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Page 1: DIGITAL HEALTH: CONCEPTUALISED AND DELIVERED
Page 2: DIGITAL HEALTH: CONCEPTUALISED AND DELIVERED
Page 3: DIGITAL HEALTH: CONCEPTUALISED AND DELIVERED

DIGITAL HEALTH:

CHANGING THE WAY HEALTHCARE IS

CONCEPTUALISED AND DELIVERED

Page 4: DIGITAL HEALTH: CONCEPTUALISED AND DELIVERED

Studies in Health Technology and

Informatics

International health informatics is driven by developments in biomedical technologies and

medical informatics research that are advancing in parallel and form one integrated world of

information and communication media and result in massive amounts of health data. These

components include genomics and precision medicine, machine learning, translational

informatics, intelligent systems for clinicians and patients, mobile health applications, data-

driven telecommunication and rehabilitative technology, sensors, intelligent home technology,

EHR and patient-controlled data, and Internet of Things.

Studies in Health Technology and Informatics (HTI) series was started in 1990 in

collaboration with EU programmes that preceded the Horizon 2020 to promote biomedical and

health informatics research. It has developed into a highly visible global platform for the

dissemination of original research in this field, containing more than 250 volumes of high-quality

works from all over the world.

The international Editorial Board selects publications with relevance and quality for the

field. All contributions to the volumes in the series are peer reviewed.

The HTI series is indexed by MEDLINE/PubMed; Web of Science: Conference

Proceedings Citation Index – Science (CPCI-S) and Book Citation Index – Science (BKCI-S);

Google Scholar; Scopus; EMCare.

Series Editors:

B. Blobel, O. Bodenreider, E. Borycki, M. Braunstein, C. Bühler, J.P. Christensen, R. Cooper,

R. Cornet, J. Dewen, O. Le Dour, P.C. Dykes, A. Famili, M. González-Sancho, E.J.S. Hovenga,

J.W. Jutai, Z. Kolitsi, C.U. Lehmann, J. Mantas, V. Maojo, A. Moen, J.F.M. Molenbroek,

G. de Moor, M.A. Musen, P.F. Niederer, C. Nøhr, A. Pedotti, N. Peek, O. Rienhoff, G. Riva,

W. Rouse, K. Saranto, M.J. Scherer, S. Schürer, E.R. Siegel, C. Safran, N. Sarkar,

T. Solomonides, E. Tam, J. Tenenbaum, B. Wiederhold, P. Wilson and L.H.W. van der Woude

Volume 266

Recently published in this series

Vol. 265 R. Marcilly, C.E. Kuziemsky, C. Nøhr and S. Pelayo (Eds.), Context Sensitive Health

Informatics: Sustainability in Dynamic Ecosystems

Vol. 264 L. Ohno-Machado and B. Séroussi (Eds.), MEDINFO 2019: Health and Wellbeing

e-Networks for All – Proceedings of the 17th World Congress on Medical and Health

Informatics

Vol. 263 P. Scott, N. de Keizer and A. Georgiou (Eds.), Applied Interdisciplinary Theory in

Health Informatics – A Knowledge Base for Practitioners

Vol. 262 J. Mantas, A. Hasman, P. Gallos, A. Kolokathi, M.S. Househ and J. Liaskos (Eds.),

Health Informatics Vision: From Data via Information to Knowledge

ISSN 0926-9630 (print)

ISSN 1879-8365 (online)

Page 5: DIGITAL HEALTH: CONCEPTUALISED AND DELIVERED

Digital Health:

Changing the Way Healthcare is

Conceptualised and Delivered

Selected Papers from the 27th Australian National Health

Informatics Conference (HIC 2019)

Edited by

Elizabeth Cummings

University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

Mark Merolli

University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

and

Louise K. Schaper

Health Informatics Society of Australia, Melbourne, Australia

Amsterdam • Berlin • Washington, DC

Page 6: DIGITAL HEALTH: CONCEPTUALISED AND DELIVERED

© 2019 The authors and IOS Press.

This book is published online with Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative

Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0).

ISBN 978-1-64368-006-4 (print)

ISBN 978-1-64368-007-1 (online)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019947453

doi: 10.3233/SHTI266

Publisher

IOS Press BV

Nieuwe Hemweg 6B

1013 BG Amsterdam

Netherlands

fax: +31 20 687 0019

e-mail: [email protected]

For book sales in the USA and Canada:

IOS Press, Inc.

6751 Tepper Drive

Clifton, VA 20124

USA

Tel.: +1 703 830 6300

Fax: +1 703 830 2300

[email protected]

LEGAL NOTICE

The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.

PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

Page 7: DIGITAL HEALTH: CONCEPTUALISED AND DELIVERED

Preface

The digital journey of healthcare, has resulted in many changes in the way healthcare is

conceived and delivered in Australia and internationally. With this comes challenges, but

equally significant opportunities to continue to shape healthcare. Strategic planning in

health informatics for the introduction and management of systems and innovations, their

evaluation, along with the essential furthering education of healthcare practitioners, is

essential at micro, meso and macro levels. Within Australian digital health and informat-

ics practice, the current directional driver is Australia’s National Digital Health Strategy

to be achieved by 2022. The annual Australian national Health Informatics Conference

(HIC), Australia’s premier health informatics event, is a key avenue for developing, pro-

moting and maintaining key partnerships. The conference, organised by the Health In-

formatics Society of Australia (HISA), with the support of the Australasian College of

Health Informatics (ACHI), provides the ideal professional and social environment for

clinicians, researchers, health IT professionals, industry and consumers to integrate, col-

laborate, educate and share their knowledge to drive innovative thinking, to enhance ser-

vices, improve data-driven decision making, and allow greater consumer involvement.

This year we have focussed on the following ten key themes that underpin a fully

digital healthcare sector: Analytics and the Learning Health System; Clinical Informat-

ics; Digital Health Workforce Development; Health Policy, Ethics and Business Models;

Informatics in Health Professional Education; Innovations, Informaticians and Digital

Health Entrepreneurship; Integrated and Connected Care; Interoperability and Informat-

ics Infrastructure; Participatory Medicine and Consumer Informatics; and System Imple-

mentations and Digital Hospitals.

The papers in this volume reflect these themes, highlighting the cutting-edge re-

search evidence, technology updates, and innovations that are supporting the digital

transformation of the healthcare sector. The papers are indicative of the wide spectrum

of work encompassing major theoretical concepts, examples of key applications of new

technologies and important new developments in the field of health informatics. They

emphasise the central role that digital health plays in our current and future healthcare

organisations..wherever they be.

This year’s program maintains the high-standard of papers for which the conference

is well-known. All papers were double blind-peer reviewed by three experts in the field

of health informatics. These volunteer reviewers are prominent academics, digital health,

and industry specialists. The contribution of ACHI in supporting this review process is

gratefully acknowledged. Similar contributions made by many senior and experienced

members of HISA are also acknowledged. Forty papers underwent the initial review and

feedback process. Resubmitted papers were then validated by the Scientific Program

Committee to ensure that reviewers’ recommendations were appropriately addressed, or

rebutted. In total 29 papers were selected for inclusion in this volume. We congratulate

all the authors on their contribution and commend them to you, the reader.

Elizabeth Cummings

Mark Merolli

Louise K. Schaper

v

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Acknowledgements

The Editors wish to thank the following people for their efforts in reviewing the papers

submitted for HIC 2019.

Dr Sarah Ahmed, Primary Health Tasmania

Elina Amatya, eHealth NSW

Lorraine Anderson, ACT Health

Amy Barnett, Metro South HHS

A/Prof Melissa Baysari, University of Sydney

Dr Marc Belej, Allscripts

Vicki Bennett, Australian Institute of Health & Welfare

Dr Peter Bentley, Australian Red Cross Blood Service

Brooke Berry, Pathology Queensland

Dr Jen Bichel-Findlay, University of Technology Sydney

Heidi Bjering, Western Sydney University

Karen Blake, Healthalliance

Dr Derek Buchanan, HINZ

Ian Bull, ACT Health

David Bunker, Queensland Genomics

A/Prof Kerryn Butler-Henderson, University of Tasmania

April Chan, Queensland Health

Dr Hwee Sin Chong, Darling Downs Hospital And Health Service

Paul Clarke, JamPac

Matt Cordell, Australian Digital Health Agency

Dr Alison Craswell, University of The Sunshine Coast

A/Prof Elizabeth Cummings, University of Tasmania

Dr Maria Dahm, Australian Institute of Health Innovation

Herbert Down, Australian Commission on Safety & Quality In Health Care

Dr Andreas Duenser, CSIRO

Brian Dunstan, Telstra Health – Communicare

Dr Sisira Edirippulige, The University of Queensland

Lynne Everett, Nganampa Health Council

Christine Fan, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network

Dr Timothy Fazio, Melbourne Health

Dr Craig Ferguson, The Prince Charles Hospital

Dr Juanita Fernando, Monash University

Dr Isobel Frean, Bupa ANZ

Dr Valerie Gay, University of Technology Sydney

Prof Andrew Georgiou, Macquarie University

Mina Georgy, eHealth NSW

Dr Birinder Giddey, Western Health

Shou Goh, Bendigo Health

Dr Kathleen Gray, University of Melbourne

Dr Sharon Hakkennes, Barwon Health

vii

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Dr Terry Hannan, Aihi

Dr David Hansen, AEHRC, CSIRO

Andrew Hargreaves, eHealth NSW

Narelle Haucke, Mackay Hospital And Health Service

Lis Herbert, Elsevier

Rebecca Hermon, Flinders University

Aidan Hobbs, CheckUP

Dr Inga Hunter, Massey University

Dr Inga Hunter, Massey University

Carolyn James, DXC Technology

Stephen Kalyniuk, The Information Group Pty Ltd

Dr Sankalp Khanna, CSIRO

Edmund Kienast, Australian Digital Health Agency

Dr Martin Knapp, University of Tasmania

A/Prof Carl Kuschel, Royal Women’s Hospital

Prof Michael Legg, Michael Legg & Associates

Dr Lawrence Lim, Telethon Kids Institute

Dr Lawrence Lim, Telethon Kids Institute

Asst Prof Nan Liu, Duke-NUS Medical School

Prof Anthony Maeder, Flinders University

Dr Carey Mather, University of Tasmania

Dr Jillian Milne, Wesley Medical Research

Natalie Page, Metro North IT

Dr Patrick Pang, University of Melbourne

Travis Pearson, Metro North HHS, Royal Brisbane And Women’s Hospital

Vadim Peretokin, Firely

Lisa Pomery, Queensland Heatlh

Mark Rainford, Navilluso Medical Ltd

Keeley Reade, Telstra Health

Angela Ryan, Australian Digital Health Agency

Dr Geoffrey Sayer, Clanwilliam Group ANZ

Rhian Sketcher, MKM Health (An Alcidion Group Company)

Valerie Thiessen, MKM Health – Best Patient Outcomes

Dr Deborah van Gaans, The University of Adelaide

A/Prof Klaus Veil, Australian Council of Professions

Dr Deborah Verran, SLHD

Helene Walton, Alphazeta Group

Prof Jim Warren, University of Auckland

Dr Andrew Westcombe, Australian Digital Health Agency

Peter Williams, Oracle

Prof Trish Williams, Oracle

Leanna Woods, University of Tasmania

Mengyang Yin, Catholic Healthcare Ltd.

Dr Xiaojun Zhang, Chinese Academy of Science

viii

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Contents

Preface v

Elizabeth Cummings, Mark Merolli and Louise K. Schaper

Acknowledgements vi

Early Identification of Undesirable Outcomes for Transport Accident Injured

Patients Using Semi-Supervised Clustering 1

Hadi A. Khorshidi, Gholamreza Haffari, Uwe Aickelin

and Behrooz Hassani-Mahmooei

Privacy in Aged Care Monitoring Devices (ACMD): The Developers’ Perspective 7

Sami Alkhatib, Jenny Waycott and George Buchanan

Empowerment, Digital Literacy and Shared Digital Health Records: The Value

of ‘nothing about me without me’ 13

H. Almond, E. Cummings and P. Turner

Predicting Patients at Risk of 30-Day Unplanned Hospital Readmission 20

Mirza Baig, Ning Hua, Edmond Zhang, Reece Robinson, Delwyn Armstrong,

Robyn Whittaker, Tom Robinson, Farhaan Mirza and Ehsan Ullah

The Care Informatics and Technologies Project – Enhancing Capability, Motivation

and Opportunities in Digital Health Among Health Professionals and Students 25

Alline M Beleigoli, Anthony Maeder, Didy Button, Belinda Lange

and Jennifer Tiemann

Validation of Anthropometric Measures Self-Reported in a Randomized Controlled

Trial of a Web-Based Platform for Weight Loss 30

A. Beleigoli, A. Andrade, M. Diniz, R. Alvares, M. Ferreira, L. Silva,

M. Rodrigues, L. Jacomassi, A. Cerqueira and A. Ribeiro

Understanding the Barriers to Genomic Healthcare in Queensland Through

an Information Management Lens 37

Dana Kai Bradford, John Pearson, Dom Gorse, Alejandro Metke,

Hugo Leroux, Kathy Dallest, David Bunker and David Hansen

Exploring the Health Informatics Occupational Group in the 2018 Australian

Health Information Workforce Census 44

Kerryn Butler-Henderson, Kathleen Gray, Christopher Pearce, Ann Ritchie,

Julie Brophy, Louise K. Schaper, Vicki Bennett and Angela Ryan

Wearable Technology to Support Early Child Language Experiences:

What’s Important to Parents and Clinicians? 51

Dawn Choo, Shani Dettman, Richard Dowell and Robert Cowan

Assessment of Manual Dexterity in VR: Towards a Fully Automated Version

of the Box and Blocks Test 57

Edwin Daniel Oña, Jaime A. García, William Raffe, Alberto Jardón

and Carlos Balaguer

ix

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A Virtual Reality Game-Like Tool for Assessing the Risk of Falling in the Elderly 63

Jaime A. Garcia

Using Asynchronous Exergames to Encourage an Active Ageing Lifestyle:

Solitaire Fitness Study Protocol 70

Valerie C. Gay, Jaime A. Garcia and Tuck W. Leong

SRA Down Under: Cache and Analysis Platform for Infectious Disease 76

Thom Cuddihy, Brian Forde, Nicholas Rhodes, David Paterson,

Dominique Gorse, Scott Beatson and Patrick Harris

Clinical Safety Incident Taxonomy Performance on C4.5 Decision Tree

and Random Forest 83

Jaiprakash Gupta, Jon Patrick and Simon Poon

Pain ROADMAP: A Mobile Platform to Support Activity Pacing for Chronic Pain 89

David Ireland and Nicole Andrews

Factors Influencing Implementation of an Electronic Medical Record in a Tertiary

Cancer Centre 95

Anna Janssen, Candice Donnelly, Elisabeth Elder, Nirmala Pathmanathan

and Tim Shaw

Mind the Gap: Information Sharing Between Health, Mental Health and

Social Care Services 101

Timothy Kariotis, Megan Prictor, Kathleen Gray and Shanton Chang

The Impact of Information Systems Use on Work Tasks and Work Practices

in an Emergency Department 108

Atlarelang Basetsana Kesiilwe, Reeva Lederman, Suelette Dreyfus,

Sherah Kurnia and Jonathan Knott

Promoting Participatory Health: Connecting Nurses and Consumers at Point

of Care to Enhance Safety and Quality in Australia 115

Carey Mather and Elizabeth Cummings

A SMART on FHIR Prototype for Genomic Test Ordering 121

Alejandro Metke-Jimenez, Karen Harrap, David Conlan, Simon Gibson,

John Pearson and David Hansen

Health Smart Homes: User Perspectives 127

Swetha Nagapuri, Anthony J. Maeder and Patricia A. H. Williams

Can Wikipedia Be Used to Derive an Open Clinical Terminology? 136

Duy Hoa Ngo, Donna Truran, Madonna Kemp, Michael Lawley

and Alejandro Metke-Jimenez

The Twitter Adventure of #MyHealthRecord: An Analysis of Different User Groups

During the Opt-Out Period 142

Patrick Cheong-Iao Pang and Shanton Chang

Running Genomic Analyses in the Cloud 149

Conrad Leonard, Scott Wood, Oliver Holmes, Nic Waddell,

Dominique Gorse, David P. Hansen and John V. Pearson

x

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Do Digital Health Interventions Improve Mental Health Literacy or Help-seeking

Among Parents of Children Aged 2–12 Years? A Scoping Review 156

Daniel Peyton, Harriet Hiscock and Emma Sciberras

The MyHealthRecord System Impacts on Patient Workflow in General Practices 162

Urooj Raza Khan, Tanveer A. Zia, Chris Pearce and Kaushalya Perera

Towards Intelligent, Multidimensional Context-Aware Personalised Healthcare

and Wellness Support Services 168

Hamza Sellak and Marthie Grobler

Barriers to Telehealth Uptake in Rural, Regional, Remote Australia: What Can Be

Done to Expand Telehealth Access in Remote Areas? 174

Marianne St Clair and David Murtagh

Co-Design of a Mobile Health App for Heart Failure: Perspectives from the Team 183

Leanna Woods, Erin Roehrer, Jed Duff, Kim Walker

and Elizabeth Cummings

Subject Index 189

Author Index 191

xi

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Mind the Gap: Information Sharing

Between Health, Mental Health and Social

Care Services

Timothy KARIOTIS a,1

, Megan PRICTORb

, Kathleen GRAYc

and Shanton CHANGa

a

School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne,

Victoria, Australia

b

Melbourne Law School, The University of Melbourne

c

Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne

Abstract. Information sharing is key to integrated, collaborative, and continuous

care. People with a lived experience of mental illness may access several services

across the health, mental health and social care sectors, which creates challenges for

information sharing. The health informatics community has traditionally not

prioritised social care informatics. However, with the growing role of social care in

the lives of people with complex health conditions, now is the time when we must

consider the articulation between health informatics and social care informatics in

Australia. This paper reports the results of a qualitative study to understand the

current context of information sharing between health, mental health and social care

services. Interviews and focus groups with nine clinicians, caseworkers and support

workers were undertaken. Thematic analysis supported the development of several

themes. These include the growing role of social care services, the importance of

trust and the challenge created by the complexity of conditions people can present

with when accessing social care services. To ensure the growing range of social care

services do not get left behind with the increasing digitisation of the Australian

health system, the health informatics community should prioritise the inclusion of

social care informatics in its scope of practice.

Keywords. Mental Health, Social Care, Health Informatics, Social Care

Informatics

Introduction

Since the deinstitutionalisation of mental health care, there has been a growing range of

services in the community targeted at providing recovery orientated support to people

living with mental illness [1,2]. In addition, there are a number of services, such as

housing and homelessness services, employment services, and welfare services that may

play a key role in a person’s health [3]. In this paper, we differentiate between health

services (e.g. physical and mental health services) and social care services (e.g. disability

support and homelessness services). People with a lived experience of complex mental

illness may access a wide range of health and social care services [1]. It is well recognised

1

Corresponding Author: School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne,

Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia; E-mail: [email protected]

Digital Health: Changing the Way Healthcare is Conceptualised and DeliveredE. Cummings et al. (Eds.)© 2019 The authors and IOS Press.This article is published online with Open Access by IOS Press and distributed under the termsof the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0).doi:10.3233/SHTI190780

101

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in Australia that the mental health system is highly fragmented, with one key issue being

a poor level of information sharing between physical health and mental health services

[4]. What is less well understood is how information sharing occurs between health

services that provide treatment, and the large range of social care services that provide

support in the community.

1. Mental Health Services in Australia

Australia’s mental health system is complex and fragmented [5,6]. The Australian

Institute of Health and Welfare [3] describes the mental health system as containing three

spheres, as outlined in Table 1. There is limited evidence on the relationship between

health services and social care services in Australia. However, 2002 [6] and 2014 [3]

reports into mental health services provided anecdotal evidence of a lack of linkages

between health and social care services, resulting in sub-optimal use of resources and

poor experiences of care.

Table 1. Mental Health Services in Australia [3]

Type of Service Examples

Medicare subsidies services

General Practitioners

Psychiatrists

Psychologists + allied health

Specialised Mental Health Care Settings

Public and private hospitals

Community mental health care

Support Services Disability support services

Homelessness support services

Community mental health programs

In the field of health informatics, it is well established that there is a gap in the knowledge

base regarding social care services [7,8]. However, with the increasing role that social

care services play in the lives of people with complex conditions, and the move towards

more integrated services [1], it could make sense for the well-established health

informatics community to consider integrating social care informatics into its scope of

practice.

2. Research Aims

This research aims to explore information sharing between health and social care services

in Australia, specifically in the provision of care to people with a lived experience of

mental illness, and to establish the key issues that will need to be considered when trying

to improve information sharing between them. The key research question being answered

is: how does information sharing currently occur between health and social care services

in Australia? The answer may inform the Australian health informatics community of

directions for future research and practice.

T. Kariotis et al. / Mind the Gap102

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3. Method

Nine participants from across health and social care were recruited (Table 2). Participants

were recruited through contacting services identified through government and service

provider websites, and advertisements shared through key bodies (e.g. Primary Health

Networks). All participants were interviewed either individually or in a focus group.

Interviews were semi-structured based around themes of collaboration, information

shared and needed, barriers and enablers, and privacy and consent. These themes have

been developed by the first author in previous research [9]. All interviews were recorded,

transcribed and thematically analysed by the first author within NVivo ver. 12 (QSR

International, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia). The Braun and Clarke [10] thematic

analysis method was used, which consists of six steps including familiarisation with data,

initial code generation, searching for themes, reviewing themes, naming themes and

reporting themes. Human research ethics approval was obtained from the University of

Melbourne.

Table 2. Participant details

4. Results

Four main themes were developed during the thematic analysis; these are outlined in

Table 3, with example quotes. Each theme is discussed in more detail below.

Table 3. Themes and example quotes

Theme Quote Example

a. Changing

Landscape of

Care

“…I've sent through a request for information with consent, the legal team from the

hospital has rung me and asked me what type of research I'm doing, and they

refused to give it to me…I think they saw that it wasn't health….” P3

b. Trust &

Relationships

“…if they’re in the inpatient psych I would assess that the doctors are acting in

their best interest and will try and cooperate with planning, giving information that

would help plan a discharge...” P1

c. Complexity “I sat down with her and showed her the form, and she was like 'why are all these

things on here I don't remember doing this' and I was just like, you just did it

yesterday, but she's on drugs and mental health and…she hadn't even really

remembered that she'd done this form” P2

d. Type of

Information

“…we will use GPs…to support…housing applications…you need to do a bit of

coaching. I would actually dot point what we need in a letter...” P4

Participant

Number

Participant Type (Clinical/non-Clinical) State

P1 Social Care (housing) VIC

P2 Health + social care (homelessness) WA

P3 Social Care (disability support) NSW

P4 Social Care (disability support) VIC

P5 Social Care (homelessness) WA

P6 Health (mental health) VIC

P7 Health (primary health care) TAS

P8 Health (primary health care) TAS

P9 Health (mental health) VIC

T. Kariotis et al. / Mind the Gap 103

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“it's a pejorative description and say there are issues around the misinterpretation of

something if it's read by a non-clinical person” P8

4.1. Changing Landscape of Care

The shift towards a greater role for social care services poses a challenge for 'traditional'

health services in understanding the role of these services, and their information needs.

Three of the four social care participants raised this theme in their interviews. This issue

appeared especially pertinent for community managed organisations, many of which

have names which do not always reflect the services they provide. Participants who were

working in social care services tended to be clinicians, but they expressed that they were

treated differently by health services when they sought information as a social care

service, compared to if they were working in a health service. The concept of power is a

meta-theme that crosses all themes, in that the medical model appears to take precedence

over the recovery model that underpins support services.

“There's definitely a hierarchy in place that they'll use the medical

model…above all else.” P5

4.2. Trust and Relationships

Trust and interpersonal relationships are a major component of information sharing and

were raised by eight of the participants. Service providers were more likely to share

information with people in other services they knew. However, participants outlined that

many services in the social care sector are under-resourced and have high turn-over of

staff, which can impact the building of trusting relationships.

“…it comes down to who to trust, doesn’t it? Trust…a mutual appreciation

of each other's roles and to what extent can you share information.” P6

4.3. Complexity

Social care services, such as homelessness services, tend to operate as open doors

services, meaning people in a crisis with complex needs can walk in rather than needing

an appointment or referral. These situations pose challenges for services to access

information about people. The challenges are exacerbated because social care services

tend to be excluded from the information sharing processes in health care, such as

treatment plans. This issue was raised by two social care participants who work in high-

profile services which people know they can access in a crisis. However, this issue was

also acknowledged by three of the health service participants. There also appears to be a

number of people within the social care sector, who may have no way to share

information with the health sector, as the quote below outlines.

“So…the community driver might be worried about something, they don't

necessarily have a way of feeding that back when they're worried.” P8

4.4. Type of Information

The information collected and needed in health services may be different from the

information collected and needed in social care services. This theme emerged from

T. Kariotis et al. / Mind the Gap104

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discussions with all participants about their information needs. However, though the

information collected on a day-to-day basis is different, there appears to be a shared need

for information related to risk management, early warning signs and medication

management.

“…there's information that could be shared…it might be helpful for a

housing organisation to know…when the early warning signs are…so there's an

opportunity for people to intervene early...” P6

5. Discussion and Conclusion

The results from this study point to a trust and understanding gap between health and

social care services. These gaps have an impact on information sharing between services,

which may impact the quality and experience of care [1]. These findings are reflective

of evidence that collaboration and information sharing tend to be underpinned by

established relationships between clinicians [11,12]. There have been efforts in Australia

to improve relationships between different parts of the health system, one example being

the Mental Health Professional Networks, which linked physical health and mental

health clinicians [13]. These types of programs could also include opportunities for

different service providers to develop a shared understanding of each other’s information

needs [8].

In addition to issues regarding trust and relationships, there are also issues around

the type of information and culture towards information in health compared to social care

services. Many support services do not provide health services or treatments, but rather

recovery-orientated supports [14]. Information collected in a support service may relate

more to the social, rather than the biomedical aspects of a person’s life. However, it

appears all services need information related to risk management, early warning signs,

and medication management. With the digitisation of the health system, it will be critical

to address how social care services will articulate with information sharing processes

such as shared health summaries in My Health Record. Part of this understanding will

involve mapping out the shared information needs and identifying ontologies and

standards that can cross both health and social care services [8].

Health services in Australia, to some extent, have implemented information

technology to improve information collection and sharing [15]. However, this does not

extend to all health services, for example, allied health [16]. When it comes to the social

care sector, it appears that though many have implemented information technology, it

does not always meet the needs of staff [17]. A 2013 survey of community services found

that the main area in which they needed support was information technology [18].

Technology is also one of several issues identified by Whiteford et al. [19] in a systematic

qualitative review, as a barrier to system-level intersectoral linkages.

The findings of this study as they relate to the Australian context are limited by the

breadth of jurisdictions, and types of service providers included. The findings do provide

a unique insight into the growing role of social care services and should pave the way

for future research into how information sharing could be facilitated to support the care

of those with complex needs.

In light of the growing role of the social care sector in the provision of care to those

with complex conditions, health informatics in Australia should consider its role in

contributing to the development of an Australian social care informatics movement. The

T. Kariotis et al. / Mind the Gap 105

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findings from this study outline several key themes that health informaticians looking to

further this cause should consider in developing a way forward to improve information

sharing across the broad range of services people access.

References

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Minerva Access is the Institutional Repository of The University of Melbourne

Author/s:

Kariotis, T; Prictor, M; Gray, K; Chang, S

Title:

Mind the Gap: Information Sharing Between Health, Mental Health and Social Care Services

Date:

2019

Citation:

Kariotis, T., Prictor, M., Gray, K. & Chang, S. (2019). Mind the Gap: Information Sharing

Between Health, Mental Health and Social Care Services. Cummings, E (Ed.). Merolli, M

(Ed.). Schaper, L (Ed.). Digital Health: Changing the Way Healthcare is Conceptualised and

Delivered, (1), 266, pp.101-107. IOS Press.

Persistent Link:

http://hdl.handle.net/11343/227749

File Description:

Published version