diros & delft university of technology

1Chair of Innovation Economics, University of Technology Berlin2DIRoS, Amsterdam, the Netherlands3Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences - Department of Technology and Society studies, Maastricht University

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA

LESSONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS AND STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY

SIMONE WURSTER1, TINEKE M. EGYEDI2 AND ANIQUE HOMMELS3

DIRoS & Delft University of Technology

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY

SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS


‘a system of measures, including their embodiments and their interactions, designed to ward off intentionally destructive activity resulting in injury or material damage’ (Sinay, 2011)

Two kinds of security (European Commission, 2011):

public security (security of the society)

securitysecurity

Introduction - Definitions

2

Public security ‘includes among others, protection against threats by terrorism, severe and organised crime, natural disasters, pandemics and major technical accidents’. (European Commission, 2011)

information and communication technology (ICT) security




• Need for security-related standards highlighted by several recent studies, e.g. ECORYS (2009) and Sáez et al. (2009)

• European Commission launched Security Standardization Mandate (M/487) in 2011, made security standardisation key issue for European stakeholders of security solutions

The International and European Security Industry

3

products

services

Global market: EUR 100 billionGlobal market: EUR 100 billion

European marketEUR 26-36.5 billionEuropean market

EUR 26-36.5 billion

National security research in many

countries

National security research in many

countries

In addition: EU sec. research

EUR 1.4 billion

In addition: EU sec. research

EUR 1.4 billion

solutions




To stimulate lead markets for

security-related technologies and services, standards may….

The International and European Security Industry and the Role of Standards

provide knowledge & technology

transfer

provide innovation-enhancing regulatory

frameworks

foster innovative demand

connect relevant

stakeholders

intensify competition

increase exportability

Blind (2008)

4




The International and European Security Industry and the Role of Standards

5

interoperability

competitiveness

market defragmentationcompatibility

related standards

data protection

privacy law

common solutionscentral

focus on…central

focus on…




Literature Review and Research Gap

6

Nearly no standardisation studies in the security fieldNearly no standardisation studies in the security field Lack of recommendations on how to pursue national interests in an international arena

Lack of recommendations on how to pursue national interests in an international arena

Weiss & Sirbu (1990) identified several success factors but indicated insignificance of political skills of sponsors

Weiss & Sirbu (1990) identified several success factors but indicated insignificance of political skills of sponsors

Current studies provide no information on: •role of security experts,•security standardisation aspects on European & national level•relationship between security politics and industry

Current studies provide no information on: •role of security experts,•security standardisation aspects on European & national level•relationship between security politics and industry

Sherif et al. (2007): six dimensions are essential for the success of a standardisation project: scope management, time management, quality management, cost management, resource management and documentation management.

Sherif et al. (2007): six dimensions are essential for the success of a standardisation project: scope management, time management, quality management, cost management, resource management and documentation management.

Selected findings:

Selected research gaps:




Research Questions

7




Scientific Approach and Research Framework

Basis: case study based mainly on primary sources

8

The two Dutch authors consulted •public and private archives from the Schengen Telecom group, •the archives of the Dutch Ministry of the Interior, •the standardisation archives of ETSI and the Dutch organisation of ETSI representatives.

Interviews with key actors involved in development of the TETRA standard including•user groups, •governments, •industry, •ETSI, and•the European Commission.




TETRA = Terrestrial Trunked Radio: ‘a standard for Professional Mobile Radio communications and public safety network specifically designed ‘for use by government agencies, emergency services and rail transportation staff (…)’. (ECORYS, 2009, p. 323)

Trunking: ‘a technique where the resources of the communications network are shared, thus providing both flexibility and economy in the allocation of network resources’ (ETSI, 2012)

Description of the TETRA Standard

9

Markets for Mobile Radio

Definitions / notes

PMR (private mobile radio)

Mobile radio networks, owned and operated by the user organization

PAMR (public access mobile radio)

Mobile radio networks, owned and operated by commercial network operators that offer telecommunication services. Usually, regional or nationwide coverage; predominantly designed for voice communications

Public safety network

Nationwide, state-owned mobile radio networks reserved for public safety use only (police, fire brigades, ambulances)




Description of the TETRA Standard

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• High-end PMR market value estimated at EUR 6 billion (ECORYS, 2009).

• Analogue and digital (trunked) communications schemes.

• High-end digital PMR systems represent ca. 30% of total market in value terms with the following approximate end-application market breakdown:

(ECORYS, 2009, p. 220)

Defence: <5%

Mass transportation: 15% to 25%

Critical infrastructure:

10%

Public safety: 60% to 70% of market in

value terms




Milestones in TETRA’s development

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• Started life in 1989 as Mobile Digital Trunked Radio System (MDTRS)• Early 90s’: name changed to Trans European Trunked Radio (TETRA)• Mid 90s’: meaning of the TETRA acronym changed to Terrestrial Trunked

Radio as global market potential become apparent• 1994 Schengen agreement created new frame conditions• December 1994 signing of the TETRA MoU• First TETRA standards released in 1995• First TETRA system became operational in July 1997• In November 2004, the TETRA MoU Association reported that 622 contracts

had been placed for TETRA spanning 70 countries world-wide • In 2008 TETRA is major standard for digital high-end PMR equipment in

Europe and available worldwide




Activities of the Netherlands

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• Early 1990s: goal to develop a new national radio communication network for emergency services

• Aim to base it on a common European standard, involvement in efforts at ETSI

• 1994: ministers responsible for police matters in the European member states set up a consultative structure for their mutual coordination

• The Netherlands = the largest advocate of selecting TETRA

• 1994: strong shared ‘technological frame’, accepted key problem: outdated communication systems of the Dutch police

• TETRA was considered to be the best solution

• December 1994: MuO signaled collective support for TETRA

• Actively lobbying for its adoption in other European countries




Activities of the Netherlands

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• 1998: TETRA gains ground in Europe

• October 1998: seven countries had chosen for TETRA

• But: Dutch deputy minister for the Interior identified risks:

if the remaining countries would choose a different standard,

that would hinder cross-border communication

• He started lobbying directly for TETRA among the remaining and -at that time- candidate European member states

• Latter countries eventually decided to opt for TETRA as well

• AND: TETRA’s diffusion continued…. ->

TETRA MoU Signatories, as of April 27, 2000

Category Number of signatories Category Number of signatories

Manufacturers 35 Regulators 1

Users 40 Test houses 2




TETRA Today

14

Borgonjen (2011)




Conclusions

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• Security field is more heterogeneous and thus more complex than many others, because of diverse public interests in security in addition to more usual industry-motivated interests

• Dutch example shows: national markets can be too small for manufacturers of certain security technologies to develop products solely for this market

• Single European (or international) standards can provide price advantages, choice of supplier and technical alternatives.

• Political skills, lobbying and negotiation activities of sponsors of a technology highly significant for its adoption in standardisation

• In particular, two influential aspects: MoU which united key players and formulation of common goal by Dutch security actors

• Allies on European level can support preferred outcome




Recommendations for Researchers, Security Research Managers and Industry Strategists

Four security-related recommendations:

General recommendation:

.

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1. Seek unification of national standpoints regarding security (unified ‘technological frame’) or at least alliances with other actors to support selected technologies and to avoid market fragmentation.

2. Develop structures for collaboration between security industry, governmental agencies and political influencers.

3. Identify fields of key interest for your national security industry and seek advantages in these fields by using appropriate standardization strategies.

4. Identify fields of European interest and seek European leadership positions in international standardisation.

Identify other fields of national importance and use the same strategies to support such national industry fields.




Outlook

Need for more extensive research:

– To corroborate the relevance of our extension of Sherif et al’s (2007) framework: to include the relevance of a specific PR management dimension:

– To understand the needs of the players in the national security industry.– To better understand the processes and conditions of collaboration between politics and industry,

and between standardisation and political influencers.

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scope management

time management

quality management

cost management

resource management

NEW: lobbying, alliance management, PR management

documentation management

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA LESSONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS AND STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITYINDUSTRYSIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS 18

Thank you very much for your attention!

Picture: Flinders University,http://www.flinders.edu.au/sabs/ir/




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