DISABILITY AND

LIVELIHOOD

Presented By:-

Amitabh Mehrotra

Founder Chairperson &

Director

SPARC-India10 Satyalok Colony,Mohibullabpur

Lucknow

Phone:-0522-2730753

According PWD 1995 Act Sec-

2(1)

Disability is defined as:

Low Vision

Leprosy-cured

Hearing impairment

Loco motor disability

Mental retardation

Mental illness

Blindness

not less than 40% of any disability as certified by a medical authority.”

Definition according to UN

Convention on the rights of Person

with Disability (UNCRPD)

Defines disability as including those who have long

term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory

impairments, which in interaction with various barriers

may hinder there full and effective participation in

society on an equal basis with others.

Legal, Policy & Institutional

Framework

Legislative Provisions

Mental Health Act (1987)

Rehabilitation Council of India Act,1992

Person with Disability Act, 1995

National Trust for the Welfare of Person with Autism,

Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple

Disability Act, 1999

Policies

National Policy for Person with Disabilities 2006.

State Government of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa,

Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Tamil

Nadu have their own policies/ draft policies in place.

Institutional Framework

Regulating Disability In India

Chief Commissioner for Person with Disability and their

corresponding State Commissioners.

National Handicapped Finance and Development

Corporation.

8 National Institutions

Government Schemes

3% reservation in government, semi-government and

local government.

Pension Scheme / unemployment allowance

Incentive to private sector

Reservation in trade, graduate, technical, technical

(vocational apprenticeship).

Livelihood and employment schemes eg. MGNREGA,

NRLM, PMEGP, PMRY.

Status of Disability

According to census 2001, there were approx. 22 million

PWDs in India who constituted to 2.13% of the total

population. This includes Person with visual, hearing,

speech, loco-motor, mental and other disability.

However, according to the world bank report 2009,

approx. 6% of Indian population has some form of

disability

The employment rate of disabled people has actually

fallen from 42.7% in 1991 down to 37.6 % in 2002.

According to the employment projection given in the

Eleventh Plan, in the Chapter „Employment

Perspective and Labour Policy‟, “58 million job

opportunities will be created in the Eleventh Plan

period leading to a reduction in the unemployment rate

to below 5%. Over the longer period up to 2016–17,

spanning the Eleventh and Twelfth Plan periods, the

additional employment opportunities created are

estimated at 116 million. The unemployment rate at the

end of the Twelfth Plan period is projected to fall to a

little over 1%.”

There is a wide gap between the employment rate of

people with and without disabilities in the

country. Therefore, the above target for bringing

down the unemployment rate cannot be achieved

without addressing the employment issues of people

with disabilities, who constitute about 5-6% of the

population. It would require proactive initiative on

the part of all concerned to ensure that disability is

included in the employment programmes of the

Government and the private sector.

Livelihood Options for

Persons With Disabilities

A study was conducted by UNDP focusing on

Livelihood Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities in

the year 2011 in ten States.

SPARC- India was the partner agency for this study in

Uttar Pradesh.

% of Disabled Population and

Human Development Index

States/ Indicators % Disabled

population

HDI (2005)

Maharashtra 1.62 0.689

Jharkhand 1.67 0.513

Andhra Pradesh 1.79 0.572

Chhattisgarh 2.02 0.516

Uttar Pradesh 2.08 0.490

Bihar 2.28 0.449

West Bengal 2.30 0.625

Madhya Pradesh 2.34 0.488

Rajasthan 2.50 0.537

Odisha 2.77 0.452

India 2.13 0.612

Analysis

Maharashtra has the least proportion of disabled

population (1.62%).

Odisha has the highest proportion of the disabled

population (2.77%).

U.P is the state with the largest no. of PWDs (34.53

lakhs).

Maharashtra is the state with the highest HDI

amongst the states.

Bihar is the state with the smallest HDI amongst the

state.

Literacy

States/ Literacy

Rate

General Disabled Literacy Gap

Bihar 44.20 37.29 6.91

Jharkhand 49.70 41.54 8.16

Uttar Pradesh 51.10 44.55 6.55

Andhra Pradesh 54.20 44.23 9.97

Rajasthan 54.50 45.28 9.22

Madhya Pradesh 58.80 49.73 9.07

Chhattisgarh 59.10 48.07 11.03

Odisha 59.70 48.81 10.89

West Bengal 65.80 52.72 13.08

Maharashtra 72.90 57.72 15.18

India 61.00 49.31 11.69

Analysis

Though Maharashtra is the state with highest literacy

rate, it has also shown the highest literacy gap between

general and disabled population. Same is the case with

the second highest state of West Bengal.

Though Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have the lowest literacy

rate, they have shown the least literacy gap.

Work Participation

Work

Participation

Rate

General Disabled WPR gap

Uttar Pradesh 32.50 32.01 0.49

Bihar 33.70 33.62 0.08

West Bengal 36.80 33.26 3.54

Jharkhand 37.50 32.88 4.62

Odisha 38.80 32.40 6.40

Rajasthan 42.10 38.16 3.94

Maharashtra 42.50 33.84 8.66

Madhya Pradesh 42.70 37.60 5.10

Andhra Pradesh 45.80 36.37 9.43

Chhattisgarh 46.50 35.10 11.40

India 39.10 34.49 4.61

Analysis

Rajasthan has the highest work participation rate (WPR)

for the disabled population.

Uttar Pradesh has the lowest WPR for both general and

disabled population.

Though Bihar has a lower WPR, it has shown the least

gap between general and disabled WPR.

Why PWDs are Unemployed

Poverty

Lack of Literacy

Lack of opportunities

Lack of reasonable accommodation

Discrimination and Callous attitude

Lack of Personality Development

CBR Matrix as per WHO

Areas to be covered under

Livelihood (As per CBR

matrix)

Skill development

Self Employment

Wage Employment

Financial Service

Social Protection

Status of PWDs under the various Skill

Development Programs

States Trade Graduate Technical Technical

(Vocational)

Andhra

Pradesh

1.09 0.14 0.30 0.45

Bihar 1.88 0.00 0.00 0.00

Chhattisgarh 0.00 1.16 0.00 0.00

Jharkhand 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00

Madhya

Pradesh

0.15 0.00 1.32 0.00

Maharashtra 0.07 0.23 0.90 0.46

Odisha 3.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Rajasthan 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00

U.P &

Uttaranchal

0.47 0.38 0.54 0.65

West Bengal 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00

India 0.43 0.24 0.40 0.27

Analysis

Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are the only two

states that have shown seat utilization in all the

available skill development programs.

Chhattisgarh is the only state that has not utilized the

seats for PWDs under the skill development program.

Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are the only two

states that have utilized the seats for PWDs in

technical apprentices.

Odisha is the only state that has fulfilled the 3%

reservation criteria for trade apprenticeship programs.

% of PWDs beneficiaries under livelihood

schemes (other than MGNREGA)

States SGSY(Swarna Jayanti

Gram Swarozgar

Yojna)

USEP(Urban Self

Employment

Program)

UWEP(Urban Wage

Employment

Program)

STEP-UP(Skill Training for

Employment

Promotion amongst

Urban Poor)

Andhra Pradesh 3.24 NA NA NA

Bihar 1.61 NA NA NA

Chhattisgarh 0.46 NA NA NA

Jharkhand 0.10 NA NA NA

Madhya Pradesh 3.03 NA NA NA

Maharashtra 2.66 NA NA NA

Odisha 1.08 NA NA NA

Rajasthan 1.09 NA NA NA

Uttar Pradesh 1.21 NA NA NA

West Bengal 0.25 NA NA NA

India 1.98 NA NA NA

Analysis

Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh achieved the 3%

reservation in case of assistance provided to Disabled

Swarozgar is under SGSY scheme.

Jharkhand is the state with least value of disabled

swarozgar is assisted under SGSY.

Jharkhand, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh have shown

poor performance with respect to assistance provided

to PWDs under SGSY.

States/ PWDs Category- %

Post Occupied

Orthopedically

Handicapped

(OH)

Visually

Handicapped

(VH)

Hearing

Handicapped (HH)

Andhra Pradesh 90.7 73.4 98.1

Bihar NA NA NA

Chhattisgarh 38.56 1.31 0.65

Jharkhand 12.50 NA NA

Madhya Pradesh NA NA NA

Maharashtra NA NA NA

Odisha NA NA NA

Rajasthan NA NA NA

Uttar Pradesh NA NA NA

West Bengal NA NA NA

India NA NA NA

Distribution of PWDs beneficiaries

under MGNREGA

States Person days

generated per PWD

% PWDs worked

against registration

Andhra Pradesh Not Available 35.89

Bihar 25 30.77

Chhattisgarh 16 34.85

Jharkhand 20 53.32

Madhya Pradesh 14 29.17

Maharashtra 19 9.16

Odisha 21 28.38

Rajasthan 28 24.90

Uttar Pradesh 27 32.78

West Bengal 15 19.19

India 17 22.41

Analysis

Jharkhand has shown the highest PWD registration

under MGNREGA.

West Bengal is the second lowest state that has recorded

least percent of disabled beneficiaries.

Rajasthan has generated the highest person days per

PWD.

Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and

Maharashtra are the states that have shown lesser

number of person days per PWDs.

Schemes Available for the PWDs.

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana

(SGSY)

The SGSY is one of the biggest scheme of the rural

development ministry focusing on the livelihood of the rural

poor households. The program has an inbuilt microfinance

component. In the context of differently able person, the

scheme provides special benefits. First of all, the SHGs

(PWDs) size could be 5-10. The subsidy available for PWDs

up to 50% or 10,000 for each PWD.

Swarna Jayanti Shahari

Rozgaar Yojna (SJSRY)

Government of India have launched a rationalized

poverty alleviation scheme SJSRY replacing three

existing scheme-

- Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY)

-Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP)

-Prime Minister‟s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication

Program (PMIUPEP)

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Employment Guarantee Act

(MGNREGA)

MGNREGA guarantees 100 days of employment in a

financial year to any rural household whose adult

members are willing to do unskilled manual work.

Prime Minister’s Employment

Generation Program (PMEGP)

The government of India has approved the introduction

of a new credit link subsidy program PMEGP by merging

two schemes- PMRY and Rural Employment Generation

Program.

PMEGP will be a central sector scheme to be

administered by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium

Enterprises. The KVIC will implement the schemes.

National Handicapped Finance

and Development Corporation

From the Central govt. arrangement for the

financing the handicapped are made available through

specialized financial agency NHFDC.

The NHFDC was set up to promote economic

and development activities undertaken by differently

able person. The corporation provides loan to the PWDs

for a variety of income generating activities through a

credit dispersing chain.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations for Skill

Development Program

Active collaboration with the National Skill

Development Corporation (NSDC) must be encouraged

and as a start, efforts to integrate innovative project

within the Government and private set up for the skill

enhancement to PWDs could be implemented in States.

Identification of skill training and Job according to their

ability.

Inclusion of Person with Disabilities in all the schemes

under the Entrepreneurship and skill development

program of the Human resource and Social welfare

ministry

Recommendations

Introduce new mechanism and schemes for setting up

Micro Enterprises

To have exclusive consultation with selected industrial

houses and corporate association with the participation of

a decision maker to dialogue on the role they can play in

enhancing livelihood for PWDs

An adequate Management Information System (MIS)

needs to be established, which will ensure all the schemes

capture the category wise disaggregated data on PWDs

Few Identified sector for Training

for PWDs according to my

experience which can be helpful

Sl. No Name of the Training Sl. No Name of the Training

1 Banking and Accounts 11 Handmade Paper Product

2 Garment Making 12 Poultry

3 Hospitality 13 Animal Husbandry & Meat Processing

4 Information & Communication Technology 14 Fragrance, Flavor& Perfume

5 Printing & Designing 15 Jewellery Making

6 Retail – Sales & Opretion 16 Mobile Repairing

7 Media(Electronic & Print) 17 Medicinal and Aromatic Plant

8 Food Processing & Preservation 18 BPO sector

9 Leather & Sports Goods 19 Eco Friendly bags and other product

10 Insurance 20 Fashion and Designing

Recommendations for Self

Employment

Grants are required for promoting disability

employment, for conducting awareness/ sensitization

programs, campaign, studies etc.

Strengthen and improve the delivery mechanism of

National Handicapped Finance and Development

Corporation ( NHFDC)

Promote the Urban Livelihood program as NRLM

among the PWDs

Provide reasonable accommodation for become

entrepreneur.

Recommendations on Wage

Employment

Disability specific sub programs could be initiated under

flagship programs, especially under the MGNREGA.

To ensure that the National Rural Livelihood Mission is

inclusive with a provision of reasonable

accommodation/adjustment, also focus on Woman with

disability and severe disabled.

Ensure the 3% reservation in all the schemes and Jobs

Recommendations on

Financial Service

It is recommended to include a grant component in

addition to the loan support to the offered to the PWDs

in NHFDC .

To ensure the participation in under KVIC , SGSY, and

other poverty alleviation schemes to promote livelihood

opportunities.

To ensure easy access to avail the loan from Bank and

other financial institution.

Recommendations on Social

Protection

Parents with disabled children below poverty line :

This is required to design some additional social

assistance schemes.

Unemployed disabled persons who can be gainfully

employed: This is required to design special

employment schemes and employment drives and to

involve income generation strategies for the disabled

persons and ultimately make them eligible for protective

type of Social Security Schemes.

Recommendations

Non-employable disabled persons who alwaysrequire support of the Family/Community or theState: This is required to design State assisted/fundedschemes as well as to rehabilitate them in the homes fordisabled persons.

Disabled persons above 60 years of Age: This isrequired to help mitigate the hardships of the disabledsenior citizens through Old Age Pension Schemes in theform of Social Assistance and State assisted health care.

Recommendations

Women with Disability : This is required to

understand whether the Women with Disability are

dependent on their parents or on their husbands

and the poverty status of their family/parents and

to design schemes of Assistance or Insurance

accordingly. This will also help us to understand the

requirements of the disabled women in the child

bearing age and making provisions for their

maternity care.

General Recommendations

Incorporate the principal of Reasonable

Accommodation as articulated in the UNCRPD.

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment ensure a

centralized and detailed database for all State

pertaining to programmatic target achievement for

the PWDs.

The website of Central and Sate Livelihood schemes

should be updated to facilitate proper monitoring of

the schemes and reporting.

General Recommendations

A system of accountability and procedure for handling

non-compliance need to be defined and capacities for

effective implementation need to put place.

All government ministries (Food, Dairy, Petroleum,

Railways, Telecome, Textile etc) which have income

generation programmes including the potential for

outsourcing/offering franchise etc, could ensure that at

least 3% of their beneficiaries are PWDs.

All the above Key Points are essential in livelihood

options (Skill Development, self employment, wage

employment, Financial service and social protection) but

most important point on which I wish to lay emphasis is

Personality Development ,which can eventually fulfill

the needs and provide opportunities of Persons with

Disabilities .

References

www.dget.nic/mes

www.nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx

www.rural.nic.in -Ministry of rural Development

www.labor.nic.in- Ministry of Labor and Employment

Report of UNDP- Livelihood Opportunities for Person with Disabilities –Year 2011

THANK YOU