Directions in the Study of Proto-IndustrializationLydia Simpson12/9/20132or much of the latter half of the t!entieth century" the ma#ority of economic historians andeconomic scholars !or$in% !ithin the social sciences !ere stuc$ in the shado! of &arl 'ar( and his neo-)e%elian concept of historical forces*'odernity !as defined +y pro%ress" %uided +y conflict" to!ard" ultimately" some $ind of utopian ideal society*,-en !here historians re#ected" or at least refrained from" any e(plicit utopian construct" the materialist dialect of class stru%%le shaped the frame!or$" either as somethin% to ar%ue !ithin or a%ainst*or 'ar(ian historians and social scientists" history !as a series of conflicts +et!een opposin%" or antithetical" could then +e seen as a necessary and positi-e step in the socioeconomic pro%ress of the !orld" the ultimate e(pression of !hich could only +e reached once the proletariat re-olution had reached e-ery capitalist nation in the !orld*or the ma#ority of leftist economic historians of the mid-t!entieth century" surrounded +y the chaos of !ars +et!een capitalist and communist or socialist po!ers" perhaps there !as a sort catharsis in the lo%ic and structure of a dialectic conflict +et!een the historically oppressed and their oppressors" and as lon% as the .re-olution/ appeared to +e mo-in% apace" it !as a handy concept to use as a foundation for theoretical !or$" !hich preoccupied most economic historians until the last couple of decades of the century*,conomic theorists loo$ed +ac$!ard in strained efforts to elucidate the la!s and patterns !hich shaped transitions and dictated re-olutionary chan%e*.Proto-industrialization"/ a phrase !hose first appearance is attri+uted to ran$lin * 'edels0 1912 article .Proto-Industrialization23he irst Phase of the Industrial Process"/ pu+lished in the Journal of Economic History, deri-es its conceptual ancestry from .cotta%e industry"/ a phrase common throu%hout 'ar(ian histories of the ,arly 'odern period*1Proto-industrialization" ho!e-er" unli$e cotta%e industry" meant more than a particular type of economic acti-ity*Proto-industrialization" accordin% to 'endels and the historio%raphical +ody of literature !hich dealt !iththe su+#ect for se-eral years thereafter" !as an important and necessary step on a linear" 3formulaically-concei-ed road from medie-al feudal to modern industrial-capitalist society in ,urope*'endels0 article emphasized the materialist idea that proto-industrial economies cropped up!here-er a population suffered from insufficient land a-aila+ility and soil 4uality to ta$e ad-anta%eof the increasin%ly important commercial a%ricultural production of the late 'iddle 5%es and ,arly 'odern period" settin% up a dichotomy +et!een a%ricultural and proto-industrial areas*6here the land !as more suited to commercial a%riculture" accordin% to 'endels" cotta%e industry failed to +ecome an important part of the economy +ecause the e(tra economic acti-ity !as not necessary for su+sistence*3he increasin% specialization of +oth early manufacturin% and a%ricultural practices in +oth the countryside and cities as a response to crises and reco-ery in the early modern period pro-ided the +asic materials for the transition to a mar$et-oriented economy in !hich producers" +oth industrial and a%riculture" !ere una+le to %ro! or ma$e e-erythin% they needed at home*3echnolo%ical inno-ations in the a%ricultural sector of the economy" such as the crop rotation system" played an important facilitatin% role +y allo!in% more producti-ity per !or$er andper hectare of land and +y flattenin% out some of the seasonal -a%aries inherent to a%ricultural !or$* 7ecause of the lon%-distance nature of transactions +et!een a%riculture and industry" mercantile middle-men played an increasin%ly inte%ral role in the process" accumulatin% capital alon% the !ay !hich in turn +ecame" accordin% to 'endel" the in-estment capital !hich !ould facilitate the transition to a modern" industrial economy*6ith capital dra!n from their role facilitatin% trade +et!een the proto-industrial and a%ricultural sectors" these early entrepreneurs purchased the e4uipment for mechanized industry" !hich 'endels e(plained as a si%n of the completion of the proto-industrial process to the full-+lo!n modern capital industrialism of the Industrial 8e-olution*93he implications inherent to the transition from a%rarian to proto-industrial to modern industrial reached +eyond economic acti-ity" ine(trica+ly connected to the socio-political frame!or$" !hich itself played an inte%ral role in the success or failure of industrial acti-ity !ithin a state*5s a nation0s reach e(panded throu%h trade and colonization" the role of its %o-ernment0s forei%n and domestic economic and trade policies %re! more si%nificant to the transition process*In terms of the relationship +et!een proto-industrialization and demo%raphic shifts" Professor 'endels ar%ued that the relati-e income sta+ility +rou%ht +y the a-aila+ility of industrial !a%e la+or prompted peasants !ho !ould other!ise delay marria%e and restrict reproduction to marry earlier and ha-e more children*5s 'endels phrased it" .the de-elopment of la+or-intensi-e industry +y the peasants made it possi+le for them to multiply in their -illa%es !ithout correspondin% increase in the ara+le surface"/ causin% the population to %ro! more rapidly in proto-industrial re%ions than in non-industrial ones" settin% the sta%e for the ur+anization of the su+se4uent factory industrial phase*2 In turn" population %ro!th led to a la+or surplus !hich facilitated more centralized production and the economic restructurin% of capital circulation to!arda more comple(" modern system*'endel0s formulation started a hare runnin%" to +orro! a turn-of-phrase from 8*5* 7utlin" !hich continued runnin% for much of the 1910s and 19:0s*3Su+se4uent !or$ lar%ely focused on the same issues of a%ricultural technolo%y" demo%raphic chan%e" or%anizational structure" capital accumulation and circulation" and the role of the state" emphasizin% the primacy of one or another aspect of the process in the transition from a feudal to a capitalist society* In 1911 Da-id Le-ine pu+lished Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism" a close-up study of the demo%raphic chan%es !hich accompanied !hat he sees as the transitional period" 1;;0-1:;0" from feudalism to capitalism*Le-ine specifically focused his research on ,n%lish -illa%es" allo!in% a detailed analysis of multiple facets of demo%raphic shifts and their temporal relationships to socioeconomic chan%es* ;In his analysis" Le-ine ar%ued that the %radual proletarianization of the peasants played a crucial role in !or$ers0 marria%e decisions" lar%ely +y !earin% a!ay the traditional social structures!hich !ere typically used to moti-ate and enforce family formation patterns in rural -illa%es*97y loo$in% at the -illa%es comparati-ely" Le-ine !as a+le to e(amine specific demo%raphic chan%es in the conte(t of their accompanyin% socioeconomic transitions*In the -illa%es he studied" Le-ine0s findin%s !ere rou%hly consistent !ith 'endels0 assessment of the relationship +et!een socioeconomic and demo%raphic chan%e< Le-ine found an association +et!een population %ro!th in the ei%hteenth century and the relati-e sta+ility created +y the !ider la+or distri+ution necessitated +y proto-industrial acti-ity" population %ro!th !hich he attri+utes to a lo!ered nuptial a%e as a result of reduced contraindications a%ainst youn%er marria%e and hi%h fertility*Despite some concerns a+out Le-ine0s assertions sometimes o-erreachin% his e-idence" Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism !as lauded +y critics for pro-idin% a much-needed frame!or$ for future studies e(aminin% the relationship +et!een demo%raphic chan%e and economic and social structures*;Le-ine0s analysis also ac$no!led%ed the close ties and similarities+et!een a%ricultural and industrial/proto-industrial areas throu%hout the era" early indications of a modernizin% !orld*=3he same year in !hich Le-ine pu+lished Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism" sa! the >erman release of Peter &riedte" )ans 'edic$" and ?ur%en Schlum+ohm0s Industrialization before Industrialization:Rural Industry in te !enesis of Capitalism" !hich !as translated +y 7eate Schempp and repu+lished for the ,n%lish-spea$in% !orld in 19:1*13he primary authors of Industrialization before Industrialization di-ided the chapters of the +oo$ to e(amine different aspects of the initial phase of rural industry and the role of industry in rural society as !ell as in the !orld economy*3!o additional contri+utors -ia reprints from pre-ious pu+lications" ran$lin * 'endels and )er+ert &isch" pro-ided case study analyses !hich follo!ed similar lines as the perspecti-es pro-ided +y the primary authors*=5t the heart of the central ar%uments !ithin Industrialization before Industrialization, &riedte et al e(plicated an assumption of the rural nature of proto-industrial ori%ins +ased on the .puttin%-out/ system" the comple(ity of the process" and the nature of proto-industry as a transitional acti-ity" rather than a separate phase in and of itself" in !hich ne! capitalistic relations of la+or emer%ed from rural industrial models !hich formed the +asis for the Industrial 8e-olution*3he authors also e(plored the multiplicity of forms in !hich proto-industrial acti-ity !as underta$en" and -arious seemin%ly e(perimental methods of la+or or%anization and tas$ mana%ement practiced +y industrializin% peasants of -arious crafts*3he authors define proto-industrial acti-ity as .the de-elopment of rural re%ions in !hich a lar%e part of the population li-ed entirely or to a considera+le e(tent from industrial mass production for inter-re%ional and international mar$ets*/: 3he mar$et-orientation of peasants0 economic acti-ity is of crucial si%nificance in definin% the difference +et!een traditional cotta%e industries" in !hich households often practiced some $ind of production craft at home as part of their family economy either for home consumption or a close-ran%e e(chan%e community" +ut the acti-ity !as restricted to part time and practiced in a relati-ely simple mar$et e(chan%e format !hich !as +ased on utility -alue*3he %enesis of .mar$et -alue/ is an important factor in many lon%-ran%e analyses of protoindustrialization*In "easants, #andlords, and $ercant Capitalists: Europe and te %orld Economy, &'(()&*((" one of the co-authors of Industrialization before Industrlialization, Peter &riedte" placed proto-industrial acti-ity into the conte(t of the +roadenin% %lo+al economic mar$et structure of the ,arly 'odern era*Still !or$in% !ithin the 'ar(ian frame!or$" placin% feudalism and capitalism in diametrical opposition" !ith proto-industrial acti-ity ser-in% as an a%ent of transition @li$ened to )oms+a!m0s Acrisis0 +y critic 3homas 'a( SafleyB" Professor &riedte traced mar$et relations and industrial acti-ity throu%h three centuries" as his eponymous peasants" landlords" and merchant capitalists creati-ely ne%otiated la+or relations" trade relationships" 1%o-ernment policy" marria%es" fertility" mi%ration" and mortality in the emer%ence of a ne! economic system*9

In "easants, #andlords, and $ercant Capitalists, &riedte emphasized the importance of e(pandin% net!or$s of trade" placin% to!n and country in opposition to one another in the process* 5ccordin% to &riedte" the .price re-olution/ of the si(teenth century" caused +y a 'althusian crisis !hich led to rapid population decline and then a %radual re+ound" led to a trade net!or$ +ased on mar$et -alue rather than utility -alue" in !hich money played a more inte%ral role in the +alance of trade than in earlier centuries* 5t the same time" %uilds in the cities !or$ed a%ainst outside control of artisan la+or +y merchants* ,arly merchant capitalists !ho !anted to ta$e ad-anta%e of the perpetually e(pandin% mar$ets of the ,arly 'odern period then turned to the peasants in the rural countryside for ine(pensi-e" non-%uild la+or*6hile Industrialization before Industrialization and "easants, #andlords and $ercant Capitalists +oth made si%nificant theoretical contri+utions to the field" &riedte and his cohorts ha-ealso ta$en a si%nificant amount of criticism*In his 19:3 essay .Protoindustrialization25 Concept 3oo 'any"/ !hich appeared in +e Economic History Re,ie-" D*C* Coleman attac$ed the theorists on the +asis that they had formulated their propositions !ith too many 4ualifications in order to force the e-idence into their carefully constructed frame!or$s*10)e also called into 4uestion the theorists0 dependence on certain re%ions" especially 7ritain" and certain industries" particularly te(tiles" for their e-idence*11inally Coleman pic$s apart theorists0 definition of .proto/- industrialization as +ein% in essence a misuse of the .proto/ prefi(" renderin% it effecti-ely useless as an analytical frame!or$*128*5* 7utlin made a similar ar%ument three years later" +ut also allo!ed that the use of the proto-industrialization frame!or$ had +een applied too narro!ly and a +roadenin% of its application could re-i-e it*135lthou%h theoretical applications of protoindustrialism fell out of fa-or in scholarly circles in the mid-19:0s" concern !ith the transition from feudalism to industrial capitalism retained its :status in the literature*rancois Crouzet0s +e First Industrialists:+e "roblem of .rigins" pu+lished in 19:;" e(amined the economic acti-ities of the industrial capitalists !ho orchestrated the de-elopment of early industrial endea-ors*3hou%h most of Crouzet0s research focused on the nineteenth century" he also dre! on a lon%er period for his analysis" employin% the term .proto-industrialist/ in contrast to the more modern industrialists !ith !hom he !as primarily concerned" and also !ith merchants !hom he la+eled .paleo-industrialists*/19 Instead of focusin% on the transitionality of proto-industrialization" he loo$ed for .paleo-industrialists/ and .self-made men"/ in fact and myth" !ho esta+lished the first centralized" and e-en mechanized" manufacturin% facilities in ,urope*3he pro+lems and 4uestions on !hich Crouzet chose to focus differed from those !ith !hich the economic theorist of proto-industrialization concerned themsel-es*In a sense" Crouzet sou%ht to rescue human a%ency from the clutches of irresisti+le forces" attri+utin% chan%e to mattersof choice and action at least as much as to elusi-e .mar$et forces"/ thou%h access to mar$ets and capital certainly played a lar%e role in the success or failure of +uddin% industrial capitalists* 3hou%h present" ho!e-er" the shift of focus to human a%ency !as incomplete" as Crouzet still remained enamored +y the class differences +et!een early industrialists Crouzet0s !or$ !as hailed +y critics +ecause it allo!ed for di-ersity of acti-ity in the conte(t of a frame!or$ !hich did not re4uire the careful manipulation of limited data in order to uphold predicti-e la!s and patterns*1; 3he !or$ of economic historians and %eo%raphers in the latter part of the 1910s and 19:0s in response to the formulation of protoindustrialization as an analytical construct produced a lar%e +ody of !or$ on -arious parts of ,urope from !hich later historians could dra!*In 19:9 'yron >utmann and 8ene Le+outte coauthored a reappraisal of some of the demo%raphic !or$ that had +een done" .8ethin$in% Protoindustrialization and the amily"/ focused on an industrializin% rural area of eastern 7el%ium as a case study for demo%raphic theories a+out protoindustrialization" 4uestionin% assumptions a+out the underlyin% causes +ehind demo%raphic chan%e in industrializin%9areas*>utmann and Le+outte painted a more complicated picture of the chan%es happenin% in theirre%ion of study in the ei%hteenth century" illuminatin% %aps in the analytical frame!or$ of their predecessors*'ore comple( perspecti-es characterized much of the !or$ of the last years of the t!entiethcentury" as the Cold 6ar tha!ed and came to an end" mar$in% the failure of the proletariat re-olutionary pro#ect" deadenin% the drama and ur%ency of 'ar(ian theoretical pursuits*In 199=" Cam+rid%e Dni-ersity Press pu+lished European "roto)Industrialization: An Introductory Handboo/" edited +y Sheila%h C* E%il-ie and 'ar$us Cerman*3he edited -olume pro-ided +oth a %eneral o-er-ie! of the de+ates !ithin the historio%raphical discourse as !ell as some important contri+utions of its o!n ri%ht" includin% a chapter !hich reinserts the role of the state and other e(o%enous social institutions in a more si%nificant !ay than had +een done +y pre-ious historians*1=3he -olume also pointed the !ay to!ard more re%ionalized analyses conducted !ithin more fle(i+le frame!or$s" e(aminin% continuities rather than see$in% moments of re-olutionary chan%e" in order to +uild useful theories*5 fe! years after E%il-ie and Cerman0s -olume" in 1999" the pu+lication of Peter 'us%ra-e0s +e Early $odern European Economy added a !orth!hile act of synthesis and su%%ested directions to the proto-industrialization discourse*Si%nificantly" 'us%ra-e a-oided the $ind of %rand theorizin% !hich had characterized the literature of early modern ,uropean economies in the 1910s and 19:0s" ta$in% an approach !hich fa-ored a%ency o-er structure and sta+ility o-er conflict*11

8emo-in% the assumption of ine-ita+ility of outcome !hich %uided earlier scholars0 !or$ informulation" 'us%ra-e0s ar%ument added a mild correcti-e to the pro-,uropean +ias of pre-ious %enerations< +y remo-in% .pro%ress/ from the e4uation prohi+its the a+use of history to uphold the underlyin% -alue #ud%ments associated !ith nationalistic and e-en racist supremacist ar%uments*5s 'us%ra-e stated" .the early modern period !as not simply or chiefly a period in !hich the 10%round !as prepared for the ine-ita+le triumph of industrialization and industrial capitalism*/1:

8eflectin% a post-modernist attitude to!ard historical forces" 'us%ra-e sees the rise of industrial capitalism as a -ery specific phenomenon !hich arose out of particular circumstances* In an am+itious %eneral sur-ey of the last millennium of the ,uropean economy" despite 'us%ra-e0s call for ne! directions" rancois Crouzet stuc$ closely to the traditional frame!or$ of proto-industrialization" +ut in a more comple( international analysis*3hou%h Crouzet ac$no!led%ed the e(tent to !hich the more strin%ent theoretical aspects of proto-industrialization as an analytical construct had +een poorly deployed" the author also accepted its more +asic usefulness as a frame!or$ in !hich the comple(ity of relationships +et!een a%ricultural and industrializin% areas could +e made more e(plicit*193he +readth and scope of the +oo$" ho!e-er" rendered any in-depth or sustained analysis of the su+#ect un!ieldy* 5lso !ithin an internationalized conte(t" ,ric 'ielants0 +e .rigins of Capitalism and te 0Rise of te %est,1 pu+lished in 2001" remo-ed proto-industrialization from the e4uation as an e(plicit frame!or$ for analysis entirely*In 2010" ?ulie 'arfany +rou%ht the old de+ate out of the closet and dusted it off*)er article".Is it Still )elpful to 3al$ a+out Proto-IndustrializationF Some Su%%estions from a Catalan Case Study"/ first appeared in the Economic History Re,ie-" follo!ed in 5u%ust 2012 +y a mono%raph" #and, "roto)Industry, and "opulation in Catalonia c2 &3*()&*45: An Alternati,e +ransition to Capitalism6 Li$e other post-Cold 6ar scholars of the su+#ect" 'arfany0s !or$ reflected more interest in continuities than in conflict and in comple(ity rather than predicta+ility*In her +rief article" thou%h 'arfany0s primary focus !as a family reconstitution study to e(amine the reactions of the peasant population to socioeconomic chan%e" she deftly accounted for the multiplicity of factors affectin% outcomes in her re%ion of study" includin% the crises" the state" !ars" and po!er structures*115n important feature of 'arfany0s ar%ument !as her stress on the role of +reastfeedin% in understandin% the impact of proto-industrial economies on social structure*6hile prior studies e(aminin% population chan%es had e(amined the surface details of marital fertility and marria%e a%e" 'arfany too$ the analysis a step further +y usin% statistics on +reast feedin% in proto-industrializin% re%ions in the ei%hteenth century*'arfany attri+utes hi%her le-els of marital fertility in proto-industrializin% re%ions to shorter +reast feedin% periods" indicati-e of the social chan%es inherent in the la+or relations of proto-industrialization*20

'arfany also e(amined population in terms of mi%ration patterns" findin% that in proto-industrial areas" proletarianizin% peasants !ere less li$ely to emi%rate" contri+utin% to population sta+ility*)o!e-er" infant mortality increased as +reast feedin% practices declined*)er findin%s that marria%e a%e dropped !ere %enerally consistent !ith pre-ious scholars" e(plained in terms of inheritance restrictions and the fle(i+ility !a%e la+or allo!ed non-inheritin% sons to e(ercise in their marria%e choices*21 5s su%%ested +y 'us%ra-e" Professor 'arfany found proto-industrialization to +e a useful tool for periodization and analysis as lon% as its implementation a-oids strin%ent predicti-e %rand theories*5s she put it" scholars !ho .deny any -alue to proto-industrialization +ecause it fails to e(plain all cases of transition or to fit all e(periences of demo%raphic chan%e are a+stractin% the theory from Athe actual lumpiness of life0*/223he proto-industrial process in Catalonia reflects the industrialization of a mar%inal area in !hich a%ricultural failure necessitated some $ind of chan%e" +ut the alternati-es !ere dictated +y the specific and complicated historical and %eo%raphic conte(t of the re%ion*3he direction su%%ested +y the Catalan study ta$es the shape of deeper analyses in smaller re%ions" reflectin% the %eneral trend of historio%raphy in the t!enty-first century*5 multiplicity of smaller case studies produced +y Cold 6ar-era scholars must no! +e re-e(amined +y a ne! %eneration" and the archi-es in -arious areas of ,urope re-isited" +y scholars as$in% ne! 4uestions 12and pro-idin% ne! insi%hts" the impetus for !hich could not ha-e come prior to the a+andonment of the 4uest for la!s and order as the primary %oal of historical research on economic chan%e*3he more interdisciplinarian mood of current scholarship allo!s for a much more dynamic and fle(i+le system of in4uiry to predominate the field in place of strin%ent structure and predicti-e economic theory*3he shift a!ay from technolo%ical e(planations of chan%e may also indicate the possi+ility of a +roader ran%e of comparati-e studies*3he late-nineteenth century 5merican South under!ent chan%es !hich could +e considered from a proto-industrial perspecti-e despite the e(istence of fully industrial capitalist technolo%ies of production and of po!er*3he centralization of the factorysystem" seen as only one facet of a comple( process" could fade to the +ac$%round as a predominanttheme of .modern/ industrialization" allo!in% emphasis on social structures and li-in% conditions to add more -alue to analyses*3he !ays in !hich !or$ers maintained or lost control of the production process" !or$in% hours" the !or$ conditions of !omen and children" may all +e e(amined in a more dynamic !ay if the 4uest for a precipitous moment of .modernization/ recedes to the +ac$%round and the search for meanin% ascends to dominance in the field as other areas of study ha-e done*1 ran$lin * 'endels" .Proto-Industrialization2 3he irst Phase of the Industrialization Process"/ Journal of Economic History 32 no* 1 @'arch 1912B p* 291-2=1*2 I+id" 2;2*3 8*5* 7utlin" .,arly Industrialization in ,urope2Concepts and Pro+lems"/ !eograpic Journal 1;2 no* 1 @'arch 19:=B p* 2*9 Da-id Le-ine" Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism @5cademic Press" Inc2Ge! Hor$" 1911B p* 191-19:*; ?oan 3hirs$" re-ie! of Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism +y Da-id Le-ine" in %illiam and $ary 7uarterly 3hird Series" -ol* 3=" no* 3 @?uly 1919B p* 91:-9:0< 6illiam )* 'ulli%an" ?r*" re-ie! of Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism +y Da-id Le-ine" in +e 8usiness History Re,ie- ;3 no* 1 @Sprin% 1919B p* 192-193*= 'ary C* 8yan" re-ie! of Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism +y Da-id Le-ine" in Agricultural History ;3 no* 1 @?anuary 1919B p* 910-912*1 Peter &riedte et al*" Industrialization before Industrialization: Rural Industry in te !enesis of Capitalism" @Cam+rid%e2Cam+rid%e Dni-ersity Press" 19:1B* : I+id" =*9 3homas 'a( Safley" re-ie! of "easants, #andlords, and $ercant Capitalists in 9i:teent Century Journal 1=" no* 3 @5utumn 19:;B p* 901* 10 D*C* Coleman" .Protoindustrialization2 5 Concept 3oo 'any"/ Economic History Re,ie- 3= no* 3 @5u%ust 19:3B 93;-99:*11 I+id" 999*12 I+id" 99:*13 7utlin" =*19 rancois Crouzet" +e First Industrialists: +e "roblem of .rigins" @Cam+rid%e2 Cam+rid%e Dni-ersity Press" 19:;B p* 20*1; 'yron P* >utmann" re-ie! of +e First Industrialists: +e "roblem of .rigins +y rancois Crouzet"in Journal of Interdisciplinary History 1: no* 3 @6inter 19::B p* ;10-;11*1= 'ichael Iell" re-ie! of European "roto)Industrialization: An Introductory Handboo/ edited +y Sheila%h C* E%il-ie and 'ar$us Cerman" in Economic History Re,ie- 99 no* ; @Go-em+er 199=B p* :;;-:;=*11 8o+ert DuPlessis" re-ie! of +e Early $odern European Economy +y Peter 'us%ra-e" in Journal of Economic History =0 no* 3 @Septem+er 2000B p* :1:*1: Peter 'us%ra-e" +e Early $odern European Economy" @Ge! Hor$2 St* 'artin0s Press" 1999B p* 20;*19 rancois Crouzet" A History of te European Economy, &((()4(((" @Charlottes-ille2Dni-ersity Press of Jir%inia" 2001B p* =2-=3*20 ?ulie 'arfany" .Is it Still )elpful to 3al$ a+out Proto-IndustrializationF Some Su%%estions from a Catalan Case Study"/ in Economic History Re,ie- =3 no* 9 @2010B 992-913*21 I+id" 9=9*22 I+id" 910*