast Air Basin

On-Road Motor Vehicle Exhaust PM2.5, Brake/Tire Wear PM2.5,

and Lead Emissions Inventory

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1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

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Brake and Tire WearGasoline Vehicle Lead EmissionsGasoline Vehicle Exhaust PM

Light-Duty Diesel Exhaust PMLt-Hvy and Med-Hvy-Duty Diesel Exhaust PMDiesel School and Urban Bus Exhaust PMHeavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhaust PM

Source: Sierra Research 2005)

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NOx NMHC CO

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Average Emissions Data from CARB; 2008

2000 and 2007 CA Engine Cert DataDiesel and CNG

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Clean diesel Emissions Performance: compared to Alternative Fuels

2007 Clean Diesel Technology (ACES I):Substantially lower emissions than expected

Source: HEI ACES Phase I Release June 18,2009;

www.healtheffects.org, www.crcao.org

Perspective on Clean: 60:1

BLACK CARBON POLICY ISSUES AND DIESEL

• Light duty diesel vehicles

• Existing heavy-duty engines, vehicles and equipment

Light Duty Diesel for Consumers:GHG and CAFÉ strategy

Light duty diesels: 20-40 percent more MPG than gasoline.

Clean diesel cars/pickups sales grew in 2009

diesel from 2.1% to 3.7% share of all vehicles

hybrids: 2.1% to 2.9% (Source Wards Auto; 2009 year end data)

More light duty diesel cars likely in US as new CAFÉ requirements are implemented. (ex. new diesel from Mazda, 2012)

Q: Are the CO2 savings from diesel energy efficiency outweighed by concerns about other GHGs—black carbon?

A: NO. New Generation of Clean Diesel Cars now near zero PM emissions (Tier II Bin 5,) utilize various particulate filter/catalyst combinations.

ICCT comments to NHTS/EPA on GHG Café Rule…” ICCT suggests considering diesel technology for small passenger cars and assessing their costs and benefits. “

Emission Controls Enhance Diesel Benefit

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CO2-eq g/km (GWP20)

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Euro 3/4 Diesel without DPF vs Petrol

Diesel with DPF vs Petrol

Diesel NET GHG Benefit

Source: ICCT AnalysisResults are preliminary and have not yet been reviewed by ICCT participants.

CO2-only

CO2 + Black Carbon

2%

17%

Use of Bio and Renewable diesel fuels further enhances diesel GHG performance

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ULSD B5 B10 B20Source: California Energy Commission, June 2007

CA Well-To-Wheel GHG per Mile: 4 Cylinder Diesel Midsize Car

Biodiesel

Renewable

Diesel

Modernizing and Upgrading: Retrofit

Q: There are an estimated 20 million heavy-duty on and off-road diesel engines and equipment engines in use. Can emissions of particulate matter be reduced?

A: YES; many (but not all) can by one or more of the following:

Retrofit: Apply emissions control technology (filters, catalysts)

Repower: Replace engine with newer model

Replace: Replace entire machine/engine

Refuel: Use cleaner fuels (alone/in conjunction with)

Rebuild: Rebuild engines to original or improved specs

Examples of Retrofit Technology:

Oxidation catalyst

Catalyzed

Regenerative Trap

Cut-Away CRT Image Courtesy of Johnson Matthey

Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA)

Voluntary incentive based program established under EPACT; Senators Voinovich, Carper, Clinton, Inhofe, Feinstein; strong bipartisan support -- passed 92 to 1

Authorizes $200M/year for diesel retrofits

ARRA pumped $300M into program

First year report to Congress:

$49.2 M awarded, resulted in 119 grants, 14,000 engines, will result in 46,000 tons of NOx reduction; 2,200 tons of PM2.5;

PM related benefits = $580M to $1.4B annually

Cost benefit ratio $13-$20 environmental and health benefits for every $1 invested

Popular program with $2Billion in viable projects, w/matching funds left on the table

Save the date!: Briefing on DERA May 14, 2010 at 10:00 am Senate EPW hearing room

Summary

Today US accounts for 6 percent of all global BC emissions; by 2020 only 2 percent.

New generation of US clean diesel technology has near zero emissions of fine particles. (majority of new engines by 2014).

Clean diesel technologies are robust and proving emissions benefits even beyond what was expected.

Cleaner fuel essential to upgrading of low emissions diesel engines and the use of any emissions control technology (especially for PM).

Increased use of light duty diesel cars is a net positive 17 % over gasoline for reducing energy consumption and lowering GHG emissions. Use of biofuels and particularly renewable diesel fuels could further reduce GHG emissions.

Members of the Diesel Technology Forum: BASF, BMW, BP, BOSCH, BorgWarner, Caterpillar Inc., Corning, Cummins Inc. ,Deere & Company, Detroit Diesel, Delphi Diesel Systems, Donaldson Co., Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Johnson Matthey, MTU Detroit Diesel, Navistar, Tenneco, Umicore Autocat, Volvo/Mack Powertrain, Volkswagen of America , Association of Diesel Specialists, Western States Petroleum Association.

Celebrating 10 years as the leading advocate for clean diesel power.

Allen Schaeffer

Executive Director

aschaeffer@dieselforum.org

301-668-7230

Thank you