Digitizing, Georeferencing and Publishing on Web of theDigitizing, Georeferencing and Publishing on Web of the ”Charta României Meridionale””Charta României Meridionale”

BARTOS-ELEKES ZsomborBARTOS-ELEKES Zsombor(Babeş–Bolyai Univ. – Dept. of Geography in Hungarian, Cluj, RO)(Babeş–Bolyai Univ. – Dept. of Geography in Hungarian, Cluj, RO)

IMECS ZoltánIMECS Zoltán(Babeş–Bolyai Univ. – Dept. of Geography in Hungarian, Cluj, RO)(Babeş–Bolyai Univ. – Dept. of Geography in Hungarian, Cluj, RO)

MAGYARI-SÁSKA ZsoltMAGYARI-SÁSKA Zsolt(Babeş–Bolyai Univ. – Dept. of Geography for Extensions, Gheorgheni, RO)(Babeş–Bolyai Univ. – Dept. of Geography for Extensions, Gheorgheni, RO)

TIMÁR GáborTIMÁR Gábor(Eötvös University – Dept. of Geophysics and Space Science, Budapest, HU)(Eötvös University – Dept. of Geophysics and Space Science, Budapest, HU)

UEFISCDI / Babeş–Bolyai UniversityUEFISCDI / Babeş–Bolyai UniversityPN-II-RU-TE-2011-3-0125PN-II-RU-TE-2011-3-0125

2011–20142011–2014

Introduction: materials, Introduction: materials, methodsmethods

Szathmári: Charta României Meridionale (1864)Szathmári: Charta României Meridionale (1864)– based on the Austrian topographic survey and based on the Austrian topographic survey and

map series from 1855–1859map series from 1855–1859– lithographed by lithographed by Szathmári Pap Károly Szathmári Pap Károly = = Carol Pop Carol Pop

de Satmaride Satmari between 1860–1864 between 1860–1864– Map of Southern Romania (1864): the first detailed Map of Southern Romania (1864): the first detailed

topographic map of Walachiatopographic map of Walachia

the the purposepurpose of our project of our project::– describing the circumstances of the survey and describing the circumstances of the survey and

map-makingmap-making– calculating the datum and projectioncalculating the datum and projection– finding and digitizing the copiesfinding and digitizing the copies– georeferencing georeferencing and and publishing on webpublishing on web

Historical Historical background, background, topographictopographical al precedentsprecedents WalachiaWalachia

– vassal state of vassal state of the Ottoman the Ottoman EmpireEmpire

– occupied occupied sometimes by sometimes by the Habsburg the Habsburg Empire or Empire or Russian EmpireRussian Empire

First Austrian First Austrian Military SurveyMilitary Survey

– Specht 1788–Specht 1788–17921792

The circumstances of the The circumstances of the beginning of the surveybeginning of the survey

18531853–1856–1856 Crimean WarCrimean War– Russia occupieRussia occupiedd

Moldavia and Walachia Moldavia and Walachia (which were under (which were under Ottoman Ottoman controlcontrol))

– TurkeyTurkey declare declaredd war war to to RussiaRussia

– AustriaAustria occupie occupiedd WalachiaWalachia as a as a peacekeeping force peacekeeping force (August 1854 – March (August 1854 – March 1857)1857)

– Russia Russia waswas defeated defeated, , Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

Contract on surveyContract on survey– April 1855: Austria April 1855: Austria

offered the survey to offered the survey to WalachiaWalachia

– Barbu Stirbey (Barbu Stirbey (Prince of Prince of WalachiaWalachia) agreed to it) agreed to it

– Walachia had to pay Walachia had to pay moneymoney to Austria and to Austria and would get a copy of the would get a copy of the map made by the map made by the Austrians Austrians

The surveyThe surveying organization ing organization (1)(1) MilitärgeogrMilitärgeograaphisches phisches

InstitutInstitut ( (Austrian Austrian Institute of Military Institute of Military GeographyGeography))

Second Military SurveySecond Military Survey– Director:Director: August von August von

FligelyFligely (1811–1879) (1811–1879)– Geodesy: Geodesy: Eduard Eduard

Pechmann von Maahsen, Pechmann von Maahsen, Iacob Marieni.Iacob Marieni.

– helped by Romanian helped by Romanian officers: C-tin Barozziofficers: C-tin Barozzi

War Archives of the War Archives of the Austrian State ArchiveAustrian State Archive (ÖStA-(ÖStA-KriegsarchivKriegsarchiv)), , ViennaVienna

The surveyThe surveying organization (2)ing organization (2) leaders of workleaders of work

The territory and the period of the The territory and the period of the surveysurvey

Walachia and parts of DobrogeaWalachia and parts of Dobrogea April 1855– September 1859April 1855– September 1859

The geodetic basis (1)The geodetic basis (1) Fundamental point (astronomical observatory): Movila DavidFundamental point (astronomical observatory): Movila David Azimuth fixed to Movila PăuneiAzimuth fixed to Movila Păunei BaselineBaseline Ellipsoid: Walbeck 1821 (Zach–Oriani)Ellipsoid: Walbeck 1821 (Zach–Oriani) Prime meridian: Ferro.Prime meridian: Ferro.

The geodetic basis (2)The geodetic basis (2) Triangulation network between Black Sea and TransylvaniaTriangulation network between Black Sea and Transylvania

Projection, scale, map Projection, scale, map sheetssheets

PProjection:rojection:– Cassini-SoldnerCassini-Soldner– ccentral point:entral point: Vizaknai-hegy (Dealul Sibiului)Vizaknai-hegy (Dealul Sibiului)

in Transylvaniain Transylvania SScale:cale:

– 1: 571: 57,,600600– 1 inch on the map 1 inch on the map == 800 fathoms on terrain 800 fathoms on terrain

Map Map sheet:sheet:– 16 inch x 24 inch16 inch x 24 inch (map) (map)– 1212,,800 fathom x 19800 fathom x 19,,200 fathom200 fathom (terrain) (terrain)

The Austrian series 1: 57,600 The Austrian series 1: 57,600 (1)(1)

112 sheets112 sheets

The Austrian series 1: 57,600 The Austrian series 1: 57,600 (2)(2)

manuscript map (1 or 2 copy) compiled in Viennamanuscript map (1 or 2 copy) compiled in Vienna

SzathmáriSzathmári’s’s series 1: 57 600 series 1: 57 600 (1)(1) Szathmári Pap Károly = Carol Pop de SatmariSzathmári Pap Károly = Carol Pop de Satmari

– birth: Kolozsvár/Cluj (Transylvania), 1812birth: Kolozsvár/Cluj (Transylvania), 1812– invited to Walachia in 1843invited to Walachia in 1843– death: Bucharest (Romania), 1887death: Bucharest (Romania), 1887

hhe copied the Austrian mape copied the Austrian map and and translated translated the lettering to Romanianthe lettering to Romanian

color lithographed map duplicated in color lithographed map duplicated in at about at about 1010 copies copies (112 + 3 sheets)(112 + 3 sheets)

printed in 1864 printed in 1864 (some sheets in Vienna, (some sheets in Vienna, others in Bucharest)others in Bucharest)

Austrian = redSzathmári = blue

SzathmáriSzathmári’s’s series 1: 57 600 series 1: 57 600 (2)(2) Title sheetTitle sheet

SzathmáriSzathmári’s’s series 1: 57 600 series 1: 57 600 (3)(3) Legend (explanation of symbols)Legend (explanation of symbols)

SzathmáriSzathmári’s’s series 1: 57 600 series 1: 57 600 (4)(4) Index mapIndex map

SzathmáriSzathmári’s’s series 1: 57 600 series 1: 57 600 (5)(5) 112 map sheets112 map sheets

The content The content of the mapof the map Relief: Lehmann-hachuresRelief: Lehmann-hachures HydrographyHydrography VegetationVegetation SettlementsSettlements RoutesRoutes BordersBorders Toponyms: Latin ScriptToponyms: Latin Script

The reduced maps The reduced maps (1)(1) Austrian versionAustrian version 1: 288,0001: 288,000 Vienna, 1867Vienna, 1867 6 sheets + index map6 sheets + index map

The reduced The reduced maps (2)maps (2) Romanian Romanian

versionversion 1: 288,001: 288,00 Bucharest Bucharest

(Sibiu?)(Sibiu?) 1867–1869?1867–1869? 1 sheet1 sheet

The consequences of the The consequences of the survey and mapsurvey and map

Historical backgroundHistorical background– 1859: union of Moldavia and Walachia 1859: union of Moldavia and Walachia

((United Principalities >> United Principalities >> Romania)Romania)– 1877: independence from Turkey1877: independence from Turkey

1858 1858 Corps of EngeneersCorps of Engeneers, developed , developed to the Romanian Military Topographic to the Romanian Military Topographic CorporationCorporation

The The preservation of preservation of the maps (1)the maps (1)

Austrian version:Austrian version:– War Archives of the Austrian War Archives of the Austrian

State ArchiveState Archive, , ViennaVienna– 1 complete series (1 complete series (B III a B III a

203-4203-4))– working versionsworking versions– documentation of the documentation of the

surveysurvey

The preservation of the maps The preservation of the maps ((22))

SzathmáriSzathmári’s version’s version (8 copies) (8 copies) RomaniaRomania

– Map Collection of the Romanian Academy Map Collection of the Romanian Academy Library Library (Bucharest)(Bucharest) [2] [2]

– Cholnoky Map Collection (ClujCholnoky Map Collection (Cluj-Napoca-Napoca))– Cuza University (Jassy)Cuza University (Jassy)

HungaryHungary– Map Room of Institute and Museum of Military History Map Room of Institute and Museum of Military History

(Budapest)(Budapest) AustriaAustria

– War Archives of the Austrian State Archive (Vienna) [2]War Archives of the Austrian State Archive (Vienna) [2] USAUSA

– Clark Library Map Collection (Ann Arbor, MI)Clark Library Map Collection (Ann Arbor, MI)

DigitizationDigitization

Full seriesFull series in Budapest and Cluj in Budapest and Cluj--NapocaNapoca

Some sheets in ViennaSome sheets in Vienna Resolution: 300 dpi (=5m/pixel)Resolution: 300 dpi (=5m/pixel)

Georeferencing (1)Georeferencing (1) Datum, ellipsoid, Datum, ellipsoid,

projectionprojection– Vizakna datumVizakna datum– Zach-Oriani Zach-Oriani

ellipsoidellipsoid– Cassini Cassini

projection projection centered at centered at VizaknaVizakna

Planar coordinatesPlanar coordinates– terrain extents terrain extents

of the map of the map sheetsheet

– labeling systemlabeling system Control-pointsControl-points

– 4 corners of 4 corners of the sheetthe sheet

Georeferencing Georeferencing (2)(2) Front image: Front image:

SzathmáriSzathmári’s’s map map Background Background

image: modern image: modern topographic map topographic map

Movila David Movila David triangulation pointtriangulation point

Georeferencing (3)Georeferencing (3) Brăila and Turnu Severin – cities which had been transferred Brăila and Turnu Severin – cities which had been transferred

from the Ottoman Empire to Walachia with Treaty of Edirne from the Ottoman Empire to Walachia with Treaty of Edirne (1829) (1829)

Georeferencing (4)Georeferencing (4) Border between Border between

Habsburg Empire Habsburg Empire (Transylvania) and (Transylvania) and United PrincipalitiesUnited Principalities– Tömösi / Predeal Tömösi / Predeal

PassPass Northern partNorthern part of image of image: :

Austrian topographic Austrian topographic map of Transylvaniamap of Transylvania

Southern partSouthern part of image of image: : SzathmáriSzathmári’s’s map map

Publishing on webPublishing on web (1) (1) Source of mapsSource of maps

Publishing on webPublishing on web (2) (2)

Results on Results on website:website:– wwww.charta1864.roww.charta1864.ro– viewer: panningviewer: panning

(moving)(moving), z, zoooming oming levelslevels of the mosaic of the mosaic mapmap

– export: export: original map original map sheet, sheet, georeferenced file in georeferenced file in contemporary contemporary projectionprojection

– place name index: place name index: finding settlementsfinding settlements

– essayessay– visualising on visualising on

Google mapsGoogle maps

This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS – UEFISCDI, National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-RU-TE-2011-3-0125.project number PN-II-RU-TE-2011-3-0125.

httphttp://www.charta1864.ro://www.charta1864.ro http://hagyatek.cholnoky.ro/charta/http://hagyatek.cholnoky.ro/charta/

bezsombor@yahoo.combezsombor@yahoo.com zimecszimecs@@yahoo.comyahoo.com zsmagyari@gmail.comzsmagyari@gmail.com timartimar@@ludens.elte.huludens.elte.hu