Direct Photons in Nuclear Collisions: The Promise and the

PerilPaul Stankus

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

CTEQ Summer SchoolJune 30, 2004

Broadening Your QCD HorizonsCTEQ’s agenda of precision tests of QCD involves primarily perturbative calculations: fundamental interactions, pdf’s, electroweak processes, etc.

However, QCD > pQCD; that is, QCD is a grand and rich theory with many aspects beyond vacuum perturbation theory. In high-energy nuclear collisions we need to address:

Perturbative

Jet/parton re-interactions in dense medium; multi-parton processes

Non-perturbative Equilibrium

Lattice gauge QCD; thermal field theory

Non-perturbative Non-Equilibrium

In-medium hadronization; approach to equilibrium; classical fields

(It’s not necessarily a job, but it would be an adventure.)

The (Original) Reason for High-Energy Nuclear Collisions

Constant Energy Density

Constant Temperature

170 MeV

Lattice QCD predicts an “upper phase” of thermal QCD matter (QGP), with a sharp rise in the number of degrees of freedom (naively thought of as hadrons to quark and gluons d.o.f).

One general goal of high-energy heavy-ion collisions has been to verify that this upper phase exists. A combination of energy density and temperature measurements could, in principle, verify the number of d.o.f.

Photons: More Sources, More Theory

Turbide, Rapp, Gale

E

Rate

Hadron Gas Thermal Tf

QGP Thermal Ti

“Pre-Equilibrium”?

Jet Re-interaction √(Tix√s)

pQCD Prompt x√s

Final-state photons are the sum of emissions from the entire history of a nuclear collision.

That depends on what you mean by “Direct”….

0

PromptFragmentation Induced

Thermal Radiation

QGP / Hadron Gas

EM & Weak Decay

High-energy counts these

High-energy nuclear counts these

Thermal Photon Logic, ca 1985

QGP has chiral symmetry restored, quark masses ~0

-> QGP has lots o’ quarks flying around

-> QGP radiates more than HG at same temperature (false!)

-> Lots o’ thermal radiation is evidence for QGP

Ah, for the good old days….

Why this is difficult

Signal!

€

Direct = γ Inclusive −γ Decays

€

Direct = π 0 γ Inclusive

π 0−

γ Decays

π 0

⎛

⎝ ⎜

⎞

⎠ ⎟

€

Direct = γ Decays γ Inclusive /π 0

γ Decays /π 0−1

⎛

⎝ ⎜

⎞

⎠ ⎟

Theoretical (or IRS) version

Traditional experimental version

Improved experimental version

A Word on Continuum Dileptons

“The plot that launched a thousand papers.” Low-mass dileptons observed in S+Au at a rate above Dalitz decays. (Eventually the number of papers exceeded the number of pairs in the excess, it is said.)

In the 1990’s the thought that the low-mass excess indicated restoration of chiral symmetry generated much excitement. More detailed calculations now indicate that a dense hadron gas could produce the excess.

R. Rapp hep-th/0201101CERES PRL 75, 1272 (1995)

Continuum Dileptons at High Masses

Dileptons in the intermediate mass range M<m<MJ/ are also good candidates for thermal radiation, though there is uncertainty on the contribution from associated open charm decays.

In principle, a high-statistics measurement of intermediate-mass dileptons vs pT could be a better measure of thermal radiation than direct photons! But this avenue has not been thoroughly explored.

NA50 Eur Phys J C14 (2000) 443

R. Rapp hep-th/0201101

Early Fixed-Target Photon Results

Thermal Photon Logic, ca 1997QGP has chiral symmetry restored, quark masses ~0

-> QGP has lots o’ quarks flying around

-> QGP radiates more than HG at same temperature (false!)

-> Lots o’ thermal radiation is evidence for QGP

1985

1. Experiment: Not much radiation, only limits.

2. Theory: QGP and HG radiate similarly at same T

Final-state data does not constrain T, but rather energy density

-> At same , QGP has more d.o.f. than HG, higher /T4

-> At same , QGP has lower T

-> At same , QGP radiates less than HG

-> Lack of radiation is evidence for QGP!

Thermal Photon Rates Calculated

€

Eγ

dR

d 3 pγ

Rate pervolumeper time

1 2 4 3 4 =

5

9

αα s

2π 2

Couplingsand colorfactors

1 2 3 T 2e−Eγ /T

Planck1 2 4 3 4 ln

2.912

g2

Eγ

T

⎛

⎝ ⎜

⎞

⎠ ⎟

Infrared Cutoff fromHard Thermal Loopeffective mass g2T

1 2 4 4 3 4 4

Photon radiation from an equilibrated quark & gluon plasma. (Kapusta, Lichard, Seibert PRD ‘91) Includes lowest-order Compton and annih. graphs, and lowest order HTL cutoff (Braaten & Pisarski NP ‘88, PRL ‘89).A lowest-order pocket formula. (For fuller, higher-

order version consult Gale & Haglin hep-ph/0306098)

Rate from thermal hadron gas also calculated. Version 1991, QGP and HG rates same at same T; after much work, version 2003 is basically the same conclusion.

Reasonably rigorous -- but need to integrate over space-time!

Temperature Limits: Contact With Thermodynamics At Last

Combination of high energy density and low temperature is evidence for high number of degrees of freedom -> QGP.

Pb+Pb: “Truly Heavy” Ion Collisions

Subtraction of decay photons depends critically on accurate 0 reconstruction. In low-multiplicity A+A collisions, similar to p+p collisions, the 0 peak stands out immediately (left). In high-multiplicity collisions, and especially at low pT, the extraction is extremely challenging, S/B<1% (center). Also, we must measure ’s in-situ (right); they contribute about 15% to decay photons but we cannot presume /.

Why this is doubly difficult

A Spectrum at Last!

Some amount of kT required, but still can’t fill the whole spectrum

Dumitru, et.al., PRC 64 054909 (01)

WA98 Interpretation I: pQCD?

WA98 Interpretation II: kT or T?

A nominal, complete scenario (above) under-predicts the observed photon rate. The gap can be closed either by increasing intrinsic kT effects (above, right), or by assuming a higher initial temperature (below, right). Thus, resolution of the thermal component depends on accurate separation of the prompt component.

Fixed-Target Results: Conclusions

1. The early days had more enthusiasm than rigor.

2. In S+Au upper limits on thermal photons were used to set limits on initial temperatures; weak evidence for high #d.o.f.

3. Direct photon spectrum (ie upper and lower limits) observed in heavier Pb+Pb collisions.

4. Thermal radiation from boosted Hadron Gas may dominate thermal radiation from cooler QGP.

5. Ambiguity between pQCD sources with intrinsic plus nuclear kT effects, and hotter thermal sources. More definitive pQCD calculations would be a great help.

6. Limiting initial temperatures in Pb+Pb possible, not yet done.

On To Collider Energies

Klaus Reygers, QM ‘04 nucl-ex/0404006

The change from SPS fixed-target to RHIC collider experiments is an increase of more than x10 in sNN, from 17-19 GeV to 200 GeV.

But the range of pT accessible in p+p collisions (thus far) limits us to low xT, making Direct/0 low and the measurement difficult. (Great statistical increase in p+p data expected in 2005.) The preliminary direct photon measurement in p+p agrees with NLO pQCD calculation.

Direct photons from p+p at RHIC

First RHIC A+A Photon ResultsSuppression of high-pT hadrons in nuclear collisions at RHIC greatly increases Direct/0, making direct photons much easier to measure!

Justin Frantz, QM ‘04 nucl-ex/0404006

Huge change in /0 ratio is dramatic confirmation of high-pT hadron suppression, independent of normalized p+p data.

Trend with centrality (impact parameter) follows expected TAB(b) behavior (per-collision nucleon-nucleon luminosity).

RHIC Thermal Photons: The Plan

We will greatly improve the direct photon measurements, both in p+p and Au+Au, compared to the preliminary (x20 in the can).

Calibrate/normalize the pQCD prompt component at high pT.

Investigate fragmentation and induced components through +hadron correlations.

Cross-check statistical subtraction method with other methods, for example decay sister tagging at high pT.

Once pQCD components are constrained, try to interpret balance as upper limit on thermal sources.

A New Technique: HBT

D1

D2

pd

L

R

p

€

Γ(D1,D2)

Γ(D1)Γ(D2)

1

2

h/R

€

Enhancement for h ≈ Δp R ≅Rpd

L or d ≈

hc

E

L

R

f

p

€

Γ(D1,D2)

Γ(D1)Γ(D2)

1

2

1+f

The Hanbury-Brown-Twiss method of boson interferometry -- works from stars to nuclei!

Direct Photons at Very Low pT

Submitted to PRL, also hep-ph/0403274

Credit: Dmitri Peressounko for WA98

Beyond Thermal Photons

• Jet+medium -induced direct photons• Direct photon-tagged (and Z0-tagged) jet fragmentation• Z0 production and in-medium modification• W production and parton measurements• Beam-stopping bremstrahlung• Investigate the approach to thermal equilibrium

The traditional interest in thermal direct photons continues in RHIC and LHC nuclear collisions. But photon production, as well as W and Z production, touches on a wide range of physics topics beyond thermodynamics:

Yet another photon process

Significant rate for scattered (anti)quarks to re-interact in the dense medium. Good old Compton and annihilation processes produce photons. Dominant 4-6 GeV/c?

Fries, Mueller and Srivastava PRL90 132301

Photon-tagged Jets

Hadrons

Observing jets and dijets through leading hadrons biases toward high fragmentation z, and also toward sources at the periphery.

Tagging jets opposite isolated direct photon measures jet pT, and does not bias fragmentation or location of jet production.

“Clean” measurement of medium effects on hadronization.

Available with current statistics.

Caveat: Requires identification of direct photons on photon-by-photon basis! (At LHC, tag jets with Z0’s.)

W “Service Work” at RHIC

RHIC will produce the first-ever s-channel W’s in collisions with nuclei (maybe already happened last year…).

The W rate is very small, but identification is easy through high-pT single leptons; no competition from heavy flavor decays.

√x1x2 = 80/(200 or 250 or 500) assures high-x process.

(Anti)quark pdf’s at high x and very high Q2 -- interesting?

Nuclear effects at at high x and very high Q2 -- interesting?

s-channel W’s produced way off-shell -- interesting?

“Boutique” measurements possible at nuclear collider, for example ratio (d+dW+)/(d+dW-) is a measure of proton-neutron charge symmetry violation.

Z0 In-Medium Modification?

Z Z

Z self-energy diagram which is modified in presence of QGP (Kapusta & Wong PRD 62, Majunder & Gale PRC 65)

leptonsZ

Z

Collisional broadening?

mZ+ 200 MeV Γ+ 100 MeV

Homework: (gZ->gZ)

The Biggest Puzzle at RHIC

The greatest need for “new” QCD physics at RHIC is to describe the approach to equilibrium.

We know the initial colliding state, and we can at least describe the earliest thermalized state. But there is no bridge between; no known or suggested mechanism can explain how local thermal equilibrium can be achieved in a time as short as ~1 fm/c.

Whatever is going on in the pre-equilibrium stage, if there are quarks involved then we can in principle see thermal radiation.

Interested? Try Serreau hep-ph/0310051 “Out of Equilibrium Electromagnetic Radiation”, Boyanovski and Vega PRD 68,065018 “Are direct photons a clean signal of a thermalized quark-gluon plasma?”

Summary1. Thermal direct photons in high-energy nuclear collisions is a

heartbreaking measurement: great fundamental promise, but very difficult experimentally and theoretically.

2. Results from fixed-target energy collisions have so far shown weak but basic evidence for the QGP EOS. Further thermal interpretation is possible but incomplete; more sophisticated pQCD rate calculations would be a big help.

3. At collider energies direct photon extraction is eased by dramatic suppression of hadrons. We expect solid and exciting measurements in the very near future!

4. Beyond thermal radiation, , W and Z production have many interesting roles to play in nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC.