direct & indirect speechett

7/30/2019 Direct & Indirect Speechett

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DIRECT &INDIRECT

SPEECHSULIANA WAN CHIK

ENGLISH LANGUAGE UNIT

LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT

IPG KAMPUS PERLIS


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DIRECT SPEECH

Giving the exact words that someoneutters or has uttered in speech or

writing I am being paid by the hour, she said.

It is usually signalled by being

enclosed in quotation marks. I am being paid by the hour, she said.


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INDIRECT SPEECH

Conveys a report of what has beensaid or written.

Does so in the words of a subsequentreporter.

I am being paid by the hour, she said.

She said she was being paid by thehour.


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cont

Direct and indirect speeches are twoways used in reporting what

someone has said.

It is important to learn how the

transformation goes so as to be

accurate in your interactions with theothers.


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cont

In direct speech the reporter repeatsthe original words of the speaker:

Leila said, The cat has broken the

vase.

In the indirect (reported) speech the

reporter gives the exact meaning of

the speaker's utterance without

necessarily repeating the exact words

of the speaker:

Leila said (that) the cat had broken

the vase.


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Rules of Transformation

The makeover of a direct utterance to

indirect speech has to abide to some

rules.

In indirect (reported) speech the

tenses have to be changed in a way

that the reporter (you) goes a step

back in the time line with each tense.


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cont

For instance, if the tense in the time

of speaking (direct speech) is the

present, it becomes past in the

reported speech. If it is in the past, it is reported in the

past perfect.

If it is in the future, it is reported in theconditional and so on.


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R1: Change of tenses


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Direct Speech Indirect Speech

simple present

He said, I go to school every day.

simple past

He said (that) he went to school every day.

simple past

He said, I went to school every day.

past perfect

He said (that) he had gone to school every day.

present perfect

He said, I have gone to school every day.

past perfect

He said (that) he had gone to school every day.

present progressive

He said, I am going to school every day.

past progressive

He said (that) he was going to school every day.

past progressive

He said, I was going to school every day.

perfect progressive

He said (that) he had been going to school every

day,

future (will)

He said, I will go to school every day.

would + verb name

He said (that) he would go to school every day.

future (going to)

He said, I am going to school every day.

present progressive

He said (that) he is going to school every day.

past progressive

He said (that) he was going to school every day


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Direct Speech Indirect Speech

auxiliary + verb name

He said, Do you go to

school every day?

He said, Where do you

go to school?

simple past

He asked me if I went to

school every day.*

He asked me where I

went to school.

imperative

He said, Go to schoolevery day.

infinitive

He said to go to schoolevery day.


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cont

The tenses with auxiliaries (am /is/are/ was/ were/ have/ has/ have

been etc) in the direct speech are

the easiest ones to report.

You need only to deal with the

auxiliary and forgetabout the main

verb.

That's why the "continuous"; and

"perfect tenses are the easiest to do.


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cont

Look at these examples:- John said, "I am going to look for a

larger flat"

- John said that he was going to lookfor a larger flat.

- Sue said, "I have done my

homework."- Sue said that she haddone her

homework.


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CHANGE in MODALS

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECHwill

She said, "I'll teach English online

tomorrow."

would

She said she would teach English online

tomorrow.

can

She said, "I can teach English online."

could

She said she could teach English online.

must

She said, "I must have a computer to

teach English online."

had to

She said she had to have a computer to

teach English online.

shallShe said, "What shall we learn today?"

shouldShe asked what we should learn today.

may

She said, "May I open a new browser?"

might

She asked if she might open a new

browser.


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TIME CHANGE

If the reported sentence contains anexpression of time, you must change

it to fit in with the time of reporting.

For example we need to change

words like here and yesterdayif they

have different meanings at the timeand place of reporting.


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Today + 24 hours - Indirect speech

"Today's lesson is on presentations. She said yesterday's lesson was onpresentations.

Expressions of time if reported on a different day

this (evening) that (evening)

today yesterday ...

these (days) those (days)

now then

(a week) ago (a week) before

last weekend the weekend before last / the previous weekend

here there

next (week) the following (week)

tomorrow the next/following day


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PRONOUN CHANGE

In reported speech, the pronoun oftenchanges.

For example:

Me You

"Iteach English

online."

Shesaid she teaches

English online.


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REPORTING VERB

Said, toldand askedare the mostcommon verbs used in indirect

speech.

We use askedto report questions:- For example: IaskedLynne what time

the lesson started.

We use to ldwith an object.

For example: Lynne to ldme she felt

tired.

!Note- Here me is the object.


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We usually use saidwithout anobject.

For example: Lynne saidshe was goingto teach online.

Ifsaidis used with an object we mustinclude to;

For example: Lynne saidtome thatshe'd never been to China.

!Note- We usually use to ld.

For example: Lynne to ldme that she'dnever been to China.


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There are many other verbs we can useapart from said, told and asked.

These include:-

Using them properly can make whatyou say much more interesting andinformative.

accused, admitted, advised, alleged,

agreed, apologised, begged, boasted,

complained, denied, explained, implied,

invited, offered, ordered, promised,

replied, suggested and thought.


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For example:

He asked me to come to the party:-

He invited me to the party.

He begged me to come to the party.

He ordered me to come to the party.

He advised me to come to the party.He suggested I should come to the party


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If the reporting verb (the main verb of

the sentences, e.g., said, is in the

past, the verb in the noun clause willusually be in a past form.

If the reporting verb is simple present,

present perfect, or future, the nounclause verb is not changed.She says, "I wash my hairevery day."

She says she washes her

hair every day

She has said, "I wash my

hair every day.

She has said that she

washes her hair every day.

She will say, "I wash my hair

every day."

She will say that she

washes her hair every day.


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*Exceptions:

If the reported sentence deals witha fact or general truth, the present

tense is (can be) retained.

She said that the moon causes the tides.

If the speakerreports something

immediately or soon after it was said,

the noun clause verb often remains as

spoken. A: What did the conductor say?

B: He said that the next stop is

Northgate.


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Ifwillis the modal in the reportedutterance and expresses future time,

and

If the situation described in the quotestill holds true at the time of the

indirect report, the willmay not be

changed to wouldeven though the

reporting verb is in the past tense:

Mr. Arden said that a volcanic eruption

will occur next year.


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THE END

direct & indirect speechett

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