directional drilling technology
DESCRIPTION
Drilling EngineeringTRANSCRIPT
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Directional Drilling Technology
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OVERVIEW
• Directional drilling has long been accepted as a means of controlling well bore deviation. In earlier times, it was primarily used as a remedial operation, either to deviate around stuck tools, bring a well bore back to vertical, or for relief well drilling.
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OVERVIEW
• The first step in any directional drilling project is to develop a proper well plan.
• Most directional well plans contain a build interval to a required inclination. This average inclination is then maintained into the target or expected production zone. Some well plans also incorporated a drop section near the bottom such that the production zone is penetrated at, or near, vertical.
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OVERVIEW
• Once the inclination in the well bore has reached the planned average angle, rotary drilling will resume with well stabilized, or packed, assemblies. This type of assembly is designed to resist making any changes in inclination or direction.
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Definition Directional well is the science of
deviating a well bore along a planned course to a subsurface target whose location is a given distance and direction from the vertical.
normally Inc>5 degree, with the planned direction & target
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The reason for drilling the directional well
For engineering requirementFor engineering requirement
for for more production & lower more production & lower costcost
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Multiple target
zones
1.The reason : for
engineering requirement
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Relief well
drilling
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Straight hole
control
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Side trackingSalt dome Salt dome drillingdrilling
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Inaccessible locations
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Extended reach drilling
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Offshore production well drilling
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The all the applications
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• Conventional directional wells 3--15% more cost than vertical wells 10--150% more production than vertical wells
• Conventional horizontal wells 10--40% more cost than vertical wells 300--500% more production than vertical
wells
2.The reason - more production & lower cost
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• exposure in vertical hole: 10m
• dir.well (400 ): 13.1m ,600: 20m, 800: 57.6m
• horizontal well (300--500m lateral): 300--500m or more
Example: Thick 10m reservoir
Vertical hole400600800
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• save rig site area:
Example: Onshore cluster wells (4--10 wells)
--increase only 10--40% area compare with 1 well.
• Reduce oil-pipeline length(branch line)
• greatly reduce operation & maintenance cost
Advantages of directional wells
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• Conventional directional well
• Cluster well
• High angle well
• Horizontal well
• ERD (Extend reach drilling)
• Multilaterial well
• Slim-hole
Types of directional wells
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Conventional directional well
• Normal type
“J”
Vertical section
Building section
Tangent section
target
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Conventional directional well
• Type
“S” Continuous
Vertical section
Building sectionTangent section
dropping section
holding section
targettarget
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CLUSTER WELLS
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Horizontal well and ERD tech.
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Multi lateral well
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How to drill directional well
• Well design
• Equipment &tools
• Trajectory control
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Well design
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2 Dimension DesignFor Slant Well
L1 Measured Depth of Kick Off pointB1 Build Rate at StartI1 Maximum Angle L2 Length of Hold Section
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2 Dimension Design For S Well
Kick-off
L1
L3
L2
B1
B2I1
I2
L1 Measure Depth of Kick OffB1 Build section I1 Maximum Angle L2 tangent(hold) sectionB2 drop sectionI2 Final InclinationL3 Final Hold section
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Directional well trajectory design
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Directional well trajectory design
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Best result
PROFILE --Multi-target of directional well
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设计
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1--RIH weight (simulate)
2-- POOH weight (simulate)
3--off bot. Rot.torq (simulate)
4--actual RIH weight
5--actual POOH weight
6--actual off bot. Rot.torq
T & Q analysis --12-1/4” hole
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Equipment &tools
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Equipment• Single shot (high temperature)
• Electronic multi shot• SST -Survey Steering tool
• MWD (measure while drilling)
• Gyro orientation and survey
• LWD (Logging while drilling)
• Geo steering
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Single shot
• One run only get one survey
• usually for vertical hole /shallow section of dir.well
• very low cost• easy to use
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Single shot reading
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Electronic multi shot
BatteryESS electronics
Computer Printer
•One run get plenty of survey data
•use it just before tripping out
•use it with no pump on
•low cost & easy to operate
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Survey instruments--SST
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MWD RIGUP
MWD
MWD RIG-UP
•Measure while drilling (orient /rotary /sliding)
•Survey in bore-hole
•save drilling timerun in with drill-string, continuous take survey while drilling and transmit data to surface in real-time through mud pulse
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3 TYPES OF MWD PULSE
Positive pulse negtive pulse continuius pulse
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Gyro
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Gyro orientation and survey
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LWD
•Logging while drilling•Directional Drilling
•Evaluation (GR, Res, Neu, Den) - Wireline Replacement•Geosteering•Horizontal and Extended Reach Well Logging
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DGR®
sensorEWR®
sensor
SFD®
servicesensor
CN®
servicesensorX/OPulser
EWR-PHASE 4™ sensor
LWD Tool Combinations
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Geosteering Tool (GST)
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GST Features and Benefits
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Planned Well Trajectory
GeoSteering
Steering 30 ft behind
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Directional tools Down Hole MotorsDown Hole Motors Nonmagnetic Drilling CollarsNonmagnetic Drilling Collars
Bent SubsBent Subs
StabilizersStabilizers
Casing Section Mill & Side Tracking Casing Section Mill & Side Tracking Tools Tools
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Conventional down-hole tools
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Mud motor
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Adjustable stab.•Adjustable gauge stabilizers allow changes in the build or drop tendencies of directional drilling assemblies in rotary mode without tripping to reposition stabilizers or change the gauge.
•The inclination tendency of the BHA can be manipulated while in rotary mode.
•More time rotating means more efficient weight transfer, better hole cleaning
• higher quality wellbores with greater reach capacity all with fewer trips for BHA changes.
•Suited for extended-reach and horizontal well applications.
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How AGS Works
• The AGS tool operates by extending pistons located in the full-wrap stabilizer blades. A simple indexing system cycles alternately between full and undergauge positions and holes the tools in position as long as the pumps are on. With pumps off, the pistons retract below the blade diameter. Turning the pumps on again extends the pistons to the next position.
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Trajectory control
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building section• Conventional rotary techniques and equipment
are first used to drill down to the kick-off point. • special mechanical deflection tools are tripped
into the well and oriented in the proper direction. These tools are used to initiate correct deflection and direction of the well bore. Depending on the situation, deflection tools may continue to be used throughout the entire build interval.
• modified rotary building assemblies may be utilized to continue drilling the build section
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• Choose proper KOP• choose proper B.rate • Formation is not too hard• To control bit drilling along designed hole
profile have to use
-- proper BHA /drilling parameter
-- Special down hole tools & survey system• Trajectory predicate and software
building section
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Old way for orientation
bent sub + dyna drill bit jetting
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building section
5"DP
5"HWDP 196
8"FJ &J AR
8"DC 47 8"MWD 8"NMDC 9.5
16- 3/4"STAB
9- 1/2"PDM
17- 1/2"BIT
•Using PDM + Bent sub /steering motorBHA
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Steerable drilling System & trajectory control
PDC/ bitDownhole motor
MWD/survey tools
steerable drilling BHA
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Building with PDM motor (sliding)
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building section
• good hole condition
• Keep toolface steady (smooth drilling)
• true Az=surveyed Az±mag.decl.
• Keep Az steady before finish building.
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Drill tangent section
• Once the inclination in the well bore has reached the planned average angle, rotary drilling will resume with well stabilized, or packed, assemblies. This type of assembly is designed to resist making any changes in inclination or direction.
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dropping section
• If the well plan calls for the inclination to be decreased near the bottom of the well, rotary dropping assemblies may be used to drill the well to its planned depth.
• Choose proper BHA depends on drop rate
• Choose proper drop point• choose proper drilling parameters
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dropping section
5"HWDP 180
8"FJ &J AR
8"DC 63
8- 1/4"STAB 6- 1/2"MWD 6- 1/2"NMDC 9
8- 1/4"STAB
6- 1/2"S. DC +SUB
8- 1/2"BIT
•We can use pendulum or steering motor BHA•Decide length from bit to1st Stab according to drop rate required.(.5--10 /30m drop rate choose S.DC with3.5--5m length)
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Conventional BHA
bitmotorBent/sNMDCDCjarHWDP
DP
BUILDANGLE
BUILDANGLE
HOLD/ BUILD
HOLD/ DROP
HOLDANGLE
DROPANGLE
DROPANGLE
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Changes in Directional Drilling Practices
Late 1970’s Newest in
world
Late 1980’sSingle Shot/
wire-lineSteering Tool
Bent Sub
Straight Motor
MWD
SteerableBentHousingMotor
MWD
Motor withAt-BitInclination/Gamma
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Cluster well technology
--Bohai fast drilling project
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Cluster well technology
• Cluster wells is a group of directional wells (1 vertical well) at a rig-site
• distance between well slots is about 1.5 -- 5 m
• save time & cost
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Cluster well technology•350m difference at pay-zone
•1850m disp for longest hole
•Control 10.75 km2
of produced area in
JZ9-3W oil field
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3D PROFILE OF CLUSTER WELLS
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Applications of cluster well
• Increase oil field integrated benefit
• increase recovery speed
• increase drilling speed
• optimize rig position
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Batch drilling of cluster wells
1.SLOT: 4 X 4
2.DIST BETWEEN SLOTS:1.5 X 1.7
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Batch drilling of cluster wells
1
11
168
14613
124
15
1029
7
5
3
1.batch drilling for surface casing:
jump for slots
2.cementing with no rig time
3. 4.9 hrs complete surface casing jobs
(SZ36-1-J in 1994)
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Horizontal well and ERD tech.
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Horizontal Well Type ClassificationHorizontal Well Type Classification
• Short Radius: 1°-9°/M
special downhole tools
• Medium Radius:6°-22°/30M
some special downhole tools
• Long Radius: 1.5°-5°/30M
Steerable Assemblies
Short Radius
45' 200'
Medium Radius
300' 2,000'
Long Radius
1,400' 4,000'
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Radius ClassificationsRadius ClassificationsHole Size 2 - 5
deg/100 ft6 - 20
deg/100 ft21 - 60
deg/100 ft61 - 180
deg/100 ftTool Size
12.25" Long Radius MediumRadius
7.75" - 8"
9.875" Long Radius MediumRadius
6.75" - 7.75"
8.5" Long Radius MediumRadius
IntermediateRadius
6.5" - 6.75"
6 - 6.75" Long Radius MediumRadius
IntermediateRadius
Short Radius 4.75"
4.75" MediumRadius
IntermediateRadius
Short Radius 3.5" - 3.75"
3.75" - 4.5" IntermediateRadius
Short Radius 2.875"
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Horizontal ApplicationsHorizontal Applications• Increase Formation Exposure
•Minimize Water and Gas Coning
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Horizontal ApplicationsHorizontal Applications• Vertically Fractured Reservoir Formations
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Basic Horizontal Well ProfilesBasic Horizontal Well Profiles
• (a) Single Build
Long and Medium Radius• (b) Double Build
Long Radius:Where Shallow Hole Does Not Support High Build Rates
• (c & d) Build-Hold-Build
Long Radius, Multi-well Structures
Medium Radius
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Short Radius-- Advantages
• Shorter curve section
• Minimum departure allows accurate structure definition
• KOP is closer to the reservoir
• Multiple laterals possible from a single well
• Minimum measured depth
• Easy reentry of existing wells
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Short Radius-- Disadvantages
• Specialized drilling equipment
• Unconventional drilling techniques
• Restricted hole sizes (4-1/2” - 6-1/2”)
• Poor azimuth control in horizontal section (rotary)
• Presently cannot be logged
• Completion options are limited
• Time consuming (multiple BHA changes/low ROP)
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Medium Radius- Advantages
• Less down-hole exposed compared to long radius
• May result in less torque and drag
• Long reach may be achieved compared to short radius
• Wider range of completion options compared to short radius
• Less restriction on hole sizes compared to short radius
• Multiple laterals possible from a single well
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Medium Radius-- Disadvantages
• Some specialized tools may be required such as double-bend BHA
• Difficult hole cleaning in building section• Bending stresses cause more rapid
fatigue of BHA• Non-API connections and more expensive
casing and tubing may be needed• Large dogleg severity restricts logging
and completions options
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Long Radius-- Advantages
• Lower dogleg severity
• Long lateral section
• Higher departure possible from surface location
• Adaptation of conventional techniques and equipment
• Improved performance due to more rotary drilling
• Fewer restrictions on hole/equipment sizes
• Can be drilled with steerable motor assemblies
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Long Radius
Disadvantages:• Well path must be controlled over a greater
length• Potential for more problems due to length of
openhole section exposed• Greater overall measured depth• Possible cost increase• More casing required
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QK17-2 West
cluster wells
QK17-2 East
ERD wells
ERD in Bohai China